Crew cabins on cargo ships. Location of ship premises
Stems, sternposts
The bow and stern ends are limited by the stem and stern, respectively. The stem takes on blows, is divided in height into several parts, which are connected by welding. Decks and side stringers, reaching the stem, are welded to the horizontal ribs of the stem - brackets (triangular, trapezoidal sheets). The vertical keel is welded to the longitudinal stiffener of the stem.
Sternpost - the aft end serves as one of the supports of the stern tube, which passes through a hole in the sternpost apple, located in its front post, called the star post. The sternpost also serves as a support for the rudder, which rotates on pins connected to its vertical strut - the rudder post. Starnpost and ruderpost are connected in the upper part with an arch, and in the lower part with a sole, thus closing the sternpost window.
Stern tubes, mortars
The stern tube serves to support the propeller shaft and provides water tightness where it exits the hull. At one end, the pipe is connected to the bulkhead of the sternpost, and at the other end, to the sternpost. An oil seal is installed at the junctions with the afterpeak bulkhead.
Mortars provide impermeability at the points of exit from the side hull propeller shafts multi-shaft ships. The tightness is provided by a stuffing box of the same type as that of the stern tube, which is installed at the forward end of the mortar.
Classification of ship spaces
ship premises are divided into control posts - the crew keeps watch or performs work (navigation and wheelhouse, central control room of the power plant, fire extinguishing station, etc.); living quarters (cabins, dining rooms, wardrooms, sanitary and hygienic); service premises (galley, pantries, etc.); cargo spaces (holds, tweendecks); machine rooms (MKO, RO, RMU); Storage of fuel, oil, water (tanks, cisterns); industrial premises (fish shop, canning shop).
The premises are located in the main building, superstructures, wheelhouses. In the main hull, the rooms are formed by decks, platforms, partitions, transverse watertight bulkheads. The rooms are called compartments.
1. Forepeak - extreme bow compartment. Located: chain box, fresh water tank, pantries.
2. Afterpeak - extreme aft compartment. Located: fresh water tanks, tiller compartment, stern tube room, supply storerooms.
3. Double-bottom space - the space of a double bottom, divided into compartments for receiving liquid cargo.
4. Holds - cargo spaces between the double bottom plating and the nearest deck.
5. Tween decks - cargo spaces between adjacent decks.
6. Deep tanks - deep tanks located above the double bottom, from side to side, serve to store fuel, ballast, boiler water.
7. Cofferdams - narrow dry compartments located between fuel tanks and
adjacent compartments.
8. MKO - the room where the power plant is located.
9. Propeller shaft tunnel - a room where the shafting passes.
10. RO, RMU, living quarters, ship storerooms.
Arrangement and equipment of ship premises
Cargo hold without refrigeration. On the flooring of the second bottom, bars are laid and fixed - logs, and on them the flooring is eaten (fixed and removable). There are sewer wells. The refrigerated hold is equipped with insulation.
Propeller shaft tunnel. The expansion of the tunnel is called a recession. Entrance to the tunnel through the clinket door.
The helmsman's, navigator's, and trade cabins are the ship's control posts. In the wheelhouse there is a rudder control post (autopilot), a main engine control panel, navigation and fish-searching equipment, etc. In the chart table for laying the course. The wheelhouse, as a rule, is combined with the commercial cabin, control panels for winches are added.
Fish shop under the fishing deck (processing and freezing equipment).
Cabins: single, double, quadruple (lighting, air conditioning).
Waterproof closures
These include watertight doors, portholes, clinket latches, manhole covers, which ensure the watertightness of the hull, superstructures, deckhouses. Watertight doors are clinket and hinged. Clinker doors are installed in watertight bulkheads below the waterline with a remote drive. It can be closed if water flows through it under pressure. On the open deck, the doors are hinged with rubber seals and wedge gates.
Portholes - round and rectangular for natural light and ventilation. The porthole is a hinged frame with thick glass, closed with wing nuts. There are deaf windows that do not open. The impermeability of the portholes is ensured by rubber seals.
sensible things
Particular things - metal or plastic structures of the hull parts that are not part of the hull set, but are firmly connected with it and make up part of its equipment necessary to ensure the normal operating conditions of the vessel: portholes, windows, skylights, covers of similar hatches and necks, doors , ladders.
Portholes are deaf and folding, i.e. with opening glass, equipped with storm covers (in case of glass damage).
Skylights provide light and air access to rooms remote from the ship's side (MCS, etc.). They have a coaming closed with a waterproof cover, in which portholes are mounted. Covers of similar hatches are intended for closing the hatches leading to the rooms located below. Necks are needed to close tanks, bunkers, etc. They are a cover made of steel sheet, pressed with studs through a gasket to a weld bordering the neck.
Doors: 1) Light (permeable) for cabins, public and sanitary facilities 2) Water and gas tight for entry from open decks into the main body of superstructures and deckhouses, as well as into storerooms, workshops and other service spaces. They are equipped with quick-acting battening tools (central-arm driven wedge battens) that can be operated from both sides. Impermeability is achieved by sealing with a rubber band around the perimeter. 3) Clinker doors are placed in watertight bulkheads below the bulkhead deck. Closing and opening of vertical doors occurs due to the rotation of the lead screw in the nut fixed on the door. Management on site or remotely. 4) Fire (fire-resistant) doors are designed to block passages in fire bulkheads that divide the hull and superstructures of the ship into vertical fire (zones) compartments. It can be opened in any direction, after which a special spring returns it to the closed state (if it is not blocked). 5) Doors are closing holes in the outer skin of the vessel for horizontal loading of cargo.
