Basic principles of formation ship premises. The premises of fishing vessels are formed primarily by dividing the main hull into a number of compartments by transverse bulkheads. The end compartments (bow - forepeak and stern - afterpeak) usually serve to receive a supply of water or ballast. In the forepeak, a small enclosure is arranged to accommodate anchor chains - a chain box. The shape and size of these compartments do not allow them to find the best use. The remaining compartments of the main hull are used for cargo spaces - holds, to accommodate the power plant, fish processing shops and production lines.

The height of the main body is divided by decks and platforms. On multi-deck ships, the decks are numbered from top to bottom, starting from the upper continuous deck (main).

Most dry-cargo vessels, including fishing vessels, have a double bottom - the space occupied by the bottom set and separated from the holds and other rooms by the second bottom flooring. The double bottom, divided into compartments - tanks, is used to receive liquid ballast in order to increase the margin of stability (non-tilting), as well as to store liquid fuel and fresh water reserves. The presence of a second bottom increases the unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the outer bottom. On tankers, the second bottom is installed only in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe engine room.

On an enlarged basis, all ship spaces are divided as follows: cargo spaces and ballast tanks, service spaces, accommodation for crew and passengers.

The cargo spaces of dry cargo ships include

holds and tween decks (inter-deck space). During the day the cargo is stored in the holds, the flooring of the second bottom is covered with a wooden flooring made of pine boards (payol) 40-60 mm thick, 60-100 mm wide.

To close the bilges (catchment space), formed by the extreme double-bottom sheet and the outer skin, removable wooden shields are used, which are placed on the zygomatic knees.

To protect the cargo from damage by the onboard set, longitudinal rails are used - fish 40-50 mm thick, 100-120 mm wide. They are placed along the hull in special brackets at a distance of 200-250 mm from each other.

On refrigerated ships, cargo spaces have special thermal insulation made of cork, foam plastic, etc. Two layers of sheet pile boards are laid on the insulation, and they are covered with anti-corrosion aluminum sheets on top. The holds are cooled with cold air supplied from refrigeration units through pipes, or by batteries located along the sides.

On some fishing vessels, the cargo is transported in special cells - attics, made of boards laid in the grooves of special pillars and skirting boards. Attic transportation eliminates the deformation of containers and fish products.

When transporting bulk cargoes, permanent or removable longitudinal bulkheads (shifting boards) are used to avoid spillage.

To increase the reserves of fuel or water, and sometimes for ballasting on ships, special tanks are provided, located outside the double bottom. These include deep tanks, occupying space from side to side, and in height - from the second bottom to the lower deck; side tanks located in the area of ​​the engine room or holds.

On large fishing vessels, intra-hold mechanization of loading and unloading operations is provided - elevators and conveyors, and on transport refrigerators - electric cars.

Office space includes engine room, refrigerator room, wheelhouse and navigational cabin, radio room, tiller room, log shaft, echo sounder shaft, gyrocompass room, office and utility rooms (lantern, painting, skipper storerooms).

The engine room is usually located in the middle or aft part of the vessel. Here are the main and auxiliary engines, electric generators, the main power distribution board. If a steam engine or turbine is used as the main engine, they are usually placed in one compartment, and steam boilers in another compartment (boiler room).

Rotation from the engine to the propeller is transmitted by propeller shaft, which is located in the propeller shaft tunnel, which has a slight expansion at the end - a recess.

To ensure natural ventilation, a shaft is provided above the engine room, which ends with a skylight - a machine cap. There are portholes in the skylight covers.

The steering and navigation cabins are the place where navigational buttermilk is carried. From here, the operation of the vessel as a whole is controlled. The wheelhouse is equipped with a steering column, track magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, engine telegraph, radars, fish-finding devices, various signaling devices. On the modern courts many of these devices are installed in console version. In the chart house, which is always adjacent to the wheelhouse, there is a table for navigation and storage nautical charts. Some of the navigation instruments (radio direction finders, receiver indicators of radio navigation and satellite systems, depth indicators of echo sounders, lag repeaters) and navigational work tools are also located here.

Old-built vessels of the BMRT type have two wheelhouses: bow (navigation) and stern (commercial - to control the vessel while working with fishing gear). On modern RTM vessels of the Atlantic type, BMRT of the Prometheus type, BMRT of the Gorizont type, and others, the vessel is controlled from a single navigation and fishing cabin.

The radio room is located in the navigation bridge area or in close proximity to it. This is dictated by the need for operational communication between the radio operator and the officer in charge of the watch.

Log and echo sounder shafts are made separate or combined. They are made in the form of a sealed tube, in the lower part of which, near the bottom, there is a central log device with a receiving tube and an echo sounder sending unit with vibrators.

In the gyrocompass room there are all gyrocompass devices, ia with the exception of peripheral ones.

Office and utility rooms, as a rule, are taken out under the forecastle due to their increased fire hazard. This location allows you to keep these rooms under surveillance and timely prevent dangerous situations. All office premises differ from others in that they are allowed to stay only for official purposes.

Premises for the crew and passengers are divided as follows: residential, public, utility, sanitary and hygienic, medical.

