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Air transport is a concept that includes both aircraft, and the infrastructure necessary for their operation: airports, dispatching and technical services.

Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. The main scope of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of more than a thousand kilometers. Air transport is the most expensive, which limits its cargo use. Basically, perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail are transported by air. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), not airplanes are used, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip.

Helicopters play an important role in the regions of the Far North: they transport cargo and passengers to production facilities and provide emergency medical care. The main air traffic centers are Moscow, St. Petersburg, the resorts of the North Caucasus, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk, Simferopol. At the same time, the vast majority of passenger air transportation closed at the Moscow air hub: about 80% of air transportation is carried out from Moscow or to Moscow. At the beginning of 2015, 282 airports operated in Russia.

Due to the specific mode of movement, air transport has both a number of advantages and significant disadvantages, which limits its use as a freight transport.

Benefits include:

1. High speed.

2. Ability to deliver goods to isolated areas (mainly by helicopter).

The disadvantages of air transport include:

1. High cost of transportation.

2. Dependence on the weather.

3. Requires airports (except helicopter).

4. Small load capacity.

In Russia, the operation of air transport is controlled by the Ministry of Transport, the Interstate Aviation Committee and Rostransnadzor.

Organization air traffic is mainly aimed at ensuring that aircraft take off and depart on time, use the most preferred flight routes, and comply with established levels of flight safety and use of airspace.

Structure and management airspace set in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation.

Intercity and international transportation by air is regulated by a number of legal documents, which can be conditionally divided into several groups. The first of these is the documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the transportation of passengers and the transportation of goods by aircraft.

Features in the operation of pipeline transport

Pipeline transport - transportation through pipes of raw materials (liquids or gases) and products (any chemically stable substances that can be moved through pipelines).

The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 1950s. XX century. Crude oil, natural gas and associated gas are the most important cargoes transported. Transportation of petroleum products, liquid and gaseous chemicals is promising, but at present product pipelines are not widely used. In Russia, pipelines of large diameter (1220 and 1420 mm) and large lengths in the latitudinal direction predominate.

Major oil pipelines:

· Oil pipeline "Druzhba" - the largest export highway of Russia (Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozyr - Brest and further to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe);

Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod- Ryazan - Moscow;

· Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;

· Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson, Snegirevka - Odessa;

· Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;

· Nizhnevartovsk - Samara;

· Surgut - Polotsk;

Alexandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;

· Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;

· Surgut - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou.

Major gas pipelines:

· gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow - the first gas pipeline in Russia (840 km);

· Stavropol - Moscow;

· Krasnodar region- Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhov - St. Petersburg;

· Central Asia - Urals;

· Bear - Nadym - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;

· Nadym - Punga - Perm;

· Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk;

· Nord Stream;

· The world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod - countries of Eastern and Western Europe (4451 km), a gas pipeline running from Orenburg through Ukraine to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.

Major product pipelines:

· Ufa - Brest with a branch to Uzhgorod;

· Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk;

· Nizhnekamsk - Odessa.

Gas pipelines Bovanenkovo ​​- Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok are under construction.

Gas pipelines South Stream, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok and the Caspian gas pipeline, oil pipelines Baltic pipeline system-II, Murmansk oil pipeline and Zapolyarye-Purpe-Samotlor are being designed.

Oil and gas pipelines have the following advantages:

pumping oil, gas and oil and gas products over long distances;

high rate of delivery and different throughput;

continuous operation all year round (with a short stop, in case of repair or accident);

· losses on the route are minimized due to the design features of pipelines and their preventive maintenance;

It is possible to transport oil and oil products, the viscosity of which varies significantly;

effective functioning in various climatic zones, including in the regions of the Far North and Siberia (for this, pipes with the appropriate characteristics are selected);

· a high degree of mechanization and automation of construction and installation activities during the creation of pipelines;

comprehensive monitoring and control of all processes.

All these advantages have caused the worldwide development of this mode of transport. This was also facilitated by the development of new oil and gas fields, which were often located at a considerable distance from the areas of processing and consumption of these fuel products.

