Consider the main elements of the vessel. A small vessel, like any transport vessel, consists of a hull (the vessel itself) and a superstructure or deckhouse. The hull of the vessel is the main part, which includes the set and plating. The set consists of longitudinal and transverse ties, which serve as the basis for the skin - the shell of the vessel, which provides the hull with water tightness and, together with the set, strength and rigidity. The outlines of the hull, as a rule, are smooth, the points are characteristic only for the bow and stern. The forward end of the vessel is called the bow, and the rear end is the stern; sides, or hull walls - starboard and portsidewhen viewed from the stern. The part of the hull under water is called underwater, and above the water - surface, the lower part of the hull is the bottom, and the upper, horizontal - deck. The deck on small boats, such as motor boats, may be absent.

Superstructure - a structure above the ship's hull, which is a continuation of its sides, or a room located on the deck along the entire width of the ship (hull). A high and developed superstructure not only worsens the ship's stability, but also increases its windage - the effect of wind on the ship.

Deckhouse - a separate part of the superstructure or structure on the deck, which does not occupy the entire width of the ship's hull (there are passages on the deck along the sides). On small boats, the deckhouse is often referred to as the ship and engine control room. Superstructures and separate cabins have only large boats and motor yachts. On most motor boats, the superstructure and deckhouse are combined.

The bulwark is a light construction - a continuation of the side above the deck in the bow and middle parts of the vessel. At the stern, a bulwark is called a tackboard. The bulwark can be temporary (wooden or tarpaulin), raised for the time of excitement, when passing rapids, sailing, etc.

Cockpit - a cutout or recess in the deck for accommodating people.

Engine niche - a waterproof structure at the transom of the vessel, forming a recess in the hull of the vessel and designed to accommodate the outboard motor and provide the required freeboard.

The set of the ship's hull (see figure) is a structural design, consisting of longitudinal and transverse braces: keel, stem, stern.

The main structural elements of the ship's hull - boats

1 - deck flooring; 2 - beams; 3 - carlings; 4 - cockpit lining; 5 - slant; 6 - cockpit coaming;
7 - aft bulkhead; 8 - transom; 9 - motor niche; 10 - stem; 11 - keel;
12 - side (outer) skin; 13 - gunwale; 14 - cheekbone stringer; 15 - deck stringer; 16 - half-beam; 17 - zygomatic knee; 18 - side stringer.

Keel - the main longitudinal connection that runs along the entire length of the vessel from the stem to the stern in the form of a beam. The keel is an element that ensures the strength of the vessel.

Stem - forward structural design (continuation of the keel). They complete the set of the ship's hull from the bow. In small motorized vessels, the stem, as a rule, is inclined, smoothly turning into a keel.

Akhtershteven - constructive design of the aft end of the vessel (continuation of the keel). They end with a set of Akhtershteven can consist of two parts: the front - the starnpost through which passes propeller shaft, and the rear one is a ruder post, on which we hang the steering wheel. On motor boats from the stern there is a transom board (transom).

Stringers - internal longitudinal ties for attaching the skin. They are divided into side and bottom - kilsons.

Carlings - longitudinal underdeck communications.

Frames - transverse side connections of the hull. The distance between two frames is called spacing. In a theoretical drawing, barbells are called the contours of the cross section of the vessel.

Beams - transverse underdeck deck connections. The hull of a small boat can be divided by transverse bulkheads, which are made watertight. Bulkheads reach the deck or vary in height. The extreme bow of the vessel between the stem and the first bow bulkhead is called the forepeak, the extreme aft compartment is the afterpeak.

Fender:

A longitudinal beam on the inside of the side of a wooden boat at the height of the waterline, and more often above it, connecting the upper ends of the frames of one side;

A piece of wood or metal fitted outside the side to protect the vessel from damage during mooring shocks.

Gunwale - a flat beam covering the edge of the skin and the ends of the frames.

Collar - a longitudinal wooden rail on the outer side of the sides, which acts as an external fender that serves to protect the sides from damage.

Coaming - a structure that borders a cutout in the deck to protect hatches and cockpits from flooding them with water.

Slan, or payol - boards made of boards that are laid on frames to protect them and sheathing.

In addition to the hull, the small boat has a number of devices: steering, mooring, anchor etc.

• spars sticking forward on the bow of a sailing ship, used for setting forward oblique sails
• bowsprit m. the front mast on the ship, lying obliquely forward, behind the water cutter. Continuation of the bowsprit: jib, and the transverse tree: pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: fore-stengi-staysail, jib and bom-jib

GIK

• spar
• spar tree (mor.)
• spar to which a sail is attached
• spar, at one end movably fastened to the bottom of the mast
• part of the rigging of the yacht: a spar tree fixed at one end at the mast, along which the lower edge of the slanting sail is stretched

fire

• (goal. oogen literally eyes) - a sea ring at the end or middle of the tackle, with which the tackle is put on a spar (mast, hafel, etc.)

