From the wide variety of passenger ships, we single out several main types (Fig. 6.21 - 6.30): linear (liners), cruise, linear-cruise, ferries (car-passenger and railway-passenger), pleasure and crew boats. There are also combined - cargo-passenger ships, which include most of the ferries.

Ocean passenger liners, which were widespread until the middle of the 20th century, have now practically disappeared, unable to withstand competition from air transport. Basically, line ships are used on local lines of small length, and these are, as a rule, high-speed ships (SMPV and SPK).

The main requirements for passenger ships, which determine their architecture and design: attractive appearance and interior design; the convenience of accommodating passengers in cabins with natural light; increased restrictions on the levels of vibration, noise and accelerations during rolling; increased security requirements. The operating conditions of the hull of passenger ships are usually relatively “soft” (low pressure from the cargo, load balance along the length of the ship, less corrosion).

Rice. 6.21. passenger ship

The design features of passenger ships are: multi-tiered and long superstructures with passenger cabins and other passenger service rooms, having a large number of window cutouts; increased number of bulkheads or double sides; the use of devices and structures that reduce the roll or its impact on people (roll dampers, bilge keels, multi-hull structures); the use of vibration and noise insulation, vibration dampers. To ensure stability, superstructures are often made of light alloys. For pleasure craft (Fig. 6.26 - 6.29), in the manufacture of not only superstructures, but the entire hull, aluminum alloys and composite materials (fiberglass, carbon fiber, etc.) are often used.

Rice. 6.22. cruise ship

Rice. 6.23. Cruise ships /20/:

Carnival Conquest; Voyager of the Seas; Queen Mary 2

Rice. 6.24. Schemes of architectural and structural types of passenger ships:

a - liners and cruise ships; b - car-passenger ferries;

c - railway-car ferries with a cargo hold;

d - cargo-passenger ships with cargo hatches

Rice. 6.25. Examples of the layout of the premises of passenger ships /14/

Ships as a means of transporting passengers began to be used during times of mass migration and travel to the United States of America. The start of regular passenger flights in the North Atlantic was laid by sailing packet boats.

From the end of the 40s of the XIX century. ships belonging to the GAPAG company plied between New York and Hamburg. In order to get a good income from flights, they were equipped not only for transporting postal cargo, but also for transporting people.

Each packet boat owned by the company took twenty first-class passengers and accommodated two hundred European immigrants on a tweendeck.

In the same years, ocean steamers of the Ocean Steamship Navigation Company, which was later replaced by the North German Lloyd, plyed between New York and Bremen. In the field of transatlantic transportation, the British competed most actively. To get the largest number of passengers, and therefore, to earn good money, they sought in various ways. It was then that the competition for the right to be called the most beautiful, comfortable, fast and reliable ship of the transatlantic line began.

In 1909, Mauritania was considered the fastest liner, company-owned"Kunarn Line". She made a flight from Europe to America with a maximum speed of 26.6 knots.

One of the last representatives of a brilliant number of ocean-going superliners created between the two world wars was the famous ship "Ile de France". It was a floating giant with gourmet restaurants and entertainment venues. For its comfort, the liner received the honorary unofficial title "Rue de la Ne" - by analogy with the famous fashionable street in Paris. The length of the Ile de France was 241 m, the width was 28 m. The ship glided across the sea at a speed of 23 knots.

For thirty-two years, from 1927 to 1959, the ship served the Le Havre - New York line without interruption. There was not a single case that at least one of its 1345 passenger seats was empty - mostly cabins for two people.

On this liner they traveled to Atlantic Ocean many celebrities: Maurice Chevalier, Arturo Toscani, Fyodor Chaliapin, Anna Pavlova and others. In 1959, "Ile de France", which by that time was already the owner of the "Knight's Cross for Merit at Sea" and 85 diplomas for the best cuisine , made its last flight and was sold to the Japanese for $ 1.2 million for scrapping.

But the fate of the floating giant did not end there. When the ship was going to the place of dismantling, one American film producer noticed it. Subsequently, he paid the Japanese owner $4,000 a day for the right to film the death scenes for the film The Last Flight on the Ile de France.