Ladders are divided into internal, external and outboard. Internal are ceremonial, inclined and vertical and place them along the vessel. The ladder consists of a bowstring, steps and handrails. The front stairs are wide
Vertical ladders, stationary and portable, are used for local lifting, and they are also installed in deep tanks, cofferdams, etc. A variety of them are staple ladders, consisting of steel pipes welded to the vertical structures of the hull.
Outboard ladders are used to climb onto a vessel at a pier or at an anchorage. They are installed on each side, lowering with the help of special ladder beams. The steps of the ladder in any position of the bowstring remain horizontal.
Rigging and rigging
A spar is a set of ship structures installed on the upper deck of a ship and firmly connected to its hull, superstructures or decks. The spars are metal structures.
Rigging is a set of equipment that serves the spars. Standing rigging is intended only for unfastening the spars in any position. Running rigging is all gear that is in motion.
Signal masts are designed for carrying navigation lights, hoisting signal flags, the national flag while the vessel is moving. The upper end of the mast is the top, the lower end is the spur, the continuation of the mast is the topmast (above the yard). A klotik is installed on the top of the topmast, and on it is a means of light-signal communication.
Ray - the horizontal part of the spars, attached to the mast or topmast.
Gaff - an inclined part of the spars (raise the State flag on the move).
Guysstock - a metal pipe installed on the bow of the vessel, designed to install an anchor light and raise the daytime signal - a black ball.
Flagstaff - a metal pipe installed at the stern, has a klotik, serves to raise the State. flag
Crane - beam - L-shaped design for lifting a load
Ladder - beam - L-shaped structure for lowering and raising the ladder.
Shot - a metal pipe at the stern for fishing operations.
Cargo masts, cargo portals and columns are used for fastening cargo booms. They can serve as signal masts.
The spar on a modern ship does not require additional fastening.
Standing rigging: forestay - tackle going from the bow mast to the bow in the DP; counterstay - tackle going from the stern mast to the stern in the DP; headstay-cornak - tackle wound between the masts; shrouds - tackle that unfastens the masts from the sides; toprik - tackle wound between the legs of sloop-beams.
Running rigging: hordennis, topenants of cargo booms, cargo pendants, hoists, signal halyards, braces of cargo booms with hoists, toprik hoists of twin cargo booms.
Rigging equipment:
Cables (plant, synthetic, steel, combined). Characteristics - thickness, mass, tensile strength, flexibility, elasticity.
Rigging chains consist of links made of bar steel without spacers (buttresses). Chains are long-link and short-link.
Staples are used to fasten the rigging to the hull and connect the rigging elements to each other.
Gaki is used in the cargo device.
Blocks are used to equip gordenya, hoists. Single and multi-pulley blocks, wooden, plastic, steel. Canifas block - a block in which the block binding on one side leans back and can be locked with a rotary stopper. The canifas block allows you to start the cable with the middle part, and not just the end.
The lanyards are designed to tighten the gear of standing rigging, boat lashings.
Thimbles - trough-shaped parts of an oval or round shape to protect the cable from chafing.
Butt - a ring, a half-ring welded to the ship's hull or spars.
Eye - a movable ring in the butt.
Duck - a metal two-horned bar on the bulwark for temporary fastening.
Gorden is the simplest lifting device without gain in strength.
Tali is a lifting device consisting of two blocks equipped with a cable. Talis give a gain in strength. They are distinguished by the number of pulleys (2 x, 3 x, etc.)
Steering gear
The steering device, which includes a rudder and a rudder drive, is designed to steer the vessel. The rudder consists of a feather and a stock. A pen is a flat, often double-layered shield with internal reinforcing ribs. The basis of the rudder pen is ruderpis - a vertical rod to which horizontal ribs are attached. Ruderpis sang on the ruderpost. The baller is the rod with which the rudder blade is turned. The stock enters the aft gap through the helm port tube.
Depending on the location of the rudder relative to the axis of rotation, there are: ordinary (unbalanced) rudders, in which the feather is completely located aft of the axis of rotation; balancing, in which the rudder blade is divided by the axis of rotation into two unequal parts (large in the stern); semi-balanced (the balancing part is not made along the entire height of the pen). Balanced and semi-balanced rudders require less effort to shift, but their attachment to the hull is more difficult. The rudder perceives water pressure, as a result of which the course of the vessel changes. Tiller - a lever used to turn the stock.
Steering machines: manual, electric, electro-hydraulic.
Steering drives: sector gear, hydraulic plunger, hydraulic vane
Steering gears: hydraulic, electric, combined. The steering gear is the connection of the control post with the ballast of the machine. The hydraulic transmission (telemotor) consists of: a manipulator sensor connected to the steering wheel and representing a pressure oil pump and a receiver installed near the steering machine (servomotor).
An axiometer is a device for indicating the position of a rudder blade. The instrument scale is divided into degrees.
Transfer limiters - limit switches that are triggered when the transfer is over 35 o.
The drive of the machine is the main, spare and emergency. The main drive provides rudder shift when top speed forward travel from 35 about one side to 30 about the other side in 28 seconds.
On modern ships, thrusters are used, which are good to use at low ship speeds.
An active rudder is a rudder on which a propeller is mounted, creating an additional emphasis - a force that turns the stern.
Rotary nozzle - is a ring-shaped body mounted on a stock, the axis of which is located in the plane of the propeller disk (instead of the rudder). When the nozzle is turned, the jet of water thrown by the propeller is deflected, which causes the vessel to turn.
Bow and stern thruster - a through tunnel into the bow and aft vessels with an internal reversible propeller. The operation of the screw creates a lateral stop due to the reaction force ejected from the water tunnel. The stop direction is changed by reversing.