COCOA

• unwilling. chocolate tree, Theobroma Sasao, and its bean-shaped fruit, from which cocoa drink and chocolate are prepared. Cocoa, referring to the tree, fruit or beverage of cocoa. Kakaovnik, chocolatier, Theobroma sacao tree
• tree for lipstick
• tree seed drink
• tropical tree for "Nesquik"
• chocolate tree
• chocolate tree for Nesquik
• chocolate fruit drink
• in Aztec legend: a tree that survived the destruction of the garden
• tropical tree seed drink
• tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate
• this word refers to both the tree of the genus Theobroma and the product from its seeds
• species of evergreen trees from the genus Theobroma
• tropical tree for "Nesquik"
• chocolate tree for "Nesquik"

sails called connected panels of canvas, which perceive the pressure of the wind and are used to propel the ship. The totality of all sails is called sailing equipment. ship. By sail is understood both the total area of ​​\u200b\u200ball sails, and the types of sails carried by a given vessel or a boat (Latin, straight, storm, etc.). Distinguish bow sail, the area of ​​the sails that are to the bow from the vertical axis of rotation ship, and aft - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located aft of this axis. These terms are used in the study of the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and agility of the ship.

sail classification

Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment point.
The shape distinguishes between rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the place of attachment:
sails upper edge, which is attached to the yard;
sails one of the sides, which is attached to the mast;
sails, in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the diametrical plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into latin, gaff, jib and staysails.

Straight sails

Straight sails have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the rail with their upper side. The underside, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship with the help of sheets and tacks. Straight sails are easy to mount and set, it is easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient for a ship to maneuver with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the direction of the wind and the diametrical plane of the bow of the ship is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship Royal Clipper, the four-masted barque Kruzenshtern. Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: fock, fore-marseilles (lower and upper), fore-bramsels (lower and upper), main-bramsels (lower and upper) and main-bom-bramsel; mizzen, cruiselles (lower and upper), cruises-bramsleys (lower and upper) and cruises-bom-bramssels. (Fig. 1)

1 - headmast-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - bom-jib; 5 - fork; 6 - lower fore-Marseille; 7 - upper fore-Marseille; 8 - lower fore - brahmsel; 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - for-trumsel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower main-bramsel; 14 - upper mainsail; 15 - lower main-bramsel; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - main-bom-bramsel; 18 - mainsail; 19 - main munsel (a small sail that was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower kruysel; 22 - upper kruysel; 23 - lower cruise-bramsel; 24 - upper cruise-bramsel; 25 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise-trumsel; 27 - counter mizzen; 28 - for-under-fox; 29 - for-mars-lisel; 30 - for-bram-lisel; 31 - for-bom-brahm-lisel;

Straight sails earlier they were also installed on a blinda-topmast (bom-blinda-boven), as well as on blinda- and bom-blinda-yards (blind under a bowsprit and bom-blind under a jib). Their feature was made two or three holes for the drainage of water that fell on the sail. Forecast, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm sails, while the rest - marseilles, bramsels and bom-bramsels - are upper. (Fig. 2)

set of direct sails

I - ordinary with one topsail: 1 - mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - bramsail, 4 - upper bramsail;
II - with lower and upper marseilles: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower marseille, 3 - upper marseille, 4 - lower marseille, 5 - upper bramsel, 6 - bom-bramsel;

latin sails

latin sails these are triangular sails, tied to the yard with a long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are oblique. They allow the ship to sail at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's course and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on belonging to a particular mast, namely: Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called "bastardo", the middle one - "borda", the smallest "marabotto". Each of the sails was set depending on the strength of the wind. In bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the "fortune yard". Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, mizzen began to be used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called mizzen of the French type) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yardarm, and the front, vertical, on the mast (mizzen English type). The mizzen of this form was similar to a gaff sail - a trysel. (Fig. 3)

hafel sails

hafel sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into proper gaff sails (trisails), gulf topsails, Luger or rake and sprint. Trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which is attached with its upper edge to the mizzen hafel, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast. Gulf topsail - a triangular sail, which is attached to the mizzen gaff with its lower side, and to the topmast with its vertical side. Triseli they are placed on the mizzen-masts of ships with direct sails and on all the masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trisail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by a single triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In the UK, it was called Bermuda.