At that time, the construction of a new miracle of the century - "France", which lasted 10 years, was coming to an end. This deluxe boat even had an artificial park set up. Its speed was 30 knots. And one of the fastest passenger liners of that time was the United States. The top speed was 36.5 knots. The ship could accommodate up to 3,000 people at the same time. On board were well-equipped dance and sports halls, swimming pools, public facilities such as music and smoking parlors, work rooms, etc.

Four turbines with a total capacity of 240,000 liters. with. rotated four huge screws, due to which the ship plowed the water spaces. The United States crossed the Atlantic in four days. On board, almost everything was made from new non-combustible materials, including curtains, upholstered chairs and beds. The liner was also the first vessel, all superstructures of which were made exclusively of aluminum.

Nowadays, for transatlantic passenger ships, speed is not a paramount indicator. In this regard, aircraft will always remain out of competition. The services of liners, motor ships, etc. are used by those who are not limited by time and prefer a reliable, comfortable and cheaper trip.

Marine passenger ships - in the former sense of the word - practically did not survive. Modern liners have become truly floating resorts, designed for tourist cruises and pleasure flights.

April 18, 2017

There was a time when domestic shipyards built and put into operation several dozen river and sea passenger ships a year. However, in the 1990s and early 2000s, the industry experienced an acute crisis...

A few new ships were built mainly on orders from abroad, a large number of existing ones were also sold there. passenger ships. Today the situation has changed, we will talk about some passenger ships that have been built or are being built in Russia in recent years.

Such marine passenger hydrofoils were produced in the USSR in 1964-1981 at the Feodosia shipyard, the series is well known both in our country and abroad. In 2016, a new generation ship, the Kometa 120M, was built at the Vympel shipyard in Rybinsk. In the spacious air-conditioned business and economy class cabins of the new Kometa in comfortable passenger seats aviation type can accommodate up to 120 passengers.

The vessel is equipped with an automatic system for reducing roll and overload. The cruising range at full displacement is 200 miles, the autonomy of navigation is up to eight hours.

A catamaran with a difficult fate

The Moskva river-sea catamaran, owned by the administration of the Primorsky Territory, is capable of carrying up to 250 passengers in the coastal zone. The hull, superstructures, deckhouse and masts are built using composite plastic. The endurance of the catamaran is up to 500 miles. The ship was built as part of the CD342 project, timed to coincide with the 2012 APEC summit in Vladivostok.

It was supposed to build three such vessels at local shipyards, however, by the beginning of the event, only one was ready, called "Moscow", and it served the guests of the summit. Two other catamarans were put up for auction in 2014.

good old wheels

Wheeled river boats, which can be seen today on the rivers - are not necessarily archaic, familiar from the movies, steamboats built in the 19th or early 20th centuries. Such ships, designed to travel along small rivers, are still being built in Russia, in particular, at the Gorodets shipyard, in Nizhny Novgorod region. This type of vessel is called a “rear-wheel passenger cabin ship for small rivers”.

Due to the small, up to one meter, precipitation, the wheeled motor ship manages to visit interesting, sparsely populated places along the banks of the Volga, so they are most often used for tourism purposes. Tourists on motor ships are waiting for modern cabins with all amenities, a restaurant, a promenade deck, a bar.

"Valdai 45R" - fast wings

It will soon be possible to travel along the rivers and lakes of our country both in comfort and at a decent (up to 65 km / h) speed. It is this speed that is developed by the Valdai 45R hydrofoil passenger boat, manufactured at the already mentioned Vympel shipyard in Rybinsk.

In the air-conditioned cabin, in aircraft-type seats, the ship can accommodate up to 45 passengers. And the Valdai is operated by a crew of only two people.

A145 - sea glider

Since 2011, at the Zelenodolsk Shipbuilding Plant named after. A.M. Gorky in the Republic of Tatarstan, motor ships of the A 145 project are produced, high-speed passenger ships of the gliding (sliding) type, capable of carrying up to 150 passengers in the coastal maritime zone and by big rivers. The ship, sliding along the surface of the sea or river with the help of water jets, develops a speed of up to 40 knots, or 74 km / h. The autonomy of the course is 200 miles (320 kilometers).

