Types of air transportation. Air cargo

At one time, air transport was a curiosity and simply inaccessible to ordinary citizens. In our time, everything has changed dramatically, now aircraft are widely used not only to transport passengers, but also various cargoes abroad. very quickly began to enjoy great popularity, thanks to the huge number of advantages that they are endowed with.

Advantages of air transportation

The most important advantage is high speed. This service is simply indispensable when transporting valuables, medicines and organs for transplantation, which must be delivered to their destination as soon as possible.

Another advantage of this service is the ability to quickly cover a huge distance. Oceans, mountains and deserts - all this is overcome with ease; in flight, inconvenience can only be delivered air pockets. All other types of cargo transportation cannot compete with air transportation in this regard.

When sending cargo by air, there is no need to go through the control procedure at each customs office. Checking is carried out only upon dispatch and already upon arrival of the goods. It is also worth noting the high reliability of this method of transporting goods, since the risk of theft of goods in the air is as close as possible to zero. The transported goods can be damaged only during loading or during customs control.

And another rather important plus is that it is possible to track the location of the goods using a special website. Air transportation provides an opportunity to transport a wide variety of goods, regardless of size and weight.

Transportation of perishable goods

The group includes all products with a short shelf life when kept under normal conditions. When transporting such goods, it is necessary to ensure special temperature regime and, in some cases, humidity. If this is not done, then the quality of the goods may deteriorate, which, in turn, will bring losses to its owner.

This group includes fruits, vegetables, citrus fruits, fresh flowers, cosmetics, medicines, meat and fish products. To ship such shipments, the owner of the product must provide all the necessary certificates issued on the day of shipment. Moreover, the certificate must be obtained separately for each batch of goods.

Usually, such cargoes are delivered by direct flights, but if this is not possible, then one transhipment from one side to another is acceptable. Fresh flowers can only be transported by direct flight. To transport such cargo, the application for transportation must be submitted at least ten days in advance.

If fruits and citrus fruits are to be transported, then at the time of loading it is necessary to take into account the load on the boxes when they are placed on top of each other. At the time of loading, care must also be taken to ensure that a certain distance remains between the boxes to ensure free air circulation. If fruits and are transported on the same flight, they must be located in different compartments.

Air transportation of dangerous goods

The group of dangerous goods includes substances that, if not loaded or transported correctly, create a danger to others, and can also cause significant damage to the aircraft and environment. Cargoes of this type have their own classification according to the level of danger:

1. The first category includes various types of explosives.
2. The second category includes liquefied, dissolved, as well as compressed gaseous substances.
3. The third category includes liquids that are highly flammable.
4. The fourth category includes spontaneously combustible and solid substances that are easily flammable, as well as substances that emit flammable gases in contact with water.
5. The fifth category includes organic peroxides, as well as oxidizing substances.
6. The sixth category includes infectious/poisonous substances.
7. The seventh category includes cargoes that emit radiation.
8. The eighth category includes corrosive and caustic compounds.
9. The ninth category includes other dangerous goods not included in the eight classes mentioned above.

Air transportation of dangerous goods is carried out in accordance with the standards approved by the UN special commission. For the transportation of this type of cargo, the following requirements must be met:

• The cargo must be marked, a special sign warning of its danger, as well as instructions for handling it.
• Dangerous goods must be accompanied by a Dangerous Goods Declaration and an AWB air waybill.
• must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of IATA (ICAO).

Air transportation of heavy and oversized cargo

The cargo is considered heavy if its weight exceeds 80 kilograms. If the dimensions of the cargo exceed the dimensions of the loading hatches of air transport, then it is bulky.

Transportation of heavy/oversized cargo is carried out on aircraft that are equipped for such tasks. Goods of this type can be transported both in packaging and without it, if the carrier allows it. Loads without containers, with a large weight, are transported on specialized pallets, under which wooden bars are placed to prevent exceeding the maximum pressure on the floor. Oversized/heavy loads must be delivered to the place of loading exactly at the agreed time.

For air transportation of oversized cargo, heavy transport aircraft are used. For transportation by air transport, oversized cargo, the height or width of which exceeds 6.4 meters, is not allowed. This is due to the fact that the size of the loading hatch of the largest transport aircraft An-124 "Ruslan" is 6.4 meters. Air transportation of oversized cargo is more expensive than its transportation by other modes of transport. But at the same time only air transport able to ensure high efficiency of cargo delivery.