Luger or rake sails are a kind of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front kick. They are called “tretyaks”. The front lower corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern. There is also a quarter. This is the name of the luger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is one quarter of the length of the rake, counting from the front kick. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set stock - sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with a hafel and a boom (brigantine); gaff sails without a boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called "livarda" - after the name of the sprint; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, are also similar to the Tretyaks. Billander was the main sail of the ships that the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yardarm. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, mounted on the bow with a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used with a fair wind. This sail is considered optional. (Fig. 4)

Staysails

These triangular sails go along the stays, from which they got the name staysails (German stag - headstay, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the fore and main masts, are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (very rarely used), mainsten staysail (called “coal”, because the smoke from the galley pipe polluted it), mainsail-bram-staysail and mainsail -bom-brahm-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts they put an apsel, or “mizzen staysail”; cruise-wall-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, “second” or “small” mainsail, staysail (middle staysail); main-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or "cruise-jib"; cruise-wall-staysail, cruise-bram-staysail and the “second” cruise-bram-staysail (rarely used).

Cleaver

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on the stays or lifelines specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing ships, which have a long jib, can carry the following jib: on the fore-stay - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, a double sail or “storm jib” was set in these cases); on the fore-stan-stay - fore-topmast-staysail; on rails - middle jib, jib or bom-jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which goes along the for-bom-bram-stay. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: fore-topmast-staysail, middle jib and bom-jib (Fig. 6 b). On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jib called "Genoa" (Genoese staysail). Military ships, as a rule, had four jibs: fore-topmast-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom-jib, or "third jib".

Additional sails

Sails that are added to the ship's main square sails to increase speed in light winds are called additional sails. These include: trapezoidal foxes and bram-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the marseilles and brahmselves, triangular or quadrangular under-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the foreground and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).

Previously, canvas was also called additional, which was attached to direct sails from the sides, and sometimes from below. These are foxes or bonnets. Distinguished: fore- and grotto-bonnets (under-foxels), fore- and grotto-mars-bonnets, fore- and grotto-bram-bonnets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were also placed near the mizzen and the kruysel. During the XIV-XVI centuries, the bonnets were fastened from below directly to the lower sails, including the Latin mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they fell out of use (Fig. 6).

Storm sails

In stormy conditions, it is common to reduce the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe sails in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sails include fore topmast staysail, storm fore topmast staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail staysail and reefed mizzen.

sail details

Details of straight sails

The sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, overlapped and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable, called a lyktros, is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yard, is called the upper luff or “head”, the lateral vertical edges are called the lateral luffs and the lower edge is the luff or “sole” (Fig. 9).

The upper corners of the sail are called knots, the lower corners are called clews. (Fig. 10). To strengthen the sail in the most stressed places, strips of canvas are sewn. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows, if - obliquely, then - bows. The clew and nok angles and the lyktros are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are called a horizontal row of ties - reef seasons, threaded through the sail, which allow, if necessary, to reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas between the yard and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef seasons. This method of taking reefs has been preserved to this day.

Eyelets pass along the upper luff of the sail, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revants, which serve to fasten the sail to the yard rail. (Fig. 11) The sail is superimposed on the yard and fastened with small tips, the so-called spanning seasons, which are tied to the rail of the yard. The shirt of the laid sail is fixed with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.

vintage sails

Details vintage sails had the same distinguishing features and the same designations as the details of modern sails. So, on a straight sail, they distinguished: panels or upper luff, “sides” (side luffs), “legs” (lower luff), clew and nock corners. There were "head", "side" and "foot" lyktros. To reinforce the sail, they sewed bows, stop plates, reef bows with reef gata for reef seasons, etc.

Sail details

I - lower sail or storm; II - Marseille; III - brahmsel;
1 - lyktros of the upper luff; 2 - lyktros of lateral luffs; 3 - reef-roll-gels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revengers; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - krengels boats; 10 - filing; 11 - stop pay; 12 - revants of the new angle; 13 - upper luff; 14 - side luffs; 15 - luff lyktros; 16 - krengels spruyta bowline; (Fig. 12)

full sailing armament of a three-masted vessel of the 17th - 18th centuries

1 - grotto; 2 - fork; 3 - marseilles (main-marseille, fore-marseille or cruysel); 4 - brahmsel; 5 - bom-brahm-sel; 6 - blind or bom-blind; 7 - mizzen; 8 - Mars-fox; 9 - mainsail; 10 - mainsail-stay-sail; 11 - bram-lisel; 12 - under - fox; 13 - fore-topmast-staysail; 14 - bom-jib; 15 - jib; 16 - middle jib; (Fig. 13)

armament of direct sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(Fig. 14)

The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revenants, which passed through the grommets of the luff. On the revenge, so that he did not jump out of the grommet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were fixed in the reef gates. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then their ends were tied together. (Fig. 15)

Details of latin sails

latin sails are sewn from a canvas cloth, and have folded edges sheathed with lyktros. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called oblique, the stern is the back and the last is the bottom (Fig. 16)