Living quarters on ships are usually located in superstructures and deckhouses. First of all, for this purpose, they tend to use the middle superstructure - the place least subject to the action of pitching and flooding.

On modern ships, the living quarters of the officers are, as a rule, single cabins, and the ratings, depending on the size of the ship and the purpose, are one-, two-, and less often four-bed cabins. Cabins are usually placed along the sides of the vessel, which provides the possibility of natural light and ventilation through the portholes.

On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and wheelhouses, but also in the spaces between decks. Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure and deckhouses, and class III four-berth cabins are on the lower decks.

Cabins, as a rule, have a corridor system. The doors open into the cabins to allow free movement along the corridors.

Public spaces are a dining room and a saloon for the crew, a wardroom for officers, on large modern ships there are gyms, swimming pools, recreation rooms, etc. As a rule, there are much more public spaces on passenger ships. These can be restaurants, canteens, smoking rooms, music salons, cinemas, reading rooms, children's cabins, gyms, etc.

Utility rooms include a galley, a bakery, a pantry, pantry, storage rooms.

Sanitary and hygienic premises are divided into sanitary facilities (laundries, dryers, ironing facilities for bed linen and work clothes) and sanitary and hygienic facilities (washbasins, showers, baths, toilets, etc.).

Medical premises include an isolation ward, a hospital, an outpatient clinic. On mother ships, as a rule, there are an operating room, X-ray, dental rooms and others.

Requirements for ship premises. To ensure the safety of cargo, cargo spaces are carefully cleaned before loading, and, if necessary, washed. After washing the holds, the water from the bilges is completely pumped out and the holds are dried with natural ventilation, and sometimes with heaters. Bilge wells are thoroughly cleaned of dirt. Fresh water tanks should be kept especially clean. They are cleaned of dirt at least once every 6 months, and also before the start of each long flight.

Morning tidying is carried out daily in the living quarters. The cabins of the senior officers and the wardroom are cleaned by the barman, the team's dining room and the cabins of the officers are cleaned by the orderly, the common areas are cleaned by the cleaner, the team's cabins are the members of the team living in them. If infectious diseases are detected on the ship, the patient is isolated, and the room is disinfected.

When signs of harmful insects appear on the vessel (fleas,

Pov, cockroaches) is disinsection using dust, fluorophos, dichlorvos and other drugs.

On the ships of foreign navigation twice a year, and on the other ships once they carry out deratization - fumigation of the premises with poisonous gases to exterminate rodents.

At least once a week, the open decks are washed on the ship, for which soap solutions and sand are used.

Questions for self-control

1. Name the signs by which ships are classified.

2. Name the most popular types and project numbers of fishing vessels.

3. What are the main characteristics of the ship's hull.

4. Name the types of sets of the ship and the elements of load-bearing structures.

5. Name the premises for the carriage of goods and ship stores.

6. Name office space.

7. Name the premises for the crew and passengers.

8. List the requirements for ship premises.

All rooms on the ship are divided into 4 groups.

1. Crew accommodation necessary for rest, meals and other types of services for people on board the ship.

2. Office space, in which mechanisms, instruments and other equipment are located, as well as various stores necessary for the operation of the ship as a floating structure.

3. Special premises determined by the purpose of the ship.

4. Premises of ship communications, providing access to all other premises of the ship and communication between them.

Crew quarters.

Residential - cabins and block cabins;

Public - wardroom, dining rooms with associated rooms, lounges, library, study room, sports cabin, smoking room, swimming pool room;

Household - a ship's office, a catering unit with provisional pantries, a laundry room with related premises, industrial clothing rooms, fresh water tanks, storerooms for household equipment;

Santar-hygienic - washrooms, toilets, showers, baths;

Medical premises - a medical unit or a sanitary cabin.

Service premises

Premises of the main power plant - engine room and main boiler room;

Control posts - central control post and main switchboard;

Premises of auxiliary power plant and auxiliary mechanisms - ship power plant, premises of auxiliary and waste steam generators (boilers);

Navigation rooms - wheelhouse and navigational cabin, radio room with associated rooms, translation room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, Suez searchlight room;

Premises of ship systems and devices - tiller compartment, chain boxes, thruster room, fire extinguishing stations, air conditioner rooms, etc.;

Premises of ship energy reserves - fuel, oil and water tanks;

Ballast tanks;

Other tanks - sewage, dirty oil and fuel, bilge water;

General ship pantries - cable, painting, skipper, emergency equipment, carpentry;

Cofferdams and dry compartments.

Special premises

Cargo spaces - tween decks and holds on dry cargo ships, tanks on bulk carriers, spaces for valuable and dangerous goods;

Rigging storerooms on dry cargo ships, hose rooms on tankers;

Special special premises, on special purpose ships - premises for fish processing equipment, scientific laboratories, etc.

Ship communications premises

Corridors, shafts, vestibules, emergency exit rooms.

Crew quarters

General provisions

When starting to design the location of the crew quarters, it is necessary to establish:

Crew size, including division by position (number of officers and crew;

Accommodation conditions in residential premises (number of cabins and their capacity, availability of individual sancabins, number of block cabins and the range of their premises);

Conditions for meals and rest of the crew (separately for command staff and crew or jointly);

Regulatory restrictions related to the calculation of areas or volumes of premises (minimum areas of cabins, public rooms, food pantries and fresh water tanks).