Features of air transportation of light cargo

Lightweight cargoes are those with a volume of more than 0.006 cubic meters per kilogram of gross. The cost of transporting bulky goods depends on their volumetric weight. Determining the exact volume that is required to transport a lightweight cargo is done by multiplying its width by its height and length. To calculate the gross kilogram, the volume it occupies on the plane is divided by its weight.

The calculation of the volume of light cargo is carried out by the dispatcher of the cargo service. When calculating the cost, not only the volume of boxes in which the bulk cargo is packed is taken into account, but also the gap between them. In order not to overpay for air transportation of lightweight cargo, it is packed into boxes as tightly as possible.

In modern society, there are several completely independent modes of transport. Their division is due to the difference in vehicles that are used to move cargo and passengers, as well as the different natural environment for their operation. Transport system Russia is a large and complex economic complex located throughout the country. It includes: land transport (railway, road), water (sea and river), air and pipeline.

The concept of "air transport" exists as an alternative to land and water modes of transport that use a different medium for transportation. Over other modes of transport, air has certain advantages: high speed of movement of passengers and goods; shortening the path, which has a significant impact on saving time for the delivery of passengers and goods; the speed of organizing air traffic; high maneuverability and adaptability of air transport to various objects of transportation, to their seasonal fluctuations. The special role of air transport is also determined by the regularity and universality of transportation, regardless of the season and climatic conditions, high carrying capacity aircraft.

"The term "air transport" is widely used in practice, denoting transport activities carried out in the airspace using aircraft as rolling stock" . The term "aviation" is traditionally used to refer to activities in the airspace.

Activities in the field of aviation have different goals, objectives and means of its implementation. One of the most significant goals of aviation activities is activities aimed at satisfying the interests and needs of individuals and legal entities in air transportation, protecting their rights to safe, high-quality and economical air transportation. This goal is realized through the use civil aviation, which in turn is subdivided into general aviation, used on a gratuitous basis, and commercial civil aviation. The main purpose of commercial civil aviation is the implementation of air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo for a fee.

Air transportation is understood as "the transport movement in the airspace of a cargo or a person, carried out by means of the movement of an aircraft along an established air line (route)".

Traditionally, there are two main types of air transportation - domestic and international. Domestic air transportation means air transportation in which the point of departure, point of destination and all landing points are located on the territory of the Russian Federation. International air transportation is recognized in which the place of determination and the place of destination, regardless of whether there is or is not a break in transportation or transshipment, are located respectively either on the territories of two states or on the territory of one state, if the point (s) of landing on the territory of another state is provided .

Domestic air transportation, in turn, can be scheduled and non-scheduled; inter-regional and intra-regional, as well as business and corporate.

Scheduled air transportation - transportation carried out on regular flights, that is, on aircraft flights operated in accordance with the schedule published in the prescribed manner, including transportation on additional flights, that is, on flights operated in addition to the schedule on dates and on the same route which has a regular flight. Non-scheduled air transportation - transportation performed on non-scheduled (charter) flights, that is, on aircraft flights operated outside the published schedule in accordance with the air transportation agreement concluded between the customer and the airline or other operator.

Interregional air transportation - domestic air transportation (regular - scheduled and charter) on established air lines between points located in regions assigned to various regional departments of the Federal Aviation Service (FAS) of Russia (currently - federal agency air transport of the Russian Federation). Intra-regional air transportation - domestic air transportation (regular - scheduled and charter) on established air routes between points located in the region assigned to one regional department of the FAS Russia.

Business transportation - charter air transportation on orders of legal and individuals performed on specially equipped civil aircraft with up to 15 passengers. Corporate transportation - air transportation performed by the owner of the aircraft (operator) on a non-commercial basis (to meet their own needs and requirements without obtaining commercial benefits).

International treaties and national legislation of States divide international air transportation into two categories: scheduled and non-scheduled.

Regular air transportation is carried out by means of regular flights by airlines specially designated by the state along the lines stipulated in the relevant international treaty. At the same time, after the state has appointed an airline for flights on contractual routes, it must inform the other party to the agreement in writing. The latter, in turn, is often obliged to grant such an airline an operating permit for flights, provided that schedule and tariff issues are agreed.