Jib details

1 - cloth; 2 - filing; 3 - lyktros; 4 - boots; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - lower luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - kick angle; 10 - clew; 11 - eyelets for attaching raxes; 12 - krengels;

The upper corner of the sail is called the halyard, the lower front corner is the tack, and the lower rear corner is the clew. Also called details of staysails and jibs. (Fig. 17)

latin sails fastened to the yards with the help of a running end - a slack line that passes through the eyelets of the sail and around the yard with tightening the loops with a special knot. (Fig. 18)

Details of gaff sails

hafel sails also sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter. Sheathed with lyktros with appropriate reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The luff, which is attached to the gaff, is called the upper or oblique, the luff, which is attached to the mast, is called the front (standing), rear (clew) and last (lower). gaff sail joins the mast with wooden or iron hoops - segars. (Fig. 19)

Trisel details

1 - cloth; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - clew reef-krengels; 7 - tack reef krengels; 8 - upper luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - lower luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slack line;

Canvas for making sails

Sail sewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. The latter have only transverse threads of cotton, longitudinal (warp) - hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “katun” (for shebek sails and small ships), double “katun” for topsails and ship awnings, ordinary “katun” for boats, simple “katun” for shebek and “katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes canvas "melistukh" was used. It was made in Beaufort and Augers in the departments of Mayenne and Loire. There were two types of fabric: thin and lighter for topsails, staysails and jibs, and coarser and more durable for topsails, lower staysails, etc. Canvas always had a light gray color. For sewing sails, special sailing threads are used.

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English (auto-detected) » Russian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rigging(spar tree, spar trees)(from the Dutch rondhout - a round tree) - the general name of devices for setting sails (lifting, stretching and holding them in their regular / working / position), performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. Previously, on ships of the sailing fleet, the mast was made of tree (in connection with which it was called spar), subsequently all the main parts of the spars (masts, bowsprit, yardarms) began to be made of steel or other non-vegetable materials (for example, composite materials).

Rangout includes:

• Masts- vertically standing spars, which are the basis for attaching yards and rigging.
• Topmasts- vertically standing spar trees, which are a continuation of the masts.
• At the junctions of the masts and topmasts were installed mars and salings.
• Rhea- horizontal spar trees that serve to carry direct sails, which are attached to the yards with their upper edge (leech).
• Ryu (Latin rhei) - serve to carry the Latin sail.
• Gafels- inclined spar trees that are lifted along the mast and rest against it with their heel, while having the ability to move freely from the beam of one side to the beam of the opposite. The gaffs serve to stretch the upper luffs of oblique quadrangular sails - trisels along them, as well as fastening the clew corners of additional oblique topsail sailsraised above the trisels. On small ships and boats with slanting sails, gaffs are used to fasten the fore and mainsail. Signals and sometimes a flag are also hoisted on the gaff.
• Geeks- spars used to stretch the luff of slanting sails can be solidly fixed or movable.
• Bowsprit- an inclined mast, mounted on the bow of the vessel, serves to lift and fasten the jibs, as well as to carry the standing rigging;

An example of the spars of a three-masted sailing ship:

Mizzen - in this case, a prefix denoting parts of the spars on the mizzen mast.

• Mizzen hafel.
• Mizzen geek.

bom - a prefix to the names of the parts of the spars, rigging and sails located on the bom-bram-topmast.

Grotto (grotto ) - in this case, a prefix denoting parts of the spars on the main mast.

bram - a prefix to the names of the parts of the spars, rigging and sails, indicating their belonging to the bram topmast.

• Grotto-bom-bram-ray.
• Grot-bom-bram-mastmast
• Grotto-bram-ray.
• Grot-bram-mast.
• Mainsail hafel.

Mars - a prefix denoting belonging to Marseille or Mars-Ray.

• Grot-marsa-ray.
• Grota-ray.
• Mainmast.
• Mainsail-hold-ray.
• Mainsail-hold-topmast.

Cruys - the first component of words, usually denoting the name of the spars, sails and rigging related to the mizzen mast.

• Cruise-bom-bram-ray.
• Cruise-bom-bram-topmast.
• Cruise-bram-ray.
• Cruise-brahm-topmast
• Cruise Marsa Ray.
• Cruise topmast.
• Cruise-hold-topmast.
• Cruise-hold-ray.
• Saling site.
• Carrier.

fok (foka ) - a prefix to all the names of gear, sails and spars, attached below the mars on the foremast.

• Foca-ray.

fore - a prefix to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the foremast mars.

• For-bom-bram-ray.
• For-bram-ray.
• For-bom-brahm-topmast.
• For-bram-mast.
• Fore hafel.
• For-marsa-ray.
• Fore topmast.
• For-hold-ray.
• For-hold-topmast.

see also

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Literature

• Karl Heinz Marquardt. Chapter 1. Spars // Spars, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century = Bemastung und Takelung von Schiffen des 18.Jahrhunderts. - K.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - S. 288. - ISBN 5-7355-0131-3.