Regulatory restrictions include the prohibition by the Register Rules to locate crew quarters forward of the collision bulkhead and aft of the afterpeak bulkhead below the bulkhead deck.

The radio specialist's cabin, in accordance with the Register Rules, must be located at a distance of no more than 20 m from the radio room.

The general rules for crew accommodation include recommendations to place residential, public and medical premises away from sources of noise and vibration, dining rooms and a galley - separately from public sanitary and hygienic premises (toilets, showers, baths) and some household (baths , laundry).

Cabins are trying to be located away from rooms with sources of noise and heat.

On cargo ships, living quarters are taken out into superstructures and deckhouses outside the main hull, which reduces noise levels and running vibration in them.

On modern cargo ships, all living quarters must have natural light. On passenger ships, it is allowed to place part of the crew in the interior.

From the crew quarters, safe and, if possible, the shortest escape routes to life-saving appliances should be provided.

The captain's block-cabin is usually located at the front wall of the superstructure on the starboard side, one tier below the wheelhouse.

The cabins of the rest of the crew members are near their workplaces: the navigational command staff is near the wheelhouse, the mechanics are on the lower tiers of the superstructure, and the sailors are near the exits to the upper deck.

As a rule, the premises for command staff and teams are placed separately from each other.

Living spaces

Cabins and block cabins. Cabins and block-cabins are intended for rest and location of crew members outside working hours.

On modern ships, cabins are usually single. This allows you to provide better conditions for recreation and reduces the possibility of conflict between crew members who are forced to stay among a limited circle of people for a long time.

The captain, chief engineer, as well as some other officers on large ships are accommodated in block cabins, consisting of several rooms.

Cabin with sanitary cabin (Fig. 1).

The minimum area and nomenclature of cabin furniture are regulated by the Sanitary Rules for Sea Vessels and range from 5.0 to 6.5 square meters. m depending on the tonnage of the vessel. In practice, the area of ​​cabins is 7.0 ÷ 12 sq. m. It is recommended to equip the cabins with sanitary cabins, which significantly improve the living conditions on the ship.

Mandatory equipment of a single cabin: a bunk, a sofa for lying or sitting, a wardrobe with two compartments - for clothes and linen, a desk - one or two pedestals, a chair or armchair, 2 hooks for outerwear.

In the sanitary cabin (an area of ​​at least 2.3 sq. m) there are: a washbasin, a toilet bowl, a shower tray or a platform with a deck scupper.

Rice. 1. Single cabin with sanitary cabin

Block cabin (Fig. 2) usually consists of a study, a bedroom and a bathroom. In the block-cabin of the captain of a large vessel, a salon with a serving room, as well as an entrance hall, can be provided. The block-cabin areas are not standardized and depend on the size of the ship. Average block-cabin areas:

Office - 14 ÷ 18 sq. m;

Bedroom - 6 ÷ 8 sq. m;

Salon - 15 ÷ 20 sq. m;

Bathroom - 4 ÷ 6 sq. m;

Entrance hall - 2 ÷ 2.5 sq. m.

Rice. 2. Captain's cabin

Placement of furniture in living quarters

The placement of furniture and other equipment in the vessel's premises has one feature that distinguishes the ship's layout from the shore layout - almost all the furniture is motionlessly fixed in its place in the premises with relatively small areas. The exception is chairs and armchairs, which are attached to the deck in their regular places only with strong pitching. At other times, they can be freely moved for ease of use.

The above feature forced the development of regulatory recommendations on the size of the most significant pieces of furniture and the minimum distances between them.

The sanitary rules for ships establish the minimum internal dimensions of berths (1980x800 mm), dimensions for sofas for lying (1900x700 mm), wardrobes with two compartments - clothes and linen (2x400x600 mm).

The distances between movable pieces of furniture are 50 mm from the sides, 70 mm between the chair and the table, 200 mm behind the chair.

The distance between the sofa and the table is 250 mm;

Width of aisles in the cabin - not less than 700-1100 mm

Free deck area in front of the inward opening door, 800x900 mm (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Free area in front of the door.

Free area under hooks for outerwear 600x250 mm (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Free area under the hooks for outerwear

The free area in front of the bunk is at least 2/3 of its length and at least 500 mm wide. (Fig.5).

Rice. 5. Free area in front of the bed.

The free area in front of the washbasin in the sanitary cabin is 800x500 mm (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Free area in front of the washbasin.

public spaces

Cabin- a room for eating by the ship's command staff (Fig. 7). Equipped with tables and chairs. total area wardroom is determined on the basis of at least 1 sq. m per one seat for 100% of the number of command staff of the vessel, since each person is assigned a certain place at the table. Table linen is stored in a special closet. Next to the wardroom there is a pantry, in which the food received from the galley is prepared for the reception (layout on plates, preparation of coffee and tea, etc.), tableware is stored and washed.

Rice. 7. Cabin and lounge for command staff.

Recreation salon designed for collective recreation of the command staff, but is often used for meetings, meetings and technical training of the ship's command staff. Located next to or adjacent to the wardroom. Equipped with upholstered furniture and various household radio and video equipment.