Ya. U. provides reliable anchorage of the vessel at sea, safe mooring, turn in narrowness. The anchor, due to its mass and shape, enters the ground, thereby creating the holding of the vessel in place. An anchor chain is used as an anchor rope (connects the ship and the anchor). Ya.U. located in the bow of the vessel and includes: anchor hawse - for wiring the anchor chain and fastening the anchor along the stowed; stoppers of anchor-chains - for fastening the anchor-chain when the vessel is moored and in the stowed position; chain pipes - serve to guide the anchor into the chain box; chain boxes - serve to store the anchor chain; device for fastening and remote release of the root end of the anchor chain (from the deck).
According to the purpose, the anchors are divided into anchors (two in hawse, one spare) and auxiliary (for refloating and to help the anchor). By design, anchors come with fixed paws and with a stock - Admiralty; anchors with movable paws and without a stock - Hall; anchors with movable paws and with a stock - Matrosov, Gruzona. The quality of anchors is characterized by holding force, which is a multiple of the mass of the anchor. The weight of the anchor depends on the size of the vessel. BMRT has a force of 2-3 tons, PB and TR - 7 tons.
The Admiralty anchor consists of a spindle, horns with paws, a stem, a bracket and a wedge pin for attaching the stem. The junction of the horns with the spindle is called the trend. In the working position, the rod is perpendicular to the spindle and secured with a pin, in the stowed position it is on the side of the spindle. Strength (10-12)R. Disadvantages - you can not take it into the hawse, paws sticking out in shallow water are a danger to others.
The Hall anchor consists of a spindle, paws, cast at the same time with the box. The spindle is pivotally connected to the box. The box, together with the paws, can freely turn around 45 degrees relative to the spindle. Strength (3-4)R. Gets into the clews, is used as a deadlift.
Anchor Matrosov. The stem is cast in one piece with the legs close to the spindle. Strength (10-15)R.
The Gruzon anchor resembles the Hall anchor. Paws are as close as possible. It has a stem molded with a box. The strength is significantly greater than that of the Hall anchor.
The anchor chain is used to fasten the anchor to the ship's hull. It consists of links that form links 25-27m long, connected to one another with the help of special detachable links. The bows form a chain 50-300m long. Chain: anchor (to the anchor), intermediate, root (to the hull) and, accordingly, bows. To prevent twisting of the chain, swivel links are included in it. For fastening and emergency return of the root end, there is a device with a folding hook, called a verb-hook. Anchor chains are distinguished by caliber - the diameter of the cross section of the link bar. Chain links with a caliber of more than 15 mm must have spacers - buttresses that increase the strength of the link. The links are interconnected by a Kenter bracket (detachable). To determine the number of etched links, the anchor chains are marked. At the beginning and at the end of each bow, a certain number of links are painted white and a wire mark is applied to their buttresses.
Windlass - a mechanism with a horizontal shaft. It is intended for service of chains of the left and right boards. At the end of the shaft there are mooring drums rigidly connected to it - cranks. Freely rotating chain sprockets on the shaft can be connected to the shaft using cam clutches. Anchor-mooring capstan - a mechanism with a vertical shaft - serves one chain. A mooring drum is mounted on the shaft.
Exploitation. Periodic inspections and checks. The wear of the links is not more than 10% of the original diameter.
Mooring device
Sh. U. is intended for fastening the vessel to the berth, to the board of another vessel. Sh.U. includes mooring cables (mooring lines) with which the ship is fastened. Typically, the length of the mooring line is 10% longer than the length of the vessel. The mooring lines have a 2-3m length.
1. Mooring views - for storing mooring ends.
2. Mooring bollards - for fastening the mooring ends.
3. Bale straps - for wiring mooring lines, changing their direction, protecting them from abrasion.
4. Mooring rollers - for the same purposes as bale slats.
5. Mooring fairleads - for the same purposes as 3 and 4.
6. Mooring mechanisms (windlasses, capstans, winches) for selection of moorings.
7. Conductors - thin cables for sampling moorings.
8. Throwing ends - for feeding conductors and moorings (nylon cord 30-40m with a load at the end (a bag of sand in a braid).
9. Stoppers for mooring lines - a piece of a rigging chain with a caliber attached to a plant cable. The stopper is attached to the butt on the bollard.
10. Fenders - protect the ship's side from deformation during mooring.
Mooring ends: stern longitudinal (right and left); nasal longitudinal (right and left); stern hold-down; nasal pressure; feed spring; nasal spring.
Exploitation. Periodic inspections. Mechanisms are off, everything is in its original places. Mooring lines are covered evenly and have some slack. Mooring lines are not left on the turrets.
Cargo device
G.U. designed to perform loading and unloading operations by ship means. It consists of cargo masts, portals, columns, booms, winches.
Cargo masts, portals and columns are used for attaching arrows. The boom has a tubular design. The top of the arrow is a knock, the bottom is a spur. The boom spur is pivotally connected to the spur shoe mounted on the portal, etc. The boom is raised and lowered by topenant hoists 4, the running end of which is wound on the drum of a topenant view or winch 16. To turn the boom and fasten it to the required position, braces 12 and 13 are used, which consist of a steel cable - a mantle 11 and hoists 10. Additional fastening of the boom is carried out by a counter 12. Lifting and lowering the load is carried out using a cargo pendant 7, which has a counterweight 8 at the end and hook 9. The pendant 7 is passed through the cargo block 17 on the shoe of the spur 2 and is wound on the drum of the cargo winch 15. Cargo winches are used to ensure cargo, fishing and mooring operations. Winches have a drum on which the pendant is wound. The drum is mounted on a shaft. At the end of the shaft, the turrets are rigidly mounted. Topenantny winches, views are intended for raising and lowering of an arrow. The rotation of the drum of the view is carried out by means of a whistle - a steel cable wound on an additional drum of the view. Reeling from the drum of the view onto the crank of the cargo winch of the whistles, it rotates it. The pendant - the hook has a cargo toe, bent inward, which prevents it from touching the coaming.