Sail sail types Sail device spars Rigging sensible things

An excerpt characterizing the Rangout

When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw ten soldiers in the open shop of Ferapontov pouring sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers with a loud voice. At the same time, returning from the street to the shop, Ferapontov entered. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
- Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
- Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I made up my mind ... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers were constantly walking along the street, filling it all up, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The hostess Ferapontova was also sitting on the cart with the children, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and a young moon shone from time to time, shrouded in smoke. On the descent to the Dnieper, the carts of Alpatych and the hostess, slowly moving in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the crossroads where the carts stopped, in an alley, a house and shops were on fire. The fire has already burned out. The flame either died away and was lost in black smoke, then it suddenly flashed brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads. In front of the fire, black figures of people flashed by, and from behind the incessant crackle of the fire, voices and screams were heard. Alpatych, who got down from the wagon, seeing that they would not let his wagon through soon, turned to the alley to look at the fire. The soldiers darted incessantly back and forth past the fire, and Alpatych saw how two soldiers and with them a man in a frieze overcoat dragged burning logs from the fire across the street to the neighboring yard; others carried armfuls of hay.
Alpatych approached a large crowd of people standing in front of a high barn burning with full fire. The walls were all on fire, the back collapsed, the boarded roof collapsed, the beams were on fire. Obviously, the crowd was waiting for the moment when the roof would collapse. Alpatych expected the same.
- Alpatych! Suddenly a familiar voice called out to the old man.
“Father, your excellency,” answered Alpatych, instantly recognizing the voice of his young prince.
Prince Andrei, in a raincoat, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych.
– How are you here? - he asked.
- Your ... your Excellency, - Alpatych said and sobbed ... - Yours, yours ... or have we already disappeared? Father…
– How are you here? repeated Prince Andrew.
The flame flared brightly at that moment and illuminated Alpatych's pale and exhausted face of his young master. Alpatych told how he was sent and how he could have left by force.
“Well, Your Excellency, or are we lost?” he asked again.
Prince Andrei, without answering, took out a notebook and, raising his knee, began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “the Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me as soon as you leave, sending a courier to Usvyazh.
Having written and handed over the sheet to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to arrange the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. He had not yet had time to complete these orders, when the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
- Are you a colonel? shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - Houses are lit in your presence, and you are standing? What does this mean? You will answer, - shouted Berg, who was now assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry troops of the first army, - the place is very pleasant and in sight, as Berg said.
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t get the news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to the Bald Mountains.

Alphabetical Dictionary of Marine Terms.*

Introduction!

* The alphabetical dictionary lists all the terms that refer to this ship. You will find illustrations of almost all terms in 4 pages of drawings. The meanings of the numbers (from 1 to 152 in the drawings are described in the list below the dictionary). All other illustrations have been added to the alphabetical dictionary.

Alphabetical Dictionary of Marine Terms

BUT

Akhterlyuk - an opening in the deck behind the mainmast for loading cargo into the aft hold of the ship.

Akhtershteven - (Dutch achtersteven, achter - rear, steven - stem, riser) - a bar installed in the rear of the keel vertically to it; the steering wheel is suspended from the sternpost. The sternpost consists of several parts: a false post, a star knit and filling trees - aft deadwood.

Anaput - several cables fixed in the drilled edge of the mars platform and passing through a wooden block with holes - a anapath block. It is necessary in order to avoid catching the topsails on the tops. It was installed between the leading edge of the Mars and the headstay.

B

Buck - (Dutch bak) - a superstructure in the bow of the deck, reaching the stem. Buck used to be called bow upper deck (in front of the foremast). It serves to protect the upper deck from being flooded by the oncoming wave, to increase unsinkability, to accommodate office space, etc. (topmost fig.)

Backstay - standing rigging gear supporting spars, bokanets, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.

Bayfoot - a piece of rope sheathed in leather, with the help of which a yard or gaff is held in a girth at the mast or topmast. At the lower yards, the bayfoot are iron, with swivels.

Blocks - the simplest mechanisms used to lift weights, as well as to change the direction of the ropes when they are pulled. A device with a rotating pulley wheel inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.

Blinda Ray - spar on the bowsprit. Abandoned the use of the blind in the eighteenth century. Sometimes now, instead of a blind yard, they put two processes - a blind hafel.

Bitt - 1. Wooden or metal pedestal on the deck of the ship for attaching cables. The anchor chain is wrapped around the bitten, which reduces the speed of the anchor's return. 2. With coffee-pin strips - for fastening running rigging.

Brig - two-masted sailing ship of the XVIII-XIX centuries. with direct sailing equipment for sentinel, messenger and cruising services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns. Crew up to 120 people.