Team canteen designed for eating by the ship's crew (Fig. 8). The total area of ​​the dining room is determined on the basis of at least 1 sq. m per seat for 2/3 of the team (about 1/3 is always on watch). Adjacent to the dining room is a pantry with the same functions as the pantry of the wardroom.

Rice. 8. Canteen team.

Next to the dining room or adjacent to it is the team lounge.

In the latter case, it is separated from the dining room by a sliding bulkhead, allowing, if necessary, to form one large room, in which there will be enough space for the entire crew of the vessel.

In recent years, you can find ships on which common rooms are used for meals and recreation of the command staff and crew.

Placement of furniture in dining rooms and salons

For ease of use and safety, the minimum distances between pieces of furniture in the wardroom, team dining room and lounges are standardized (Fig. 9).

Fig.9. Distances between pieces of furniture in the public areas of the crew.

The length of the table per one seat is 700 mm.

The distance between the chairs of adjacent tables with their parallel placement is 400 mm;

The distance between chairs and tables is 70 mm.

The width of the main aisles between tables or chairs is 900 mm.

Free deck area in front of entrances to public premises (in corridors) - door width + 2x200 mm x 1200 mm (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Free area in front of the door leading to the public premises.

Library- a room for storing books and other printed materials intended for use by crew members for personal purposes. It is a small room (up to several square meters), equipped with fireproof cabinets.

Study room– a small workshop (up to 10 ÷ 15 sq. m), in which crew members can make something in their free time. Practice shows that many sailors are happy to spend free time making various crafts. The training room is located away from living quarters to reduce possible noise.

Sports cabin- a room in which simulators and other sports equipment are concentrated, allowing crew members to compensate for the lack of motor efforts (physical inactivity), which is characteristic of human life on a modern ship (see Fig. 15). On large ships, it is recommended to arrange a sports hall, which occupies two tiers in height in the superstructure and allows you to play sports (volleyball, basketball). The average area of ​​sports facilities is 20 ÷ 40 sq. m.

Swimming pool room. On ships with a capacity of more than 3,000, pools for crew members must be arranged. Open-type pools are located on one of the tiers of the superstructure in the aft part of the vessel so that bathing people are least exposed to head wind. The pool is a rectangular bowl with an inclined bottom that provides good water flow when drained. Approximate dimensions are 6 x 3 x 2 m. It is desirable to place the large side of the pool along the vessel to reduce splashing of water during rolling. The pool is surrounded on all sides by a railing or other fence with a height of at least 1 m. Access to the pool is carried out from the open deck along a vertical ladder, near which there should be a foot bath and a shower device (outboard sea water in the pool).

With an open type of swimming pool, it is necessary to provide a room for the bowl in the lower tier of the superstructure.

On ships intended for operation in northern latitudes (icebreakers, icebreaking transport ships, etc.), pools are located indoors.

Ship premises are located in the main hull, superstructures and wheelhouses.

main building

The main hull includes all spaces formed by the shell plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and enclosures located inside. There are spaces formed by the main hull structures - compartments and other ship spaces formed by partitions and decks in superstructures, wheelhouses, as well as in the main hull.

The most important compartments of the hull include: tiltforepeak - extreme bow compartment; slopes terpeak - extreme aft compartment; slope inter-bottom space - the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; slope hold - the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; sloping tween decks - spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; tiltdiptanks - deep tanks located above the second bottom; tilt cofferdams - narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; tilt compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; inclination of the propeller shaft tunnel - on ships with engine room in the middle of the ship, and the like. The presence of the compartments listed above on specific ships is determined by the purpose and design of the ship.

location of ship premises on a dry-cargo vessel:

1 - forepeak; 2 - chain box; 3 - deep tank; 4 - cargo hold; 5 - cargo twin deck; 6 - double bottom space (double bottom); 7 - cofferdam; 8 - deep tank; 9 - engine room; 10 - propeller shaft corridor; 11 - afterpeak; 12 - yut (stern superstructure); 13 - middle superstructure; 14 - tank (bow superstructure); 15 - felling;

superstructures

Superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the ship: either from side to side, or so that their sides are separated from the sides by no more than 0.04 of the ship's width.

Superstructures serve not only to accommodate ship premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.

Bow superstructure - tiltback reduces deck flooding;
aft superstructure - yut, increasing the freeboard in the stern, increases the margin of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage aft end and trim of the vessel to the stern;
Medium superstructure increases buoyancy.
felling differ from superstructures in a smaller width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures (on warships, deckhouses located on the upper deck are called superstructures).

ship premises

Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, office, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary and hygienic, medical purposes, workshops, ship stores and supplies and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.

Special premises depending on the purpose of the ship, they serve: for cargo placement (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment in the processing of fish - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels. Among the special ones are also hangars for placing helicopters on the ship and premises for their maintenance.

Service premises designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include:
- premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;
- premises for placing deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems - tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, station for remote measurement of cargo level, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, fan rooms, air conditioner rooms, etc.;
- cabins, navigation rooms and posts - steering, navigational, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire posts, emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate, etc.;
- workshops - mechanical, plumbing, electrical, welding post, workshop for the repair of watercraft, instrumentation, etc.;
- administrative premises - ship, engine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship's archive, control room, etc.