Passengers are provided with comfortable aircraft-type seats and an air conditioning system. High-speed motor ships A145 are planned to be used mainly in resorts Black Sea coast Russia.

People use passenger ships for different purposes: someone travels, someone wants to move from one point in space to another. For different purposes there different types passenger ship:

A cruise ship;
river a cruise ship;
cruise ferry;
ocean liner;
combined cargo-passenger ships.

More technically, these vessels can be described by types:
linear (liners);
cruise;
linear cruise;
ferries.

Ferries can also be of two types: car-passenger and rail-passenger. You can purchase from our company.

Common features of passenger ships

Since the middle of the 20th century, big liners(including ocean), as well as ships for transportation, have faded into the background due to the popularization of air travel, and are used mainly only for sea travel (cruises) or for very short distances, for pleasure trips on rivers and in bays , for ferry transportation of people and their luggage to the islands or to the other side of the river.

The features of all passenger ships are, as a rule, the use of devices to minimize rolling, as well as the impact on a person from it, a large number of windows (windows), vibration reduction, as well as the impact on a person from them, increased safety requirements. Also important: increased noise isolation, natural (daylight) lighting in the cabins, a double side, and a large number of partition walls.

The main characteristics of ships for the transport of people, mainly for long-term transportation over long distances, can be called: attractive appearance (as opposed to technical courts special purpose, cargo and tugboats, the use of materials more than High Quality in design), less corrosion of ship materials, ease of placement (cabins can be both single and multiple), places for attendants.

small ships

For river transport and walks for short distances, such vessels as: a boat, a ferry, and other types of cargo-passenger and crew boats are perfect. For sports and tourism purposes, of course, a yacht is suitable. Service crew boats (usually fast), with a passenger capacity of about 10 or more people, are usually used for various work trips of the commanding or working staff of the organization, and also serve to communicate between the work vessel and the shore. Such a vessel, in extreme cases, can act as a messenger or rescue.
We also advise you to familiarize yourself with the Marine site Russia no October 03, 2016 Created: October 03, 2016 Updated: November 21, 2016 Viewed: 53858

Cargo ship - any ship that is not a passenger ship (dry cargo, tanker, transport refrigerator, icebreaker, tug, pusher, rescue, technical fleet, cable, special purpose and other non-passenger ship).

General purpose dry cargo ships(Fig. 1.1). intended for the carriage of general cargo.

General cargo- this is cargo in a package (in boxes, barrels, bags, etc.) or in separate places (machines, metal castings and rolled products, industrial equipment, etc.).

Rice. 1.1. Universal vessel

Universal vessels are not adapted for the carriage of any particular type of cargo, which does not allow the maximum use of the capabilities of the vessel.

For this reason, specialized cargo ships are being built and widely used in world shipping, on which the carrying capacity is better used and the time spent in ports under cargo operations is significantly reduced.

They are divided into the following main types: bulk carriers, container carriers, ro-ro carriers, lighter carriers, refrigerated, passenger ships and tankers, etc.

All specialized vessels have their own individual operational features, which require special additional training from the crew to acquire certain skills for the safe transportation of cargo, as well as to ensure the safety of the crew and the vessel during the voyage.

Refrigerated vessel (Reefer)

Refrigerated vessels (Reefers)- these are vessels (Fig. 1.2) with an increased speed, designed to transport perishable goods, mainly food, requiring the maintenance of a certain temperature regime in cargo spaces - holds.
Cargo holds have thermal insulation, special equipment and small hatches, and a refrigeration plant is used to ensure the temperature regime. engine room vessel.

Bulkers

Rice. 1.3 Bulker LONDON SPIRIT (Bulker)

Bulk carriers (Bulkers) are ships (Fig. 1.3), which are adapted to a certain extent for the carriage in bulk of any bulk dry cargo.

Bulk carriers usually do not have a cargo device, and all cargo operations are carried out by port facilities, and cargo holds hatches are made large for full mechanization.

Container Ships

Container Ships- these are vessels (Fig. 1.4) intended for the carriage of goods in international containers and having cellular guide structures in the holds.
Cargo holds are divided by special guides into cells into which containers are loaded, and some of the containers are placed on the upper deck.
Container ships usually do not have a cargo device, and cargo operations are carried out at specially equipped berths - container terminals. Some types of vessels are equipped with a special self-unloading device.