Bras - running rigging gear, fixed on the legs of the yards and serving to turn the yard into horizontal plane(brace the ray).

Bom- belonging to the penultimate level of the spar tree.

Bom-carrier - spar tree serving as a continuation I eat coal.

Bom jib - the first slanting sail from above in front of the foremast (the most forward jib).

Board - side of the ship.

Bram- belonging to the highest level of the spar tree.

Bram topmast - a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the topmast and goes up from it.

bowline - a tackle that is used to pull the leech of the lower straight sail to the bow so that the ship can sail steeply into the wind.

Bowsprit - spars fixed on the bow of the vessel horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (about 35 degrees). The standing rigging of the front mast topmast is attached to the bowsprit, as well as the rigging of oblique sails - jibs. On large ships, the bowsprit was made composite: the continuation of the bowsprit is a jib, and the continuation of the jib is a bom-jib.

Bay - cable wrapped in circles.

Buyrep - a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy), which indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.

Bisan - an oblique sail placed on a mizzen mast, the upper luff of which is laced to the gaff, and the lower one is stretched along the boom with a mizzen sheet. The word "mizzen" is added to the names of all parts of the spars, rigging and sails attached to the mizzen mast. The exception is the lower yard, when the mizzen, in addition to the oblique sail, has straight sails. Then the rai will be called "begin-rai", and the word "cruise" is added to the spars located above the mars platform and on the topmasts.

AT

Guys - (Dutch - want) - tackle of standing ship rigging. They are made of steel or hemp cable and serve to strengthen the mast, being braces to the side and a few to the stern.

Vant putens - iron chains or strips, the lower end of which is attached from the outside to the side of the vessel, and the upper end is laid behind the lower yufers. Not to be confused with putens guys.

Water-wooling - bowsprit mount with stem. In the old sailing fleet, cable or chain were made. On modern sailing ships, they are replaced by iron yokes and brackets.

Wooling - a bandage that tightens several beams in the manufacture of lower masts and bowsprits. Usually consisted of five or six cable hoses laid around the mast. The distance between adjacent vulings was approximately 1 m.

Vympel - (Dutch - wimpel) - a long narrow flag with pigtails, raised on the mast of a warship in campaign.

Vyblenki - segments of a thin cable tied across the shrouds and acting as steps when climbing the shrouds to the masts and topmasts.

Shot - a horizontally located spar suspended under water perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shots are designed to take the sail overboard, fasten the boats and create the appropriate spacing for the rigging.

Displacement - weight of the ship in tons, i.e. the amount of water displaced by the submerged part of the ship's hull.

G

Tacks - simple cables that pull the clews or tacks of slanting sails to the bow and fasten them.

Gardel - running rigging tackle on ships with direct sailing rigs, used to lift the lower yards or gaffs.

Gafel - (Dutch - gaffel) (boom) - a spar tree, which at its lower end - the heel - has a fork - a mustache covering the mast. Mustaches allow you to raise the gaff along the mast or turn the boom relative to it. The gaffs are used to fasten the upper luff of the trisails, and the booms are used to fasten the lower one.

latrine - nasal overhang, which was a continuation of grep. Served mainly for decorative purposes and to support the bowsprit.

Gallery - aft decoration, windows or open balconies, as part of the living area of ​​the captain's and officers' quarters. As a rule, richly decorated with the name of the ship inscribed.

Grotto-, Grotto- belonging to the main mast. (i.e. refers to the second mast in front).

Grotto - 1. The general name of the middle (highest) mast of sailing ships. 2. A straight sail, the lowest on the second mast from the bow (main mast), is tied to the main yard. 3. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the main mast.

Mainsail-bom-bramsel - the fourth sail from the bottom is on the mainmast.

Mainsail bramsel - the third from the bottom is a straight sail on the mainmast, raised on a bram-topmast above the topsail.

Mainsail - the second from the bottom is a straight sail on the main mast, placed between the top yard and the lower yard.

Main hatch - the middle hatch on the deck of the ship.

Gitovs - running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trisails. The giths of straight sails pull the clews of the sail to the yard. Trisail gits pull the sail to the gaff and mast.

Geek - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and facing the stern of the ship with its free end. The luff of the oblique sail is laced to the boom.

Guys - In Russia: a red flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross, bordered with white stripes, and with a white straight cross. Hoisted on the bowsprit flagpole (from 8 am to dusk) together with the stern flag, but only during anchorage.

Guys-stock - a rack on which the guis rises.

D

Dirik-fal - tackle running rigging, which serves to lift the claim end of the gaff.

Dryrep - 1. (mars-fal) - tackle for lifting the mars-rai. 2. a chain or wire rope attached to the yard and passing through the block to lift it. Any dryrep usually ends with hoists, called halyards. For example, marsa-drayrep and marsa-fal together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.