The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization "in 1952 defined scheduled international air transport as a series of flights that are carried out through air space over the territory of more than one state by aircraft for the purpose of carrying passengers, cargo and mail for remuneration, each flight being available to any person; they are carried out between the same two or more points, either according to a published timetable, or on flights so regular or frequent that they constitute a clear systematic series.

Non-scheduled international air transportation - "air transportation carried out by means of irregular (episodic, one-time) flights, that is, other than regular ones, performed on schedule with a certain frequency between certain points. The most common type of non-scheduled air transportation is air charter." "Non-scheduled flights are carried out on the basis of a special permit, but in recent years some states have begun to conclude bilateral agreements on non-scheduled air services."

International air transportation between Russia and foreign countries outside the CIS - transportation performed on international flights to these countries and between these countries, i.e. on flights consisting of one or more international flight stages. At the same time, if there is international flight domestic leg of the flight, this leg is considered as international. A flight stage is understood as the flight of an aircraft from the moment of takeoff to the moment of the next landing on this flight.

International transportation between Russia and the CIS countries - transportation performed on flights to these countries, as well as between these countries. If there is an internal flight stage on an international flight to the CIS countries, this stage is considered as international with the CIS countries. In the case of a flight with stops both on the territory of the CIS countries and on the territory of other foreign countries outside the CIS, these transportations are considered as international between Russia and foreign countries outside the CIS.

Air transportation is carried out by air transportation entities with different legal status. The Air Code established the concepts of an aviation enterprise, operator and carrier.

An aviation enterprise is a legal entity, regardless of its organizational and legal form and form of ownership, which has the main objectives of its activity to carry out for a fee air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and (or) perform aviation work. Operator - a citizen or legal entity that has an aircraft on the right of ownership, on a lease basis or on another legal basis, uses this aircraft for flights and has a certificate (certificate) of the operator. Carrier - an operator that has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo or mail on the basis of air transportation agreements.

As follows from the above definitions of the subjects of air transportation activities, an aviation enterprise acts as a generic, generalizing concept, since, with the appropriate licenses and certificates, it can operate both as an operator and as a carrier. At the same time, only commercial civil aviation operators operating on a reimbursable basis can be classified as aviation enterprises.

The main distinguishing feature of the operator from the carrier is the different nature of their activities. An operator that does not have an appropriate license is entitled to carry out only non-commercial (corporate) transportation or other non-commercial aviation activities involving the operation of aircraft. According to part 5 of article 9 of the RF VC, a license is not required in this case.

In accordance with Appendix No. 2 to the Order of the Federal Aviation Service of March 18, 1998 No. 74 "On the Enactment of Additional Licensing Requirements", air transportation entities are classified on the following grounds:

• a) air carriers - airlines of federal significance with the right to perform international flights;
• b) air carriers - airlines of regional significance with the right to perform international flights; c) air carriers local importance; d) business aviation carriers;
• e) corporate aviation operators.

Air carriers - airlines of federal significance with the right to perform international flights (federal airlines) - air carriers that carry out the entire volume of scheduled flights on international air routes to non-CIS countries, a large (over 70%) part of regular flights to the CIS countries and interregional flights, as well as international .

Air carriers - airlines of regional importance with the right to perform international flights (regional airlines) - air carriers that perform only interregional scheduled flights and seagulls, regular flights to the CIS countries, as well as international and domestic charter flights.

Air carriers of local importance (local air carriers) are air carriers that perform only intra-regional transportation and part of inter-regional transportation on class 3-4 aircraft.

Business aviation air carriers are air carriers performing business transportation. Corporate aviation operators - operators performing corporate transportation.

Domestic air transportation- air transport, in which the point of departure, the point of destination and all the planned stops are located in the territory of the same state. The conditions of domestic air transportation and the responsibility of the carrier are determined by the national legislation of the respective country.

International air transportation- carriage by air in which the place of departure and the place of destination, whether there has been an overload or a break in carriage, are located:

on the territory of two states;

· on the territory of the same state, if a stopover is provided on the territory of another state.

International air transportation can be both commercial (carried out by civil ships for a fee) and non-commercial (free of charge).

International air traffic can carry passengers, baggage, cargo and mail. These transportations are regulated by the Air Code of Ukraine, bilateral and multilateral agreements, as well as the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Concerning International Air Transportation (the Warsaw Convention of 1929, the Hague Protocol of 1955, etc.). International air transportation of mail is carried out in compliance with the rules of international postal agreements.