Ro-Ro Ro-Ro ships

Ro-Ro Ro-Ro ships- these are ships (Fig. 1.5) with horizontal way loading, serve to transport laden trailers (trailers), wheeled vehicles, containers and packages.
Vessels have one large hold and several decks. Cargo operations are carried out at the berth with the help of forklifts and platforms with tractors through the stern or bow ports (gates) of the vessel along special walkways - ramps, and the cargo is moved from deck to deck along internal ramps (a device for entering / exiting equipment) or using special elevators. lifts.

Lighter Ships

Rice. 1.6 Lighter ship

Lighter Ships- these are ships (Fig. 1.6), where non-self-propelled barges are used as cargo units - lighters, which are loaded onto a ship in the port from the water, and unloaded, respectively, onto the water.

Passenger Ships

Passenger Ships- these are vessels (Fig. 1.7) designed to carry more than 12 passengers. They are divided into scheduled, cruise and local traffic vessels.
A distinctive feature is their high comfort and speed, as well as increased safety standards for passengers and the entire vessel as a whole.

Fishing vessels

Fishing vessel- any vessel (Figure 1.8) used for fishing or for fishing and primary processing of the catch (fish and other living resources of the sea). Fishing vessels include seiners, trawlers, longliners and others, differing in purpose, dimensions, type of fishing device and fish processing equipment, method of storing the catch.

Timber trucks

Timber carrying vessel- a dry-cargo vessel intended for the carriage of deck timber cargo (Fig. 1.9). When transporting timber for the full loading of the vessel, a significant part of the cargo is taken to the upper deck (caravan). The deck on timber carriers is fenced with a high-strength bulwark and equipped with special devices for attaching the caravan: wooden or metal walls installed along the sides of the vessel, and transverse lashings.

Sailing ships

Rice. 1.10. Sailing ships - barque Sedov

Sailing vessel- a ship (Fig. 1.10), for the movement of which wind energy is used, which is converted using sails. Sailing ships differ in the number of masts and the type of sailing equipment.

Service and auxiliary vessels

Service and auxiliary vessels- ships (Fig. 1.11) for the logistics of the fleet and services organizing their operation. These include icebreakers, towing, rescue, diving, patrol, pilot boats, bunkering boats, etc.

Tankers

Tankers are tankers designed for bulk transportation in special cargo spaces - tanks (tanks) of liquid cargo. All cargo operations on tankers are carried out by a special cargo system, which consists of pumps and pipelines laid along the upper deck and in cargo tanks. Depending on the type of cargo carried, tankers are divided into:

Rice. 1.12. oil tanker PAPILLON (Oil tanker)

1. tankers (Tankers) are tankers designed for bulk transportation in special cargo spaces - tanks (tanks) of liquid cargo, mainly oil products (Fig. 1.12);

2. LPG carriers (Liquefied Gas Tankers) are tankers designed for the transportation of natural and petroleum gases in liquid state under pressure and (or) at low temperature, in specially designed cargo tanks of various types. Some types of ships have a refrigerated compartment (Fig. 1.13);

3. Chemical tankers are tankers designed for the transportation of liquid chemical cargo, the cargo system and tanks are made of special stainless steel or coated with special acid-resistant materials (Fig. 1.14).

Ship hull structure

Hull design(Fig. 1.15) is determined by the purpose of the ship and is characterized by the size, shape and material of the parts and parts of the hull, their relative position, connection methods.

The ship's hull is a complex engineering structure, which is constantly subjected to deformation during operation, especially when sailing in waves.
When the wave top passes through the middle of the ship, the hull experiences tension, while the bow and stern ends simultaneously hit the wave crests, the hull experiences compression. There is a deformation of the general bend, as a result of which the vessel may break (Fig. 1.16). The ability of a vessel to resist general bending is called overall longitudinal strength.

External forces, acting directly on the individual elements of the ship's hull, cause their local deformation. Therefore, the ship's hull must also have local strength. In addition, the ship's hull must be watertight, which is ensured by the outer skin and upper deck plating, which are attached to the beams that form the set of the ship's hull ("skeleton" of the ship).