With the improvement of technology, not only the volume of pumped oil and gas has increased, but also the length and capacity of oil pipelines. Accordingly, the requirements for the quality and reliability of the pipes used have increased. Therefore, in most high-pressure pipelines, large-diameter welded pipes are used that fully meet all the requirements (due to the quality characteristics of the products).

Pipeline transport has certain disadvantages:

· high cost of initial investments in the construction of the oil and gas pipeline network;

· risk of damage to the environment (especially when transporting underwater pipelines);

Difficulty laying the route in certain areas.

All the noted advantages of pipeline delivery of oil, gas and refined products are difficult to underestimate. The existing shortcomings in the use of pipelines are eliminated by improving the quality of both pipes and other elements of pipelines, and by a set of measures for their prevention and maintenance.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education

"Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and Regional Marketing

TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURISM ACTIVITIES

(abstract on the discipline "Organization of inbound and outbound tourism")

Completed by a student

course 923-z group

Ivanova I.I.

Barnaul 2014

INTRODUCTION

ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC

ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

RAIL TRAVEL

MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the price structure of the tour. Depending on the duration and distance of travel, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Various modes of transport are used tourism organizations for the transport of tourists during the journey.

Transport trips are trips of organized groups of tourists with vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various Vehicle. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.

When planning his trip, the tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the place of rest, the comfort of travel, the cost, the possibility of transporting luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, conditions for recreation, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - security.

The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of movement and modes of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.

.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

Transport is one of the most important constituent parts material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any means at hand to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and a little later, various types of engines, a person began to develop vehicles, respectively: wagons, carriages, steamboats, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes

Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of the state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational distribution of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approximation of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism.

The role of transport is great in solving social problems, ensuring business, cultural and tourist trips of the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, contributing to the implementation of mutually beneficial exchange between different countries.

.AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC

According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular view transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances;

secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;

third, aviation companies Directly and through international booking and reservation networks, they pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on an aircraft, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system

Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1,000 airports in the world are involved in serving international air traffic, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, French Air France, German Lufthansa, British Airways. british airways", etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its efficient functioning and safety.

The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries of the world.

Since air transport occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system every year, the need for its global coordination and regulation has long arose. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations.

As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through the airline's agencies;

reservation of seats and redemption of air tickets through booking systems;

an agreement with an airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;

organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable section of tourist transportation, as well as competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of interaction with the airline.

.ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Auto services used in tourist services include three main areas:

) organization of bus trips;

) organization of travel by personal transport of tourists;

) car rental.

Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be attributed to the 70s. 20th century Prior to this in different countries buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips.

Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general population, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still an upward trend in its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for sightseeing and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also with sightseeing and educational purposes.

Seasonality when organizing bus tours does not play such a big role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours are carried out throughout the year. Some decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, one bus is usually “busy” on one route.

According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the market of bus tours is observed in the field of a variety of routes and quality of service.

Opening traffic on regular international routes regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).

The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract for transportation, the contract for tourist services and the voucher

Bus trips can be organized on own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATP) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

As a rule, Russian firms work with rented buses. With such ATP, a travel company concludes a special contract for renting a bus for tourist transportation.

Travel using personal transport tourists. Organization package tour car travel includes the entire range of services, with the exception of transport. However, the travel company still provides special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars. This is reflected in the specifics of the organization of car tours.

The road trip preparation process includes:

route development;

development of a traffic schedule;

itinerary documentation.

Car rental. Car rental (or rent) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center there are many car rental offices - from large to the smallest. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it "AVIS" in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor.

.RAIL TRAVEL

Railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any category of tourists, ranging from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on scheduled regular lines and charter trains, and ending with the organization of special tourist-excursion trains for local and long-distance traffic.

Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Vagon-Li, Akkor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main areas in this regard are:

laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation);

organization of special tourist trains, including "retro-locomotives" (special thematic trips on railway transport).

Regular trains. commuter trains follow a fixed schedule within a region or territory. The composition usually accommodates up to 1500 passengers, and seating up to 1000. Trains make frequent stops at local stations. Seats in the carriages are not numbered.

Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially assigned out-of-regular charter trains. Special trains often include tourist-excursion trains, which also follow outside the regular schedule along routes specially laid out for them and traffic schedules drawn up taking into account the windows in the regular schedule and excursion-tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during mass holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the export of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work.