W

Zaval-tali - tackle to hold the boom, preventing it from spontaneous transfer to the other side on a full course.

To

Carronade - short, light, large-caliber cast-iron cannon.

boat - boat with 2 masts and 10 oars.

Knecht - 1. on a sailing ship, a square bar used for traction and fastening of the ends and some gear of running rigging. 2. double metal bollard for fastening mooring lines. It happens with a crossbar that helps to hold the wound cable, called a bollard spreader.

Coffee-nagel - rods made of hard wood or metal, about 30 cm long. Inserted into the holes of the coffee-nail strip for fastening and laying gear of running rigging.

coffee bar - a wooden or metal beam with holes for coffee pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.

Cleaver - oblique triangular sail placed forward of the foremast. From the wall-rigging to the butt of the jib, a rail is drawn, along which the jib rises and falls. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called a jib. The first is called the staysail and the third is called the boom jib. Cleaver appeared in the XVIII century

Feed - rear end of the ship. The stern is considered to be the part of the vessel from its very rear part to the hatch closest to it or the end of the aft superstructure. (topmost fig.)

Counter mizzen - gaff sail, behind a straight line on a mizzen mast. If there is a lower straight sail on the rear mast, it is called a mizzen. If there is no direct sail there, the gaff sail bears the name mizzen.

keel - (English - keel) - the main longitudinal connection of the ship, located along its entire length in the lower part along the diametrical plane. On wooden ships, the keel consists of a beam protruding outward, to which the frames are attached. (second picture from top)

Keel blocks - two stands made of wood, carved in the shape of the bottom of the boat. Boats are installed on them.

Knjavdiged - ancient sailing ships have a protruding upper part of the water cutter. The upper part of the knyavdiged was decorated with a carved figure. (second picture from top)

Cathead - a beam with an attached bracket, on which one or two blocks were placed, which served to lift the anchor.

L

Carriage - a wooden pedestal for holding a gun (cannon), controlling and moving it around the deck.

Elk headstay - one of the double stays, on which the oblique sail goes.

Lopar - the running or outer end, both for hoists and for any tackle.

Lisel-alcohols - thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-mars-yards, which are used for setting foxes.

Hatches - openings in decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.

Leer - a metal rod or a tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable used for tying sails, pulling awnings, drying clothes, etc. Handrails are also called ropes fixed on racks that replace the ship's bulwark, and ropes that are pulled to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.

M

Mast - vertical spar tree. Masts are used to install sails, cargo arrows, signaling and communication devices, to raise flag signals, etc.

Martin geek - a spar tree, fortified vertically under the bowsprit ezelgoft with its bow down. Its upper end was forked. Serves for the spacing of water stays.

Mars - (landing platform) - a platform on the top of a composite mast attached to long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships, it serves to spread the shrouds and a place for some work when setting and cleaning sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the mars of warships.

H

Niral - the only git of jibs and staysails.

Knock - the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizon plane (boom, hafel, yardarm, etc.). In addition, the outer end of the bowsprit, jib and bom jib is called a nok.

Nagel - 1. A wooden nail that fastens parts of wooden ships. 2. Axis pulley block.

O

Butt - a bolt with a ring or forging with an eye in its upper part instead of a head. Designed for attaching rigging hooks or block slings.

P

Deck - the horizontal tier of the ship. Starting from above, they had the following appointments: quarter-deck - an open deck to control the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; mid-deck - middle battery deck; orlop-dec - deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. (topmost fig.)

sail - fabric attached to an object (spar), stretched relative to the wind in such a way that its pressure creates a force that sets the object in motion.

See the name of each sail.

Water pump - ship pumps serving for different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.

A gun - airborne gun, the main charge, which is the core.

Perth - ropes fixed under the yards, on which people working on the yards stand.

Pyatners - a round or elliptical hole in the deck through which the mast passed, also a structure holding the end of the bowsprit.

Putens Guys - 1. iron bars, the lower ends of which are located on the rax-yoke of the lower yard or under the rax-yoke on a special putens-vant-yoke. Then putens shrouds are passed through the holes along the edge of the mars, and their upper ends are completed with rings, to which putens shrouds are attached with brackets. (Connections going from the guys from under the mars to its side edges; serve to strengthen the edges of the mars and prevent it from bending upwards from the pull of the wall-shrouds.) 2. special braces - similar to short, going down, the guys that pull putensy and are attached to the board under the rusleny. In our time, when there are no more channels on sailboats, only these guy lines going down from the mars platform are commonly called putens shrouds.