The set system is determined by the direction of most of the beams and is transverse, longitudinal and combined.

At transverse system a set of beams of the main direction will be: in deck ceilings - beams, in side - frames, in the bottom - flora. Such a framing system is used on relatively short vessels (up to 120 meters in length) and is most advantageous on icebreakers and ice-going vessels, as it provides high hull resistance during transverse compression of the hull by ice. Midship frame - a frame located in the middle of the estimated length of the vessel.

At longitudinal system set in all floors in the middle part of the hull length, the beams of the main direction are located along the vessel. The ends of the vessel are recruited according to the transverse dialing system, because. at the extremities, the longitudinal system is not effective.
The beams of the main direction in the middle bottom, side and deck ceilings are, respectively, the bottom, side and under-deck longitudinal stiffeners: stringers, carlings, keel.
Cross-links are floors, frames and beams. The use of a longitudinal system in the middle part of the length of the vessel allows for high longitudinal strength. Therefore, this system is used on long ships experiencing a large bending moment.

At combined system deck and bottom ceilings in the middle part of the hull length are assembled according to the longitudinal framing system, and side ceilings in the middle part and all ceilings at the ends - according to the transverse framing system. Such a combination of flooring systems makes it possible to more rationally solve the issues of the overall longitudinal and local strength of the hull, as well as to ensure good stability of the deck and bottom sheets during their compression.
The combined dialing system is used on large-capacity dry-cargo ships and tankers. The mixed framing system of the vessel is characterized by approximately the same distances between the longitudinal and transverse beams. In the bow and stern parts, the set is fixed on the stem and stern that close the hull.

Dictionary of marine terms

Autonomy of navigation- the duration of the ship's stay on the voyage without replenishment of fuel, provisions and fresh water, necessary for the life and normal activities of the people (crew and passengers) on the ship.

Afterpeak - the extreme aft compartment of the vessel, occupies the space from the leading edge of the sternpost to the first aft watertight bulkhead from it. It is used as a ballast tank to eliminate the ship's trim and store water.

Ramp - (ramp) a composite platform designed for the entry of various types of vehicles on their own or with the help of special tractors from the shore to one of the decks of the ship and exit back.

Akhtershteven - lower aft vessel in the form of an open or closed frame, which serves as a continuation of the keel. The front branch of the sternpost, in which there is a hole for the stern tube (sternwood) pipe, is called the star post, the rear branch, which serves to hang the rudder, is called the rudder post. On modern single-screw ships, a sternpost without a rudder post has become widespread.

Tank - a superstructure in the bow of the vessel, starting from the stem. It serves to protect the upper deck from flooding in the oncoming wave, as well as to increase the margin of buoyancy and accommodate office space (painting, skipper's, carpentry, etc.). A tank partially recessed into the ship's hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle. Anchor and mooring devices are usually located on the tank deck or inside it.

Ballast - cargo taken on board to ensure the required landing and stability when the payload and stores are not enough for this. Distinguish between variable and permanent ballast. Water (liquid ballast) is usually used as a variable ballast, and cast iron ingots, a mixture of cement with cast iron shot, less often chains, stone, etc., are used as a permanent ballast.

Baller - a rudder shaft fixedly connected to the rudder blade (nozzle), which serves to turn the rudder blade (nozzle).

Beams - a beam of the transverse set of the vessel, mainly a T-profile, supporting the deck (platform) flooring. Beams of continuous sections of the deck rest with their ends on frames, in the span - on carlings and longitudinal bulkheads, in the hatch area - on side frames and longitudinal coamings of hatches (such beams are often called half-beams).

Board - the side wall of the ship's hull, extending in length from the stem to the sternpost, and in height from the bottom to the upper deck. The side plating consists of sheets oriented along the vessel, forming belts, and a set of frames and longitudinal stiffeners or side stringers. The height of the impenetrable freeboard determines the buoyancy margin.

Bracket - a rectangular or more complex plate that serves to reinforce the beams of the ship's set or connect them to each other. The bracket is made from the body material.