An international flight is any flight in which an aircraft crosses state borders two or more states.

Flights on international air lines, according to the form of their performance, are classified into regular, performed in accordance with the terms of agreements on air communication between states, and non-scheduled, performed on the basis of special permits for single flights.

Regular flights are carried out in accordance with the published schedule on contractual airlines on the basis of air service agreements between the contracting states. The flight route, intermediate landing points, departure and arrival times and each point of the route, frequency of movement and type of aircraft are indicated in the schedule. Changing these conditions for the performance of regular flights can be made only with the mutual consent of the contracting countries.

Irregular flights performed on a one-time or group basis in accordance with special permission. They, in turn, are divided into additional, special and charter.

Additional flights are operated on the same airlines as regular flights, but according to a special schedule. An additional flight may be performed with the consent of the partner, provided that the load cannot be carried by the partner's scheduled flights. An additional flight, as a rule, is operated on the same day as the regular flight, but in any case not later and not earlier than 24 hours from the scheduled flight time specified in the flight schedule.

Special flights are carried out with a special task both on the route of regular flights and on a special route. As a rule, permission to operate special flights is requested through diplomatic channels.

Charter flights are performed on a commercial basis in accordance with a special charter agreement between the carrier (charterer) and the customer (charterer). Transportation on an irregular commercial basis is called airfreight.

The above classification of international flights according to the form of flights should be supplemented by a classification according to the purpose of the flight, according to which flights are divided into flights with commercial and non-commercial purposes.

Flight of an aircraft for commercial purposes is the flight and landing of an aircraft:

· to the point provided for by the flight schedule or a one-time permit to which the carrier has commercial rights, regardless of changes in the commercial load of the aircraft;

· to a point not provided for by the schedule or a one-time permit (alternate airport) with a change in commercial load without continuing further flight to the destination according to the schedule.

Aircraft flight for non-commercial purposes is the flight and landing of an aircraft:

· to the point stipulated by the schedule, but to/from which the carrier has no commercial rights (technical landing) and the commercial loading of the aircraft remains unchanged;

· to the alternate aerodrome, provided that the commercial load remains unchanged;

· when flying aircraft of state departments that do not have paid commercial loading on board;

during flights of search and rescue vessels;

during test and training flights;

· forced landings ships due to a malfunction of the material part, in the event of the use of violence or other reasons, but subject to the invariability of the commercial load.

4.2 Commercial rights and "freedoms of the air"

All scheduled flights are operated on a commercial basis for the carriage of passengers, baggage, mail and cargo, and require either an intergovernmental air service agreement between the two countries or a special government permit issued on a temporary basis prior to the conclusion of an air service agreement. A special place in bilateral agreements is occupied by the issue of commercial rights in flights on contractual routes.

Under commercial rights, in international air transportation, is understood the right to carry a commercial load when performing regular flights, granted to the carrier by the state authorities of those countries to, from which or through which international flights are operated. Commercial rights, as a rule, are stipulated in intergovernmental agreements on air traffic.

Protecting the interests of their national carriers, states seek to restrict or even prohibit airlines of other countries from operating flights between their territory and third countries in cases where their national airline itself flies to the corresponding country.

In some cases, commercial rights are limited even in relation to transportation between points located on the territory of the contracting countries, when the right to transportation is limited to certain objects.

The exploitation of commercial rights on the intermediate sections of long distance airlines with many landing points in different countries is of great commercial interest to the airlines operating these airlines, and has a great impact on improving the economic efficiency of these lines.

Until recently, international air law divided commercial rights into five "freedoms of the air". The definition of the concept of "freedom of the air" was first given in the Agreement on International Air Transport, signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago (Chicago Conference 1944) Art. 1 paragraph 1 of the agreement states that each contracting state guarantees to other contracting states the following "freedoms of the air" concerning scheduled international air services:

1st "freedom of air"- the right to transit over its territory without landing;

2nd "freedom of the air"- pre-emptive right to land with non-commercial

3rd "Freedom of the Air"- the right to disembark passengers, unload mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose flag the aircraft has;

4th "Freedom of the Air"- the right to take on board an aircraft in a foreign territory passengers, mail and cargo for transportation to the territory of the state whose flag the aircraft has;

5th "Freedom of the Air"- the right to carry passengers, mail, and cargo into the territory of any other contracting state and the right to disembark passengers, take off mail and cargo delivered from any state. In addition to the 5th "freedom of air" in its pure form, the practice of international air transportation also uses a partial 5th "freedom of air", or the so-called "stop over".