Living spaces (cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and for the accommodation of passengers.

Crew quarters subdivided into command cabins and crew cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as a cockpit.

Passenger cabins Depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, they are divided into “luxury” cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, class II and III cabins are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating areas are provided on passenger ships of local lines.

public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This category includes public premises for the crew of the vessel and separately public premises for passengers, as well as areas on open decks and walk-through premises.

To crew quarters include a wardroom, salons for command staff and teams, canteens for command staff and teams, canteens for command staff and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a room for sports activities, a library, and cabins for public organizations. On large sea ​​vessels cinemas are available.

To public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (musical, smoking, for games, for relaxation), concert hall, gym, swimming pools, a library with a reading room, children's rooms. Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, and so on. Passage rooms include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, closed promenade decks.

Premises for consumer services equip on passenger, forwarding ships and large fishing vessels. These include: consumer service studios, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, luggage storage and others. tilt The premises of the catering unit are used for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. There are galley rooms (a galley for passengers, a galley for the crew, a bakery, storerooms for a galley and a bakery) and preparatory ones (cutting meat, fish, vegetables, a bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry utensils and table linen). slope Sanitary and hygienic premises are divided into sanitary and household (laundry, drying, ironing, storerooms for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms) and sanitary and hygienic (men's and women's washrooms, showers, bathrooms, baths, sanitary inspections and toilets).

Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, doctor's office, operating room, x-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of passengers), infirmary, isolation ward, pharmacy, medical and sanitary pantries. Typically, a complex of medical facilities on ships is called a medical unit.

Ship stores and supplies serve to store stocks of provisions, skipper, navigational and other ship supplies. These include:
- provisional pantries, unrefrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers; - economic pantries - for storage of carpets of paths, covers, sports equipment, cleaning equipment;
- skipper's pantries - skipper's, painting, lantern, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing;
- navigational and navigation storerooms - navigational equipment, maps, etc.;
- linen and clothing pantries.

Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo - oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks in which large, expendable supplies of fuel, water and oil are placed (the so-called supplementary tanks).

GENERAL LOCATION OF THE SHIP

The general arrangement of the ship is understood as the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all rooms intended for placement on the ship of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, ship stores, transported goods, crew and passengers, as well as all service posts, household, utility and sanitary premises. Their mutual arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, on the size of the vessel, as well as the requirements imposed on it.

On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general arrangement may be different, depending on the requirements of customers. However, in recent times in the world shipbuilding, typification of ship premises, and first of all, residential and service premises, is being carried out.

location of ship premises

To orient the location of a particular room on the ship, the following names of decks and spaces between decks are adopted (Scheme 2).

names of decks and spaces between decks

1 - second bottom; 2 - second platform; 3 - the first platform; 4 - third (lower) deck; 5 - second deck; 6 - upper deck; 7 - deck of the superstructure of the 1st tier (deck of the forecastle, poop, etc.); 8 - cutting deck of the II tier (promenade deck); 9 - deckhouse III tier (boat deck); 10 - tier IV deckhouse (lower, navigation bridge); 11 - tier V cabin deck (upper navigation bridge).

In case (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.

In superstructures and cabins (from bottom to top): deck of the first tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure), deck of the second tier of the deckhouse, decks of the third tier of the deckhouse, and so on. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: promenade, saloon deck, boat, sports, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.

The space between the outer skin of the bottom and the second bottom is called the slope of the interbottom space or the double bottom of the slope. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called a tilt hold, the rest of the spaces between decks are called tilt tvindeks.

The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB).

Diagrams 3 and 4 show the location of the main groups of rooms on a dry cargo ship and passenger ship. The general layout of a dry cargo ship is described in the publication Vessel Performance and Seaworthiness.

layout of compartments and main premises of a dry-cargo vessel:


I - peaks; II - cargo compartments; III - double bottom compartments; IV - deep tanks; V - compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;

layout of compartments and main premises of a passenger ship:


1 - tier IV deckhouse (upper bridge); 2 - deckhouse III tier (lower bridge); 3 - deckhouse II tier (boat deck); 4 - II platform; 5 - superstructure deck of the 1st tier (forecastle deck, poop); 6 - upper deck; 7 - I platform; 8 - second bottom; 9 - deck of the second tier of the superstructure (promenade deck); 10 - second deck (bulkhead deck); 11 - third deck;

special rooms

Special premises - cargo holds, premises for processing and storage of catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo, cargo-passenger and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined by the requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, acceptance, processing and storage of catch, and the like.
The location of special premises that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel is subordinate to the location of all other ship spaces.

service premises

Service rooms are located throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the forecastle and poop rooms, sometimes where it is forbidden to equip living quarters, for example, above the forepeak and afterpeak and below the waterline. Part of the navigation rooms - steering, navigation, radio room - are located on the bridge; the location of the log and echo sounder - on the second day.

Workshops are usually located in the area of ​​​​engine and boiler rooms.