Light booms are used on FRP ships and their carrying capacity is up to 10 tf. Heavy arrows over 10 tf are supported by a spur not on the mast, but on a special foundation installed near it.
G.U. should always be in good condition. Each boom must be labeled with a load capacity. The weight of the load must not exceed it. G.U. subject to periodic inspections. Blocks, brackets are lubricated. If the number of broken wires in the cable is more than 10% and their thickness has decreased by 10%, then the cable is replaced. Cargo booms can work singly and in pairs (on the phone).
Lifeboats. Means of launching and lifting boats.
Type of boat - whaleboat. The body is made of lightweight aluminum or plastic and has a hard awning coating. Motor boats. On the outer side there is a lifeline and a keel handrail. There are hooks for launching and raising the boat, threaded plugs for water release. Boat supply: boat (anchor, lights, etc.), navigation (maps, compass), signaling, food, water, medicines.
Davits are used for launching and lifting the boats (swivel, overturning, gravity). The most common gravity davits are one and two-hinged (the outreach of the boat increases). Boat lashings are used to fasten the boats in the stowed position, with the help of which the boat is pressed against the side block on the davit. Knights are given together with the boat fastening stopper in the stowed position. A boat winch is used for launching and lifting.
The international convention regulates, depending on the number of people and the size of the ship, the navigation area, the number and design of boats. Boats from 10 to 150 people. On fishing boats in a boat, half the people total on the ship. A safe landing should be carried out with a roll on any side up to 20 degrees and a trim up to 10 degrees.
life rafts
PSN - 6M, PSN - 10M (inflatable life raft with a capacity of 6 and 10 people). PSN consists of an inflatable chamber with a spacer along the axis of symmetry, inflatable arches to support the awning, an inflatable bottom, a double awning with an air gap. Under the bottom of the raft are four water-ballast pockets for the stability of the raft in waves. On the sides of the raft there are catchment pockets for collecting rainwater. Lifeline around the perimeter. At the bottom of the raft, a cylinder with a gas mixture is fixed. The raft is placed in a case, and then in a container consisting of two halves (body and cover) and mounted on a rack. The container is attached to the stand or deck with two lashings through a disconnecting device - a hydrostat, which has a forced recoil pedal. A launch line with a weak link comes out of the container.
Launching the raft manually: 1. Press the hydrostat pedal, releasing the lashings 2. Drop the container into the water. 3. Tie the line to the side of the vessel. 4. Select the slack of the starting line and actuate the gas filling system with a sharp movement (the weak link of the bandage breaks). When a vessel with a raft is submerged in water, the raft is activated automatically. Water enters the hydrostat and releases the lashings. The raft floats, the line is stretched and the gas filling system is activated.
Life buoys are made of foam plastic (foamairite) and lined with canvas. The circle has a lifeline. It is painted orange, it may have a tench. Life vest consists of six elements of foamairite, connected by an orange fabric. The vest has a band, a button and a fastener. At the top there are two pockets for whistle and fire (battery and bulb). By pulling the cord, the fire is lit. Steady position at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface of the water, face up.
All rooms on the ship are divided into 4 groups.
1. Crew accommodation necessary for rest, meals and other types of services for people on board the ship.
2. Office spaces containing mechanisms, instruments and other equipment, as well as various supplies necessary for the operation of the vessel as a floating structure.
3. Special premises determined by the purpose of the ship.
4. Premises of ship communications, providing access to all other premises of the ship and communication between them.
Crew quarters.
Residential - cabins and block cabins;
Public - wardroom, dining rooms with associated rooms, lounges, library, study room, sports cabin, smoking room, swimming pool room;
Household - a ship's office, a catering unit with provisional pantries, a laundry room with related premises, industrial clothing rooms, fresh water tanks, storerooms for household equipment;
Santar-hygienic - washrooms, toilets, showers, baths;
Medical premises - a medical unit or a sanitary cabin.
Service premises
Premises of the main power plant - engine room and main boiler room;
Control posts - central control post and main switchboard;
Premises of auxiliary power plant and auxiliary mechanisms - ship power plant, premises of auxiliary and waste steam generators (boilers);
Navigation rooms - wheelhouse and navigational cabin, radio room with associated rooms, translation room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, Suez searchlight room;
Premises of ship systems and devices - tiller compartment, chain boxes, thruster room, fire extinguishing stations, air conditioner rooms, etc.;
Premises of ship energy reserves - fuel, oil and water tanks;
Ballast tanks;
Other tanks - sewage, dirty oil and fuel, bilge water;
General ship pantries - cable, painting, skipper, emergency equipment, carpentry;
Cofferdams and dry compartments.
Special premises
Cargo spaces - tween decks and holds on dry cargo ships, tanks on bulk carriers, spaces for valuable and dangerous goods;
Rigging storerooms on dry cargo ships, hose rooms on tankers;
Special special rooms, on special purpose ships - rooms for fish processing equipment, scientific laboratories, etc.
Ship communications premises
Corridors, shafts, vestibules, emergency exit rooms.