Breshtuk - a horizontal triangular or trapezoidal bracket that connects the side walls of the stem (sternpost) and gives it the necessary strength and rigidity.

The windlass is a winch-type deck mechanism with a horizontal shaft, designed to lift the anchor and tension the cables during mooring.

Buoy - a floating sign of the navigation situation, designed for fencing dangerous places(shoals, reefs, banks, etc.), in the seas, straits, channels, ports.

Bridel - an anchor chain, attached by the root end to a dead anchor on the ground, and by the running end - to the raid mooring barrel.

Bulb - a thickening of the underwater part of the bow of the vessel, usually round or teardrop-shaped, which serves to improve propulsion.

Shafting - designed to transmit torque (power) from the main engine to the propeller. The main elements of the shafting are: propeller shaft, intermediate shafts, main thrust bearing, thrust bearings, stern gear.

Waterways - a special channel along the edge of the deck, which serves to drain water.

Waterline - a line drawn on board a vessel, which shows its draft with a full load at the point of contact of the water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.

Swivel - a device for connecting two parts of the anchor chain, allowing one of them to rotate around its axis. It is used to prevent twisting of the anchor chain when turning the anchored vessel when the wind direction changes.

Light displacement- displacement of the ship without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh, boiler water in tanks, provisions, consumables, as well as without passengers, crew and their belongings.

Hook - a steel hook used on ships for lifting cargo with cranes, arrows and other devices.

Helmport - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or in the stern of the vessel for the passage of the rudder stock. Above the helm port, a helm port pipe is usually installed, which ensures the impermeability of the passage of the stock to the steering gear.

Cargo capacity is the total volume of all cargo spaces. Cargo capacity is measured in m3.

Gross tonnage, measured in register tons (1 registered t = 2.83 m3), represents the total volume of the hull and closed superstructures, with the exception of the volumes of the double bottom compartments, ballast water tanks, as well as the volumes of some service spaces and posts located on the upper deck and above (wheelhouse and chart house, galley, crew bathrooms, skylights, shafts, auxiliary machinery rooms, etc.)..
Net tonnage is obtained as a result of subtracting from the gross tonnage the volumes of spaces unsuitable for the carriage of commercial cargo, passengers and stores, including accommodation, public and sanitary crew quarters, spaces occupied by deck machinery and navigational instruments, engine room, etc. In other words, net tonnage includes only premises that bring direct income to the shipowner.

load capacity- the weight of various types of cargo that the ship can carry, provided that the design landing is maintained. There is net tonnage and deadweight.

load capacity is the net gross weight of the payload carried by the vessel, i.e. the mass of cargo in the holds and the mass of passengers with luggage and fresh water and provisions intended for them, the mass of fish caught, etc., when loading the vessel according to the design draft.

cruising range - greatest distance, which the ship can pass at a given speed without replenishment of fuel, boiler feed water and lubricating oil.

Deadweight - the difference between the ship's displacement at the load waterline, corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard in water with a density of 1.025 t/m3, and the empty displacement.

Stern tube- serves to maintain propeller shaft and waterproofing where it exits the case.

Trim - the inclination of the vessel in the longitudinal plane. The trim characterizes the landing of the vessel and is measured by the difference between its draft (recesses) stern and bow. Trim is considered positive when the forward draft is greater than the stern draft, and negative when the stern draft is greater than the bow draft.

Kabeltov - a tenth of a mile. Therefore, the value of the cable is 185.2 meters.

Carlings - a longitudinal underdeck beam of the vessel, supporting the beams and providing, together with the rest of the set of deck slabs, its strength under the action of a transverse load and stability in the general bending of the vessel. Carlings are supported by hull transverse bulkheads, hatch transverse coamings and pillers.

Rolling - oscillatory movements near the equilibrium position, made by a vessel freely floating on the surface of the water. Distinguish side, keel and vertical pitching. The swing period is the duration of one complete oscillation.

Kingston - an outboard valve on the underwater part of the ship's outer plating. Through the kingston, connected to the inlet or outlet pipes of the ship's systems (ballast, fire, etc.), the ship's compartments are filled with sea water and the water is poured overboard.

Keel - the main longitudinal bottom beam in the diametrical plane (DP) of the vessel, going from the stem to the stern.