Living spaces

The crew quarters on cargo ships are usually located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mostly closer to the middle part of the ship, where rocking and vibration from working propellers are least felt. The exception is cargo ships with a purely aft location of the engine room: here all the living quarters of the ship's crew are placed in the aft superstructure. On passenger ships, crew cabins are placed forward, aft and below the passenger cabins, and commanders' cabins are located on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (a tier below).

The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, a tier below the pilothouse. All navigators' cabins are placed here or below in a tier; the cabins of the chief engineer, mechanics and engine crew are located as close as possible to the engine room; the cabins of the deck crew are placed on the starboard side, the engine room - on the port side.

passenger accommodation

The living quarters of passengers on passenger ships are located, if possible, in the middle part, mainly in superstructures and in the upper tween decks of the main hull. Locating passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck is not recommended, and below the waterline is prohibited. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but on large ships carrying a large number of passengers, there are cabins without natural light.

public spaces

Allotted for public spaces best areas superstructures and decks with good overview. Some public spaces - restaurants, theaters, an indoor swimming pool, a gym, and the like - are equipped in rooms that do not have natural light.

service premises

Premises for consumer services are equipped in the area of ​​​​public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural lighting. The premises of the catering unit should be located near the facilities that they serve. Thus, a galley or bakery is located close to the crew dining room, saloon or restaurant, usually on or below the same deck, with a special elevator to supply food from the galley to the pantry. In turn, provisional pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When locating provisional storerooms, the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship's facilities must be taken into account.

sanitary facilities

Sanitary and hygienic premises are located in the immediate vicinity of residential premises or in the same block with them. The bath and laundry block is placed in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.

medical block

The medical block is located in the superstructure, usually in the middle part of the vessel, away from the main main corridors and places of accumulation of crew and passengers.

ship's stores and supplies

Premises of ship stores and supplies are located in the area of ​​​​residential and public premises (storerooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, walkways, covers, sports equipment), as well as in the area of ​​open decks (storerooms for rescue equipment, diving equipment). Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, as well as water ballast are placed in the double bottom compartments and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the area of ​​the engine room and in the forepeak area. The forepeak and afterpeak are usually used as ballast tanks. Consumable fuel tanks are placed in the area of ​​the engine room. fresh water reserves drinking water stored in loose tanks.

When planning and equipping ship spaces, the requirements for these spaces, depending on their purpose, are taken into account.

Residential and public premises of the crew and passengers must be comfortable for the people on board. These requirements are regulated by the Rules of Lloyd's Register, and are also established by the ship operating departments. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire design measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.

The command staff is accommodated in single cabins (Scheme 5), and the cabins of the senior command staff - the captain, the senior assistant to the captain and the chief mechanic consist of an office, a bedroom and a bathroom with a toilet. On the big ships the captain's block also has a saloon.

layout of crew accommodation on a transport ship:


a - command staff cabin; b - captain's block; c - crew cabin;

The team is accommodated in single cabins and double cabins, which have everything necessary for comfortable living in them. Each cabin, in addition to soft single or bunk beds, has a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, a washbasin with hot and cold water(on modern supertankers - a shower with a bathroom), air conditioning, comfortable lighting. All cabins must have natural light through the porthole.

Ship equipment is distinguished by marine design, which, first of all, provides for the normal functioning of the equipment in conditions of rolling. To do this, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm fasteners that securely fasten it to the deck during a storm. Ship berths should have a small shoulder to prevent falling from the berth during rolling. Low collars are also installed on the tables around the perimeter. On the shelves, especially on the shelves for dishes, mounting sockets should be made for each item. All other equipment - turntables, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also provided with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm rails are installed along the bulkheads. Provide reliable fastening of cabin doors, both in the closed and open position.

The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to provide the crew good conditions for recreation, food and entertainment.

Even more comfortable living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships. Ocean cruise liners, which have been increasingly used to make long sea voyages, are being equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double cabins with all amenities. Passengers are provided with lounges, music and dance halls, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, games rooms, a swimming pool, saunas, a gym, children's rooms, a library, a theater, and so on. Marble, wood and new synthetic materials are widely used for decoration and equipment of residential and public premises.

Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, occupying a significant area on the upper deck and decks of the superstructure in the aft part, protected from the wind.

pleasure and sports decks and outdoor swimming pools cruise ship"Carnival Spirit"

On passenger ships, the living and public quarters of the passengers are separated from the corresponding quarters of the crew. So Special attention is given to communications, that is, the ways of moving passengers and crew around the ship. Both should have isolated access to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to the workplace. For this, special main corridors and ladders are equipped - separately for passengers and for the crew.

When planning the medical block, special attention is paid to the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. There must be an entrance to the isolation ward from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation room must be approached from three sides.

Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, occupying about 60 percent of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of the cargo holds is taken as large as possible (within the limits of the requirements for ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry-cargo vessel is sheathed with wood:

On the flooring of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - naklozhpayol - from boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, laid on bars (logs) running in the transverse direction with a thickness of about 40 mm;
along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50X200 mm - clasps, - installed along the hold over the side set at a distance of 200-300 mm from one another.

Rybinsy not only isolate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and the side from accidental damage. Cargo tweendecks are equipped similarly to the holds.