Trains and wagons are also divided into different categories.

Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any railway trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It is even hard to imagine that it can be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but exciting journey. However, this truth has long been recognized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized rail tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation to almost perfection.

Standard rail tours can be divided into three independent categories:

one-day;

short (2-3 days);

multi-day (from 5 days or more).

One-day tours start in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra bite to eat, but also watch performances by pop and circus artists. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. It can be a sightseeing trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure.

Short tours. During two-three-day railway tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed in such a way that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on the way. During the day, tourists are busy with all kinds of sightseeing activities.

Multi-day tours. The schedule of trains serving multi-day trips is very diverse. Depending on the route and the excursion program, tourists are often on the way during the daytime. As practice shows, so that travelers do not get tired, a tourist train should go non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the way. However, in some cases, short-term "green parking" is also assumed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the coast of the sea or a large lake.

.MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL

tourist market air transport train

A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Dozens are currently cruise lines operate hundreds of passenger ships with a capacity of 70 to more than 1000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.

Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million.

Water cruises are organized both on the seas, oceans, and on different rivers. There is much in common in the organization of sea and river cruises. However, in terms of vessel capacity, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of the tours, there are a number of differences among sea and river cruises.

Sea cruises. Today in the world, sea cruises are experiencing a happy period of growth. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, new sea and ocean routes are being developed. The most popular water travel is in the USA, Great Britain and Germany. Demand for cruising is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries.

Main cruise regions:

) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October;

a) Caribbean winter months;

) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to late August.

The largest cruise operators are the American ones: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, and the British P&O Cruises Divison.

Payment on ships depends on:

from the comfort of the vessel;

River cruises. Unlike marine river cruises less affected by the weather, more informative, as they have a coastal view, there is a great opportunity to use green parking lots.

Western Europe has a fairly extensive shipping network waterways. The following rivers flow through its territory: the Seine, the Elbe, the Danube, the Rhine and other rivers. All of them are connected by a complex system of channels, which gives excellent opportunities to increase the popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds the first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises on the Danube through seven countries are in great demand.

Tourist transportation is carried out at 80 various routes with a duration of 3 to 20 days.

The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists.

When serving tourists on motor ship tours, the following take part:

ship's crew;

employees of ship restaurants;

cruise tour team.

CONCLUSION

Transportation occupies one of the central places in the composition of almost any tourist product, is an integral stage of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport, there is no tourism, except for walking tours and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technological progress in society has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly deliver a person to anywhere in the world, as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services.

The competitive struggle for the client both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each type of transport gave a powerful impetus to the process of improving the service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of the rolling stock, the creation of comfortable travel conditions, the organization of leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, the provision of special meals, the development of incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies.

Thus, it can be concluded that transport and tourist complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing the development of each other, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities, cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry is necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully meet the needs of the main object - the tourist.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Brapmer R.A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry / Per. from English. - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 362 p.

.Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation.

.Ilyina E.N. Tourism - travel. Establishment of a travel company. Agency business: Textbook for tourist colleges and universities. -M., 1998.

.M.V.Gordienko "Integration processes and state management of the strategic development of the tourism industry in a market economy".//Materials of the International, Scientific and Practical Conf. Management-98.

.Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 320 p.

.Encyclopedia of Tourism: Directory / Ed.-comp. I.V. Zorin, V A Quarterly. M.: Finance and statistics, 2001.

7. Transport in tourism [Electronic resource]: tourist. portal, - M., 2013. - Portal access mode: . - Title from the screen.

Transport support in tourism [ Electronic resource ] : el. Journal, - Novosibirsk, - 2012-2014..aspx?id=601237.-> Title from the screen.

According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular mode of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

• - firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances;
• - secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;
• - thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system.

Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1,000 airports in the world are involved in serving international air traffic, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of flights are American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, French Air France, German Lufthansa, British British Airways, etc. Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its efficient functioning and safety.

The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries of the world.

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

• 1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating both on domestic and international routes;
• 2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
• 3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between the participating airlines through the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party.

Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special branch - the International Travel Agents Network (IATAN), the International Organization of Airline Agents, as well as through international organizations of civil airports.