Keys - a hole in the hull of the vessel, bordered by a cast-iron or steel cast frame for passing the anchor chain or mooring cables.

Knecht - a pair of bollards with a common base on the deck of the vessel, which serves to secure the mooring or towing cable imposed by eights.

Coaming - vertical waterproof fencing of hatches and other cutouts in the deck of the vessel, as well as the lower part of the bulkhead under the door cutout (threshold). Protects the premises under the hatch and behind the door from water ingress in the open position.

Knitsa - a triangular or trapezoidal plate connecting the beams of the ship's hull set converging at an angle (frames with beams and floors, bulkhead racks with stringers and stiffeners, etc.)

Cofferdam - a narrow impenetrable compartment separating adjacent rooms on a ship. Cofferdam prevents the penetration of gases emitted by oil products from one room to another. For example, on tankers, cargo tanks are separated by a rubber dam from the bow rooms and the engine room. Leer fencing of the open deck in the form of several stretched cables or metal bars.

Lyalo - a recess along the length of the hold (compartment) of the vessel between the bilge belt of the outer plating and the inclined double-bottom sheet (zygomatic stringer), designed to collect bilge water and then remove it using a drainage system.

A nautical mile is a unit of length equal to one arc minute of a meridian. The length of a nautical mile is assumed to be 1852 meters.

Payol - wooden flooring on the deck of the hold.

Gunwale - a bar made of steel or wood, attached to the upper edge of the bulwark.

Ceiling - sewing the ceiling of the residential and many service rooms of the vessel, i.e. undersides of the deck. It is made of thin metal sheets, or non-combustible plastic.

Pillers - a single vertical post that supports the deck of the vessel; can also serve as a support for heavy deck machinery and cargo. The ends of the pillers are connected to the beams of the set with the help of knots.

Spars - a set of above-deck structures and parts of ship equipment designed on ships with mechanical engines to place ship lights, communications, surveillance and signaling equipment, fastening and maintaining cargo devices (masts, booms, etc.), and on sailing ships- for setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, topmasts, yardarms, booms, gaffs, bowsprits, etc.)

Steering gear- a ship device that ensures the agility and stability of the vessel on the course. Includes rudder, tiller, steering gear and helm station. The force created by the steering machine is transmitted to the tiller, which causes the stock to rotate, and with it the rudder shift.

Rybinsy - longitudinal wooden slats, 40-50 mm thick and 100-120 mm wide, are installed in special brackets welded to the frames. Designed to protect the cargo from soaking and damage to the package by the side kit. The cheekbone is the place of transition from the bottom to the side of the vessel.

Stringer - a longitudinal element of the ship's hull set in the form of a sheet or T-beam, the wall of which is perpendicular to the hull plating. There are bottom, zygomatic, side and deck stringers.

Lanyard - a device for pulling standing rigging and lashings.

Twin deck - the space inside the ship's hull between 2 decks or between the deck and the platform.

Bulwark - fencing of the open deck in the form of a solid wall with a height of at least 1 m.

Panel - a sheet of plywood or plastic door that covers the hole in the ship's door, intended for emergency exit from the premises.

Floor - a steel sheet, the lower edge of which is welded to the bottom plating, and a steel strip is welded to the upper edge. Floors go from side to side, where they are connected to the frames with cheekbones.

Forepeak - the extreme bow compartment of the vessel, extending from the stem to the ram (forepeak) bulkhead, usually serves as a ballast tank. The stem is a beam along the contour of the bow sharpening of the vessel, connecting the skin and a set of starboard and port sides. In the lower part, the stem is connected to the keel. The stem is tilted to the vertical to increase seaworthiness and prevent the destruction of the underwater part of the hull upon impact.

Mooring line - a cable, usually with a fire at the end, designed to pull up and hold the vessel at the berth or at the side of another vessel. As mooring lines, steel, as well as vegetable and synthetic cables made of strong, flexible and wear-resistant fibers are used.

Spacing - the distance between adjacent beams of the ship's hull set. Cross space - the distance between the main frames, longitudinal - between the longitudinal beams.

Scupper - a hole in the deck to remove water.