Crew quarters
When starting to design the location of the crew quarters, it is necessary to establish:
Crew size, including division by position (number of officers and crew;
Conditions for accommodation in residential premises (number of cabins and their capacity, availability of individual sancabins, number of block cabins and the range of their premises);
Conditions for meals and rest of the crew (separately for command staff and crew or jointly);
Regulatory restrictions related to the calculation of areas or volumes of premises (minimum areas of cabins, public rooms, food pantries and fresh water tanks).
Regulatory restrictions include the prohibition by the Register Rules to locate crew quarters forward of the collision bulkhead and aft of the afterpeak bulkhead below the bulkhead deck.
The radio specialist's cabin, in accordance with the Register Rules, must be located at a distance of no more than 20 m from the radio room.
To general rules crew accommodation includes recommendations to place residential, public and medical premises away from sources of noise and vibration, dining rooms and a galley - separately from public sanitary and hygienic premises (toilets, showers, baths) and some household (baths, laundry) .
Cabins try to locate away from rooms with sources of noise and heat.
On cargo ships, living quarters are taken out into superstructures and deckhouses outside the main hull, which reduces noise levels and running vibration in them.
On modern cargo ships, all living quarters must have natural light. On the passenger ships it is allowed to place part of the crew in the interior.
From the crew quarters, safe and, if possible, the shortest escape routes to life-saving appliances should be provided.
The captain's block-cabin is usually located at the front wall of the superstructure on the starboard side, one tier below the wheelhouse.
The cabins of the rest of the crew members are near their workplaces: the navigational command staff is near the wheelhouse, the mechanics are on the lower tiers of the superstructure, and the sailors are near the exits to the upper deck.
As a rule, the premises for command staff and teams are placed separately from each other.
Living spaces
Cabins and block cabins. Cabins and block-cabins are intended for rest and location of crew members outside working hours.
On modern ships, cabins are usually single. This makes it possible to provide Better conditions for recreation and reduces the possibility of conflict between crew members who are forced to stay among a limited circle of people for a long time.
The captain, chief engineer, as well as some other officers on large ships are accommodated in block cabins, consisting of several rooms.
Cabin with sanitary cabin (Fig. 1).
The minimum area and nomenclature of cabin furniture are regulated by the Sanitary Rules for sea vessels and range from 5.0 to 6.5 square meters. m depending on the tonnage of the vessel. In practice, the area of cabins is 7.0 ÷ 12 sq. m. It is recommended to equip the cabins with sanitary cabins, which significantly improve the living conditions on the ship.
Mandatory equipment of a single cabin: a bunk, a sofa for lying or sitting, a wardrobe with two compartments - for clothes and linen, a desk - one or two pedestals, a chair or armchair, 2 hooks for outerwear.
In the sanitary cabin (an area of at least 2.3 sq. m) there are: a washbasin, a toilet bowl, a shower tray or a platform with a deck scupper.
Rice. 1. Single cabin with sanitary cabin
Block cabin (Fig. 2) usually consists of a study, a bedroom and a bathroom. In the block-cabin of the captain of a large vessel, a salon with a serving room, as well as an entrance hall, can be provided. The block-cabin areas are not standardized and depend on the size of the ship. Average block-cabin areas:
Office - 14 ÷ 18 sq. m;
Bedroom - 6 ÷ 8 sq. m;
Salon - 15 ÷ 20 sq. m;
Bathroom - 4 ÷ 6 sq. m;
Entrance hall - 2 ÷ 2.5 sq. m.
Rice. 2. Captain's cabin
Placement of furniture in living quarters
The placement of furniture and other equipment in the vessel's premises has one feature that distinguishes the ship's layout from the shore layout - almost all the furniture is motionlessly fixed in its place in the premises with relatively small areas. The exception is chairs and armchairs, which are attached to the deck in their regular places only with strong pitching. At other times, they can be freely moved for ease of use.
The above feature forced the development of regulatory recommendations on the size of the most significant pieces of furniture and the minimum distances between them.
The sanitary rules for ships establish the minimum internal dimensions of berths (1980x800 mm), dimensions for sofas for lying (1900x700 mm), wardrobes with two compartments - clothes and linen (2x400x600 mm).
The distances between movable pieces of furniture are 50 mm from the sides, 70 mm between the chair and the table, 200 mm behind the chair.
The distance between the sofa and the table is 250 mm;
Width of aisles in the cabin - not less than 700-1100 mm
Free deck area in front of the inward opening door, 800x900 mm (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Free area in front of the door.
Free area under hooks for outerwear 600x250 mm (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Free area under the hooks for outerwear
The free area in front of the bunk is at least 2/3 of its length and at least 500 mm wide. (Fig.5).
Rice. 5. Free area in front of the bed.
The free area in front of the washbasin in the sanitary cabin is 800x500 mm (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Free area in front of the washbasin.
public spaces
Cabin- a room for eating by the ship's command staff (Fig. 7). Equipped with tables and chairs. The total area of the wardroom is determined on the basis of at least 1 sq. m for one seat for 100% of the number of the command staff of the vessel, since each person is assigned a certain place at the table. Table linen is stored in a special closet. Next to the wardroom there is a pantry, in which the food received from the galley is prepared for the reception (layout on plates, preparation of coffee and tea, etc.), tableware is stored and washed.
Rice. 7. Cabin and lounge for command staff.
Recreation salon designed for collective recreation of the command staff, but is often used for meetings, meetings and technical training of the ship's command staff. Located next to or adjacent to the wardroom. Equipped with upholstered furniture and various household radio and video equipment.