As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

Ё reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through the airline's agencies;

Ё reservation of seats and redemption of air tickets through booking systems;

Ё agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

Yo agency agreement and work as an agency for the sale of air tickets for their tourists;

Ё organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable section of tourist transportation, as well as competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of interaction with the airline.

The travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, fares and discounts provided by airlines.

Requirements of professional ethics when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of passenger service, travel agents should adhere to the following simple rules:

• - Follow standard airline booking procedures.
• - Never book a double booking for a passenger if he cannot decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will be able to use only one of them.
• - Regardless of the passenger's itinerary, be sure to try, as far as possible, to supply the airline phone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger on the way.
• - In the event of a change in itinerary by a passenger, immediately cancel the relevant booking with the airline, as well as refuse all other related services that are not required
• - Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures required by air carriers for issuing tickets. Never issue tickets with a guaranteed seat until this guarantee has been confirmed by the respective airline.
• - All seats booked with airlines must be accurately registered and properly documented. Documents to be drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, the status (guaranteed / non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, the names and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Report immediately in the prescribed form on receipt of all deposits.

Always remember that the convenience of passengers and the normal operation of other agents and airlines depend on your efficiency, accuracy and courtesy.

Charter (aircraft rental). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer determines the route with the airline, the obligations of the parties are negotiated with him, the compliance of the lease agreement is clarified international rules, the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Yo type (brand) of the aircraft;

Ё number of seats for sale;

Ё the cost of renting an aircraft;

Ё route indicating the airports of departure and arrival;

Ё the term of the contract (season, year, etc.);

Ё regularity of flights;

Ё the possibility and deadlines for the cancellation (cancellation) of the flight and the corresponding sanctions.

The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flights - the first return after the first arrival and the last there before the last export) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight, the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer behind them. will return (i.e., for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of the air charter program reduces the cost of a “drop-down” flight, and therefore reduces the fare.

It should be noted that it is realistic to organize 20 races per season (with weekly flights). However, a charter can be launched with a frequency of 2 times a week - then the number of flights per season increases to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, but is not available for the absolute majority of travel companies. This explains the emergence of "intermediate" entrepreneurs in the tourist transportation market - wholesalers (wholesalers), consolidating large charters in their hands and distributing them in the future among smaller firms in the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats ). As a rule, the tour operator-wholesaler sells blocks of seats on his charter according to three proven options: hard, soft and combined blocks of seats.

A soft block, in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse their seats within a predetermined timeframe, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs later than the deadline, the customer will have to pay a fine. Usually, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

The rigid block provides for strict contractual obligations on the terms of sale and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the sum of the cost of two paired flights. At the same time, tariffs for the implementation of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the implementation of a soft block. In addition, with a contract for a hard block, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives the sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it.

The most common sale of seats on charter flights the so-called combined method, combining the elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being sold is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is sold according to the "hard" system, and the other - according to the "soft" one.

Often, not one, but several tour operators act as the initiator of the charter program. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when renting an aircraft provide for its payment in accordance with the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight.

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian aviation business. Aeroflot Russian Airlines international airlines» is the national flag carrier of Russia. And in Belarus, the national airline Belavia is the leader in passenger transportation. The basis of the airline's activities is the principle of creating a positive image, which is formed on the basis of safety, regularity and accuracy of flights, improving the quality of passenger service.

Belavia is a modern, dynamic company that meets the latest innovations in the field of civil aviation, strives for continuous development and improvement, as well as to attract a new number of passengers. The priority tasks are the modernization of the air fleet, the efficient use of resources, the introduction of new information technologies and the constant improvement of the quality of service, both on board and on the ground.

The main focus of the airline's work is on providing customers with the opportunity to fly both direct flights and continue their journey without delay to anywhere in the world, while trying to take into account all the wishes of the passenger.

The attitude towards work of Belavia employees and Belarusian hospitality can be appreciated every time you travel by airlines on official business or on vacation. Thanks to a close-knit team of professionals high class who love their work and are proud of it, Belavia has established itself as a reliable and competitive air carrier in a short period of time.

Belavia also provides services such as:

Ё Transportation of goods;

Y Transportation of animals;