On ships carrying cargo unloaded by a grab, the wooden flooring in the holds is replaced by strengthening the second bottom flooring by at least 4 mm.

On ships carrying grain, in the upper part of the cargo holds, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP with a height equal to one third of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent grain from spilling onto one side when the ship is rolling, which can lead to the ship capsizing. Shiftingboards they are made from metal racks and embedded boards, or are provided as regular ones, and are made in the form of folding shields.

The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on fishing refrigerators, whatnots - on fruit carriers, hooks under the ceiling - for transporting meat, and the like.

The ship's premises for the crew and passengers are divided into residential, public, domestic, household and medical.

Living spaces. On cargo ships, they usually use the middle superstructure and the deckhouses located in it. On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and deckhouses, but also in the spaces between decks.

Cabins are the main type of accommodation on ships. The command staff is accommodated in single cabins, and the private - in single or double cabins.

Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure, and four-bed cabins of class III - on the lower decks.

Vessels making short voyages or voyages with frequent port calls may carry passengers in common areas with seating.

Living quarters are equipped with furniture and equipment. In the cabins of the command staff, as well as in the passenger cabins of classes I and II, sofas and washbasins are installed. The berths can be one or two-tiered; a table, chairs and wardrobes are also installed.

On ships, the corridor system is most often used. Doors leading to the corridor open inward
cabins so as not to hamper the movement of people along the corridors. Only the doors of public spaces should open outward, which speeds up exit from these spaces in the event of an accident.

Public spaces. On cargo ships, these include a dining room for the crew and a wardroom for officers. Usually next to the dining room is the salon, which is separated from it by a sliding bulkhead. This allows you to use both rooms for mass events.

Modern cargo ships have swimming pools, gyms, lounges
and other premises that significantly improve the living conditions of the crew.

There are much more public spaces on passenger ships. There are canteens, restaurants, smoking and music salons, cafes, bars, a cinema hall, reading rooms, sports halls, swimming pools, children's playrooms, etc. Sufficient
the area of ​​open decks or verandas intended for passengers to walk.

Domestic premises. These include latrines (latrines), washrooms, bathrooms, baths, showers, etc. They use rooms that, as a rule, do not have natural light. Not far from the bathhouse there is a room for overalls, equipped with personal wardrobes. Sometimes there are drying cabinets.

Business premises. On cargo ships, the galley (kitchen) is a small room equipped with a stove, a table, a cube for boiling water, shelves and cupboards for dishes. The galley of a passenger ship is large and may sometimes consist of a number of separate rooms. Close to the galley there are pantries for food storage. They are equipped with racks, cabinets, refrigerated chambers.

Medical premises . These include an outpatient clinic, a hospital, an isolation ward, etc. The size of these rooms and the number of beds depend on the number of crew and the category of the vessel. Medical rooms are usually located in isolation from other rooms with separate independent exits to the open deck. The hospital and the isolation ward have their own separate sanitary block (latrine, bath, shower).

In the main body (Fig. 1.), the premises are formed by decks, platforms, transverse waterproof and ordinary bulkheads (barriers). The spaces formed by transverse watertight bulkheads, platforms, decks are called compartments. The main compartments on the ship include: forepeak- extreme bow compartment, in which a chain box 20, fresh water tanks 3.4, ship storerooms 2 are located; afterpeak- the extreme aft compartment, in which the tiller compartment 9, the stern tube room 8 are located; next to it is another cistern 11 of fresh water; bottom space- the space of the double bottom, divided into compartments 5, used to receive ballast; holds 6 - cargo spaces between the deck of the second bottom and the nearest deck (refrigerator holds are equipped with thermal insulation); tween decks 12 - cargo spaces between decks and platforms; deep tanks 14 and 18 - deep tanks located above the double bottom, from side to side, used to store boiler water, ballast, fuel, oil; cofferdams 13 and 19 - narrow dry compartments located between the fuel tanks and adjacent compartments; engine room 15 - the room where it is located power plant ships (main diesel engines, auxiliary boilers, mechanisms, etc.); propeller shaft tunnel 7 - the room where the shafting passes.

On mining and processing vessels, the main hull accommodates fish shop. Usually on mining vessels it is located below the fishing deck. Technological and freezing equipment is installed in the fish shop. Finished products are sent to the holds.

Add-ons. These are closed deck structures 16 on the upper deck, extending from side to side or not reaching the sides of the vessel. Nasal superstructure 1 is called tank, stern 10 - yut. In superstructures, depending on the type of vessel, residential and service premises are placed.

felling. These are service premises 17, in which the ship control posts are concentrated. The rudder control post, as well as intercom and signaling facilities are concentrated in the steering and navigation rooms.

\u003d Textbook minder class II (p. 12) \u003d

Ship spaces are subdivided for residential, office and general use.

Living quarters include cabins and cockpits. Service premises include premises intended for the placement and maintenance of technical equipment, medical care, storage of ship stores and cargo, performance of ship and repair work. Common areas include rooms for eating, personal hygiene, recreation and cultural events.