Team canteen designed for eating by the ship's crew (Fig. 8). The total area of the dining room is determined on the basis of at least 1 sq. m per seat for 2/3 of the team (about 1/3 is always on watch). Adjacent to the dining room is a pantry with the same functions as the pantry of the wardroom.
Rice. 8. Canteen team.
Next to the dining room or adjacent to it is the team lounge.
In the latter case, it is separated from the dining room by a sliding bulkhead, allowing, if necessary, to form one large room, in which there will be enough space for the entire crew of the vessel.
In recent years, you can find ships on which common rooms are used for meals and recreation of the command staff and crew.
Placement of furniture in dining rooms and salons
For ease of use and safety, the minimum distances between pieces of furniture in the wardroom, team dining room and lounges are standardized (Fig. 9).
Fig.9. Distances between pieces of furniture in the public areas of the crew.
The length of the table per one seat is 700 mm.
The distance between the chairs of adjacent tables with their parallel placement is 400 mm;
The distance between chairs and tables is 70 mm.
The width of the main aisles between tables or chairs is 900 mm.
Free deck area in front of entrances to public premises (in corridors) - door width + 2x200 mm x 1200 mm (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Free area in front of the door leading to the public premises.
Library- a room for storing books and other printed materials intended for use by crew members for personal purposes. It is a small room (up to several square meters), equipped with fireproof cabinets.
Study room– a small workshop (up to 10 ÷ 15 sq. m), in which crew members can make something in their free time. Practice shows that many sailors are happy to spend free time making various crafts. The training room is located away from living quarters to reduce possible noise.
Sports cabin- a room in which simulators and other sports equipment are concentrated, allowing crew members to compensate for the lack of motor efforts (physical inactivity), which is characteristic of human life on a modern ship (see Fig. 15). On large vessels, it is recommended to arrange a sports hall, which occupies two tiers in height in the superstructure and allows you to play sports (volleyball, basketball). The average area of sports facilities is 20 ÷ 40 sq. m.
Swimming pool room. On ships with a capacity of more than 3,000, pools for crew members must be arranged. Open-type pools are located on one of the tiers of the superstructure in the aft part of the vessel so that bathing people are least exposed to head wind. The pool is a rectangular bowl with an inclined bottom that provides good water flow when drained. Approximate dimensions are 6 x 3 x 2 m. It is desirable to place the large side of the pool along the vessel to reduce splashing of water during rolling. The pool is surrounded on all sides by a railing or other fence with a height of at least 1 m. Access to the pool is carried out from the open deck along a vertical ladder, near which there should be a foot bath and a shower device (outboard sea water in the pool).
With an open type of swimming pool, it is necessary to provide a room for the bowl in the lower tier of the superstructure.
On ships intended for operation in northern latitudes (icebreakers, icebreaking transport ships, etc.), pools are located indoors.
There are specially equipped rooms in the hull and superstructures of any vessel. The number, size and location of the premises, as well as their equipment, are determined by the purpose and operating conditions of the vessels. There is no strict division of such premises, however, for example, the following groups can be distinguished: residential, service, household, sanitary and hygienic, public, special, auxiliary.
Living quarters for passengers are divided into luxury cabins, I, II and III classes or tourist class. The crew cabins consist of command and crew cabins.
Office premises include: administrative, main, auxiliary and deck mechanisms, various workshops, etc.
Cosmetic and hairdressing salons, left-luggage offices, shops, kiosks, etc. are considered to be household premises.
Sanitary and hygienic premises combine an outpatient clinic, an operating room, an infirmary, showers, etc.
Music salons, cinema halls, discos, restaurants, cafes, buffets, etc. are considered public premises.
Special premises are cabins for various purposes, propeller motors, accumulators, transformers, air conditioning, etc.
Ancillary facilities include linen, carpentry, laundries, drying rooms, pantries, provisions, and holds.
Fig. 1.3 and 1.4. These vessels have: cargo spaces for the transportation of general, bulk or liquid cargo. Such premises include tween decks, holds, tanks. Storerooms for storing various inventory: painting, lantern, skipper, electrical equipment, etc.
Rice. 1.3. Location of premises on a dry cargo ship. 1 - tiller compartment; 2 - fresh water tank; 3 - afterpeak; 4 - engine room; 5 - refrigerator room; 6 - tween deck; 7 - chain box; 8 - pantry; 9 - forepeak; 10, 12, 13 - deep tanks, 11, 14 - cargo holds; 15 - ballast tank; 16, 17 - fuel tanks; 18 - lubricating oil tank; 19 - feed water tank.
Rice. 1.4. Location of premises on an oil tanker.
1,2 - pantries; 3 - dry cargo hold; 4 - forepeak; 5 - deep tank; 6, 10 - rubber dams; 7 - pumping room; 8 - cargo tanks; 9 - cargo pump room; 11 - fuel tank; 12 - engine room; 13 - feed water tank; 14 - afterpeak; 15 - stern tank; 16 - boiler room; 17 - tiller compartment; 18 - tanks of the second bottom.
Machine and boiler rooms are used to accommodate the main power plants, auxiliary mechanisms, boilers, compressors, pumps, batteries, current converters, power plants, etc. Control posts include a radio room, a steering wheel, a gyrocompass room, a navigational room, etc. They contain navigational instruments, equipment, ship radio installations, fire extinguishing stations, etc. d.
Much more complicated is the internal structure of powerful icebreaking ships, which are the largest structures (Fig. 1.5). It provides everything you need to work in difficult polar conditions. Their coloring is discussed in Chap. 7.
Rice. 1.5. Internal organization large icebreaker.