R

Spars - (from the Dutch "rondhout" - a round tree) - on ships of the sailing fleet, the spars meant wooden or metal parts of the ship's armament, designed to carry sails, carry out cargo work, raise signals, etc. A collective word for all the wooden parts of the ship , such as: masts, topmast, bram-topmast, yard, booms, gaffs, cargo arrows, etc.

Rax-bougel - consist of 1-3 rows of wooden balls put on cables that hold the horizontal spar on the vertical.

Ray - spars suspended by the middle with a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.

Rawls - a roller cast from cast iron or machined from strong wood and freely rotating on an axle. The rollers are placed, for example, in bale bars or separately to guide the cable, to support the steering rods, etc.

Rosters - a place on the deck where the spare spars are stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostras.

Rumpel - (from gol. - roerpen, roer - paddle, steering wheel) - a lever fixed at the top of the steering wheel. Transmits torque from the force generated by the steering machine or manually.

Rusleni - powerful beams along the outer sides of the sailing ship, located at the level of the upper deck against the masts. They serve to carry the shrouds, which are attached to the sides with shrouds.

Rym - a strong iron ring embedded in a deck, side or pier.

With

Saling - a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the topmast with its continuation - the bram-topmast, and the bram-topmasts with the bom-bram-topmast and for spreading the bram- and bom-bram-shrouds to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal bars - long-salings and two or three bars intersecting with long-salings - spreaders. Salings are called depending on their belonging to a particular mast: fore-saling, main-saling and cruise-saling.

Sten- belonging to the topmast (i.e. to the second vertical spar from the bottom)

Topmast - (Dutch - steng) - a removable spar tree, which is a continuation of the ship's mast. Next comes the bram-topmast, and then the bom-bram-mastmast.

T

Rigging - the general name of all gear, which is generally the armament of the ship or the armament of the spar. The rigging that serves to hold the spars in the proper position is called standing, the rest is called running.

Tali - lifting device, consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), interconnected by a cable, one end of which is fixed at one of the blocks.

Lanyard - a kind of hoist or tension guy for pulling standing rigging or pulling a load.

Topenant - running rigging tackle attached to the foot of the yard and used to set the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called a tackle that supports the nose of a cargo boom, boom, hafel.

Top - the upper end of any vertical spars, such as masts, topmasts, flagpoles.

Tombuy - see boomrep.

At

Duck - chiseled wooden plank or casting, fixed to the inside of the side and deck for attaching the sheets of the lower sails and trisails. Sometimes the ducks were placed on shrouds, to which they were lashed.

Utlegar - spar tree serving as a continuation of the bowsprit.

F

Fal - tackle used to raise some yards, sails, signal flags, etc.

Flag - a rectangular panel sewn from a light woolen fabric - a flag - of different colors and serving as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national flags, meaning which state the given vessel belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally appropriated.

Flagpole - the top of the mast or a special pole used to raise the flag .

Foca-, Fore- foremast affiliation (i.e., the first mast in front of the ship) A word added to the names of yards, sails, and rigging above the foremast's marshal.

Forduny - standing rigging gear supporting topmasts, bram-masts, etc. from behind and from the sides. If there are two pairs of gear supporting the same spar, the gear attached closer to the bow is called backstay, and the back one is called fordun.

Fore-sten-staysail, Fore-bom-bramsel, Fore-bramsel, Fort-marseille - see. analogy with Grotto.

fok - a straight sail, the lowest on the forward mast (foremast) of the ship. Attached to the fore-yard.

stem - a beam forming the front end of the vessel (the continuation of the keel in the bow). (second picture from top)

W

sheet - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew) and carried in the direction to the stern of the vessel. Sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.

Pendant - a short cable with a thimble or block, used to lift boats or cargo.

Spire - a large gate with a vertical axis used to lift the anchor (anchor capstan), select the mooring ends, raise the yards, raise and lower the boats.

Frame - rib of the ship's skeleton (transverse element of the hull structure). (second picture from top)

Stagi - standing rigging gear supporting vertical spars in the longitudinal direction - masts, topmasts, etc.

Steering wheel - a wheel with handles used to steer.

Shturtros - a cable based between the helm and rudder, and passing through a series of fixed blocks. Serves to transfer force from the steering wheel to the tiller, and through it to the steering wheel.

E

Ezelgoft - wooden or metal connecting clip with two holes. With one hole it is put on the top of the mast or topmast, and the topmast or bram-topmast is fired (missed) through the second.

YU

Eufers - a kind of round thick block with smooth holes called windows instead of pulleys. Cable lanyards are based through the yufers.

I

Anchor - a forged metal projectile that serves to stop a ship by hitching it to the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready for return and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there is one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors used to drag the vessel from place to place by delivery are called verps. The heaviest verp is called the stop anchor.

Yal -

the boat is smaller in size than semi-barcasses and has sharper contours. They are used for various purposes, mainly for mooring.