To cargo spaces dry cargo ships include holds and tween decks (inter-deck space). For the safety of cargo in the holds, the flooring of the second bottom is covered with a wooden flooring made of pine boards (floor) 40 - 60 mm thick, 60 - 100 mm wide.

To close the bilges (catchment space), formed by the extreme double-bottom sheet and the outer skin, removable wooden shields are used, which are placed on the zygomatic knees.

To protect the cargo from damage by the onboard set, longitudinal rails are used - fish 40 - 50 mm thick, 100 - 120 mm wide. They are placed along the hull in special brackets at a distance of 200 - 250 mm from each other.

On refrigerated ships, cargo spaces have special thermal insulation made of cork, foam, etc. Two layers of sheet pile boards are laid on the insulation, they are covered with anti-corrosion aluminum sheets on top. The holds are cooled with cold air supplied from refrigeration units through pipes or batteries located along the sides.

On some fishing vessels, the cargo is transported in special cells - attics, made of boards laid in the grooves of special pillars and skirting boards. Attic transportation eliminates the deformation of containers and fish products.

When transporting bulk cargoes, permanent or removable longitudinal bulkheads (shifting boards) are used to avoid spillage.

To increase the reserves of fuel and water, and sometimes for ballasting on ships, special tanks are provided, located outside the double bottom. These include deep tanks, occupying space from side to side, and in height - from the second bottom to the lower deck; side tanks located in the area of ​​the engine room or holds.

On large fishing vessels, intra-hold mechanization of loading and unloading operations is provided - elevators and conveyors, and on transport refrigerators - electric cars.

To service premises include the engine room, refrigerator room, wheelhouse and navigational cabin, radio room, tiller room, log shaft, echo sounder shaft, gyrocompass room, service and utility rooms (lantern, paint, skipper storerooms).

The engine room is usually located amidships or aft of the vessel. Here are the main and auxiliary engines, electric generators, the main power distribution board. If a steam engine or turbine is used as the main engine, they are usually placed in one compartment, and steam boilers in another compartment (boiler room).

Rotation from the engine to the propeller is transmitted by means of a propeller shaft, which is located in the propeller shaft tunnel, which has a slight expansion at the end - a recess. To ensure natural ventilation, a shaft is provided above the engine room, which ends with a skylight - an engine cap. There are portholes in the skylight covers.

The wheelhouse and navigational cabin - the place of keeping the navigational watch. From here, the operation of the vessel as a whole is controlled. The wheelhouse is equipped with a steering column, a traveling magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, an engine telegraph, radars, fish-searching devices, and various signal devices. On modern ships, many of these devices are installed in the console version. In the chart house, which is always adjacent to the wheelhouse, there is a table for navigation pads and storage of nautical charts. Some of the navigation instruments (radio direction finders, receiver indicators of radio navigation and satellite systems, depth indicators of echo sounders, lag repeaters) and navigational work tools are also located here.

Old-built vessels of the BMRT type have two wheelhouses: bow (navigation) and stern (commercial - for steering the vessel while working with fishing gear). On modern vessels, the Atlantic type RTM, Prometheus type BMRT, Horizont type and others, the vessel is controlled from a single navigational and commercial cabin.

The radio room is located in the navigation bridge area or in close proximity to it. This is dictated by the need for operational communication between the radio operator and the officer in charge of the watch.

Log and echo sounder shafts are made separate or combined. They are made in the form of a sealed pipe, in the lower part of which, near the bottom, there is a central log device with a receiving tube and an echo sounder sending unit with vibrators.

The gyrocompass room contains all the gyrocompass devices, except for the peripheral ones.

Office and utility rooms, as a rule, are taken out under the forecastle due to their increased fire hazard. This location allows you to keep these rooms under surveillance and timely prevent dangerous situations.

Accommodation for crew and passengers are divided as follows: residential, public, economic, sanitary and hygienic, medical.

Living quarters on ships are usually located in superstructures and deckhouses. First of all, for this purpose, they tend to use the middle superstructure - the place least subject to the action of pitching and flooding.

On modern ships, the living quarters of the command staff are, as a rule, single cabins, and the ratings, depending on the size of the vessel and the purpose, are single, double and even quadruple cabins. Cabins are usually placed along the sides of the vessel, which provides the possibility of natural light and ventilation through the portholes.

On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and wheelhouses, but also in the spaces between decks. Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure and deckhouses, and four-bed cabins of class III are on the lower decks.

Cabins, as a rule, have a corridor system. The doors open into the cabins to allow free movement along the corridors.

Public spaces are a dining room and a salon for the crew, a wardroom for officers, on large modern ships there are gyms, swimming pools, recreation rooms, etc. On passenger ships, public spaces, as a rule, are much larger. These can be restaurants, canteens, smoking rooms, music salons, cinemas, reading rooms, children's cabins, gyms, etc.

Utility rooms include a galley, a bakery, a pantry, pantry, storage rooms.

Sanitary facilities are divided into sanitary facilities (laundries, dryers, ironing facilities for bed linen and work clothes) and sanitary facilities (washbasins, showers, baths, toilets, etc.).

Medical premises include an isolation ward, a hospital, an outpatient clinic. On mother ships, as a rule, there are an operating room, X-ray, dental rooms and others.