1, 2 - bow and stern engine rooms, 3 - separation of propulsion motors; 4 - swimming pool; 5 - cargo hold; b - aft wheelhouse; 7 - helicopter hangar; 8 - painting; 9 - wheelhouse; 10 - dining room; 11 - provisional; 12 - anchor capstan.
In connection with the intensive development of the North, a large number of barges, pushers, cargo ships, towing ships, core drilling ships, research ships, tankers, etc., designed for operation in arctic conditions.
Gas carriers carrying liquefied gases are equipped with four to six spherical tanks. Their upper part protrudes above the deck, giving the vessel a peculiar profile (Fig. 1.6). Service, living and auxiliary premises are concentrated in the aft superstructure, where the crew cabins are also located.
Rice. 1. 6. Location of premises on the gas carrier. 1 - chain box; 2 - forepeak; 3 - separation of drive motors; 4 - department of cargo pumps and compressors; 5 - intermediate tank; 6 - spherical cargo tanks; 7 - engine room.
characteristic feature vessels with horizontal cargo handling (ro-ro) is the presence of outboard ramps, lazports (side cutouts), through which loading and unloading operations are carried out, as well as wide decks, convenient for the quick placement of wheeled vehicles - vehicles, trailers and other goods moved by knurling ( Fig. 1.7).
Rice. 1.7. Location of cargo spaces on a ro-ro ship: a - along the ship; b - on decks.
§ 18. Location of ship's premises
The location of the ship's spaces depends on the purpose of the ship and the function that these spaces should perform.The location and dimensions of the ship's premises are regulated by various requirements of observing organizations, the implementation of which is mandatory during the construction of civil ships. According to these rules, each member of the crew must be provided with reasonable comfort, facilities for individual recreation. So, the command staff on domestic ships should be accommodated in single cabins, and the premises of the senior officers should include a study and individual sanitary facilities with a bath or shower. For ordinary members of the crew, the cabins should be no more than doubles, subject to the mandatory observance of the limited rules for cubic capacity (at least 4.0 m³), area (within 1.8-4.2 m²), equipment, lighting, heating and ventilation per person . The clear height of the living quarters (the distance from the lower edge of the ceiling lining to the upper edge of the deck) should be at least 2.0 m, and on small craft - 1.85 m. Cabins are usually provided in superstructures, in amidships. Cabins are not allowed in the bow of the ship.
Team quarters must be located on the shortest path to the service quarters, passing through closed passageways if possible. Doors from the living quarters should lead to closed corridors, which, when exiting to the open deck, have two doors. The rooms of the corridors bounded by these doors are called vestibules.
Passages through the decks must have either hatch covers or special vestibules that hermetically separate the decks. In addition to the main exit from any room on the ship, an emergency exit should be provided that provides access to the open deck.
On ships, where there are significantly more personnel than on civilian ships, sailors are placed on the principle of homogeneity of their service, in multi-seat rooms called cockpits.
According to the requirements of fire protection, any ship must have adequate structural fire protection; in addition to dividing the hull by watertight bulkheads into compartments to ensure floodability, the ship must also be divided into fire zones by strong, impervious bulkheads with fire-resistant insulation and with automatically closing passages through them. With such a division of the ship's premises, in the event of a fire, the fire will not be able to spread throughout the ship, people, without panic, can be evacuated to a safe area as soon as possible and the fire will be quickly eliminated by concentrated efforts using all means of the ship's fire defense, up to the use of chemical means extinguishing a fire (which, if there are unauthorized people in the fire area, is prohibited to use).
The main premises that ensure the purpose of the transport vessel are cargo holds and tween decks. Loading of cargo into them is carried out through cargo hatches in decks, fenced with coamings, overlapping with special covers or shields - hatches. Liquid cargo is loaded into tankers through a cargo pipeline.
For passenger ships, the main premises are passenger cabins, which are located in the spaces between decks and in superstructures. These cabins are equipped with berths, sanitary and other facilities in accordance with the class. To upper class include deluxe cabins, consisting of a living room, an office, a bedroom and a separate bathroom. Passenger premises, in addition to cabins, should also include halls serving passengers, stairs, halls, salons (concert, dance, smoking, etc.), libraries, kiosks (postal, souvenir, etc.), restaurants, buffets, bars, sports decks, swimming pools, promenade decks, etc.
Restaurant premises, which are one of the most ceremonial on ships, are usually finished with special attention so that they create a good aesthetic impression for visitors, a sense of comfort and peace. The decoration of the premises on Soviet ships differs in many respects from the decoration of premises on foreign ships, for example, the absence of excessive decoration and weighting forms.
All other ship spaces are typical and are grouped into the following groups:
control posts- rooms in which the main navigational instruments and equipment for ship control, ship radio installations, fire extinguishing stations, etc. are located. These rooms include: steering, navigational, radio room, gyrocompass room, etc.;
Living spaces: cabins for the crew and personnel serving him or passengers, cabins for medical care (outpatient clinic, infirmary, isolation room for patients, pharmacy), corridors, vestibules and vestibules adjacent to these premises;
public spaces- saloons, wardrooms, dining rooms, red corners, libraries, cinema halls, etc.;
sanitary facilities- toilets, latrines, washrooms, showers, bathtubs, baths, laundries, indoor pools, etc.;
service premises, consisting of utility rooms, which on ships are usually provided separate for the crew and passengers: procurement, galleys, bakeries, pantry, dishwasher, pantries (wet and dry provisions), refrigerators (pantries for perishable products), as well as dryers, ironing, sewing workshops, post offices, etc.;
pantries: lantern, painting, skipper, etc.;
engine rooms- engine and boiler rooms, in which the main power plants are located, rooms for auxiliary mechanisms - power plants, electric current converters, storage rooms, rooms for auxiliary boilers, pumps, compressors, degaussing stations, etc.;
cargo spaces for transportation on passenger ships: luggage of passengers, personal vehicles, urgent postal cargo, and on cargo ships - general, bulk or liquid cargo. These spaces, according to the nature of the cargo, are: tweendecks, holds and tanks.
Instead of lining the holds from the inside, on the sides of the holds are installed fish- wooden beams - usually with a section of 50 X X200 mm, located horizontally at a distance of 250 mm from each other on nested laths attached to the frames. Rybins are also used as mortgage boards in longitudinal dividing bulkheads installed in the holds for the period of transportation of bulk cargoes in them to prevent the cargo from moving when the vessel is rolling.
Such partition walls are called shifting boards. Shifting board designs consist of vertical posts, box-shaped profiles in which boards are laid (or fish are used). With a long length of holds, removable pillars of the same profile as the main racks are additionally installed.
All autonomous navigation ships should be provided with biological protection of vital ship premises, which include: service and utility rooms with provision storerooms and drinking water tanks, medical and sanitary rooms and special rooms equipped for anti-chemical treatment of people. This protection consists in the creation of pressurized rooms to prevent the entry of outside contaminated air when the ship passes through the zone of radioactive contamination. These rooms should be supplied with air through special ventilation with air filters that purify contaminated outside air or operate in a closed cycle with regeneration (recovery) of the proper air composition.
The characteristic general arrangement of the ship's premises is shown in the drawing of the general arrangement of the vessel (Fig. 36).
Rice. 36. Arrangement of architectural elements on a dry cargo vessel. 1 - stem; 2 - forepeak; 3 - chain box; 4 - ram (fore peak) bulkhead; 5 - holds; 6 - bottom; 7 - raised the second bottom; 8 - double bottom tanks; 9 - transverse bulkheads; 10 - rubber dams; 11 - manhole necks; 12 - foundation for the boiler; 13 - main steam boiler; 14 - platforms; 15-main ship power plant; 16-main turbo-gear unit, 17 - thrust bearing and stumps; 18 - clinket door; 19 - propeller shaft tunnel; 20 - propeller shaft line a; 21 - recession; and - ah-terpic bulkhead; 23 - stern tube; 24 - afterpeak; 25-sternpost; 26 - ice spur; 27 - helmport pipe; 28 - yut; 29 - flag-rod; 30 - railing; 31 - tween decks; 32 - hatches (covers) of cargo hatches; 33 - lower (second) deck; 34 - coamings of cargo hatches; 35 - halyards; 36 - hafel; 37 - guys; 38 - main mast; 39 - bulwark; 40 - gunwale; 41 - upper deck; 42 - outdoor ladders; 43 - light hatch; 44 - mine light hatch; 45 - casing of the chimney; 46 - boat deck; 47 - superstructure deck; 48 - upper bridge; 49 - binnacle magnetic compass; 50 - navigation bridge; 51 - wheelhouse; 52 - captain's cabin; 53 - middle superstructure; 54 - chimney; 55 - stay-karnak; 56 - klotik; 57 _ foremast; 58 - fore-stay; 59 - visor; 60 - skipper's pantry; 61 - tank.
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The ship's premises for the crew and passengers are divided into residential, public, domestic, household and medical.
Living spaces. On cargo ships, they usually use the middle superstructure and the deckhouses located in it. On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and deckhouses, but also in the spaces between decks.
Cabins are the main type of accommodation on ships. The command staff is accommodated in single cabins, and the private - in single or double cabins.
Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure, and four-bed cabins of class III - on the lower decks. 
Vessels making short voyages or voyages with frequent port calls may carry passengers in common areas with seating.
Living quarters are equipped with furniture and equipment. In the cabins of the command staff, as well as in the passenger cabins of classes I and II, sofas and washbasins are installed. The berths can be one or two-tiered; a table, chairs and wardrobes are also installed.
On ships, the corridor system is most often used. Doors leading to the corridor open inward
cabins so as not to hamper the movement of people along the corridors. Only the doors of public spaces should open outward, which speeds up exit from these spaces in the event of an accident.
Public spaces. On cargo ships, these include a dining room for the crew and a wardroom for officers. Usually next to the dining room is the salon, which is separated from it by a sliding bulkhead. This allows you to use both rooms for mass events.
Modern cargo ships have swimming pools, gyms, lounges
and other premises that significantly improve the living conditions of the crew.
There are much more public spaces on passenger ships. There are canteens, restaurants, smoking and music salons, cafes, bars, a cinema hall, reading rooms, sports halls, swimming pools, children's play areas, etc. Sufficient
the area of open decks or verandas intended for passengers to walk.
Domestic premises. These include latrines (latrines), washrooms, bathrooms, baths, showers, etc. They use rooms that, as a rule, do not have natural light. Not far from the bathhouse there is a room for overalls, equipped with personal wardrobes. Sometimes there are drying cabinets.
Business premises. On cargo ships, the galley (kitchen) is a small room equipped with a stove, a table, a cube for boiling water, shelves and cupboards for dishes. The galley of a passenger ship is large and may sometimes consist of a number of separate rooms. Close to the galley there are pantries for food storage. They are equipped with racks, cabinets, refrigerated chambers.
Medical premises . These include an outpatient clinic, a hospital, an isolation ward, etc. The size of these rooms and the number of beds depend on the number of crew and the category of the vessel. Medical rooms are usually located in isolation from other rooms with separate independent exits to the open deck. The hospital and the isolation ward have their own separate sanitary block (latrine, bath, shower).