· "Stop-over" - a stop at an intermediate point with the right to further transport passengers who have made a stop in this country. A distinction is made between "stop over on the route" and "stop over outside the route".

· “Stop-over on the route” - the right of the airline to transport passengers with a stopover at the point of intermediate landing. A stop can be made for a period of one day to one year (during the validity of the ticket). After a stop, the carriage can be continued to the final destination only by the carrier that delivered the passenger to the intermediate point.

· “Stop-over off-route” - the right to transport passengers to an intermediate point by one carrier, and from an intermediate point by another on the same air ticket.

6th "Freedom of the Air"- the right to transport passengers, cargo and mail between third countries through the territory of the state in which the carrier is domiciled;

It is customary to allocate one more "freedom of the air" - the right of cabotage transportation within the country. However, cabotage is generally reserved to national carriers.

Thus, the first feature of the commercial operation of international air lines is the international legal regulation of air transportation. In addition to the already mentioned intergovernmental agreements on air traffic between states, the regulation of air transportation is also carried out by interdepartmental documents on civil aviation issues of the contracting states, which are concluded between departments in the field of air transport. In addition to intergovernmental agreements and interdepartmental documents, the economic conditions of operation international airlines are also determined by bilateral agreements at the level of airlines and other commercial agreements, in particular agreements between airlines and their agents for the sale of transportation, etc.

The main commercial agreements are agreements on commercial cooperation, agreements on the registration of air transportation, agreements on a general agent, etc. Such agreements are based on the payment of commissions and above commissions for ensuring the commercial load and sale of traffic on the flights of the respective airlines.

In addition to the above, the regulation of international air transportation is carried out at the multilateral level through the mechanism of various international conventions in the field of civil aviation, as well as international air transport organizations, the main of which are the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA). States that have joined ICAO undertake to contribute in every possible way to the successful and profitable operation of international airlines. Economic relations between airlines at the multilateral level are regulated by tariffs and IATA rules.

Similar information.

Classification

Air transportation is usually classified by direction, category of cargo and type of loading.

Simple transportation

Also called "general transportation" - they involve the transportation of general cargo to the destination, and the customer of such a service is the owner of the transported goods. The main advantage of general transportation is high efficiency.

Passing transportation

imply the use of free transport, following in the required direction. The advantage of this format of cargo transportation is low cost.

Shuttle transportation

Main article: Shuttle transportation

In aviation, this format is adopted for the transportation of passengers. A distinctive feature of shuttle transportation is the return vehicle to the point of departure without passengers on board.

Consolidated transportation

Consolidated shipping is the most common format for transporting piece goods, in which goods from different shippers are consolidated in a warehouse and sent as their optimal volume is accumulated. Differ in the low cost of transportation.

Classification of special cargoes.

In the current Guide to freight transport on internal air lines of the USSR” (RGP-85) contains references to special (special) conditions of carriage: “Some types of cargo (perishable, dangerous, radioactive, animals, etc.) are also accepted for carriage by air, which require special conditions transportation. (clause 2.4.3) B this document there are points: - Transportation of heavy and oversized cargo (clause 2.9), - Transportation of perishable goods (clause 2.16), - Transportation of dangerous goods and radioactive materials (clause 2.17), - Transportation of livestock (clause 2.18), - Transportation of self-propelled and tracked vehicles (clause 2.19), - Transportation of coffins with the dead (clause 2.20). Classification of special cargoes. . Archived from the original on March 28, 2012.

Legislation in the field of air transportation

Intercity and international transportation by air is regulated by a number of legal documents, which can be conditionally divided into several groups. The first of these is the documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the transportation of passengers and the transportation of goods by aircraft.

Separately, it is worth noting the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 and the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of the Rules of Air Transportation of 1929. These documents have been ratified by most countries of the world and are mandatory for implementation in Russia.

Consolidated cargo and customs clearance

International transportation of goods by air involves the mandatory passage of customs procedures. Customs clearance is carried out by declaring goods and paying all required fees. Mandatory payments for customs clearance of imported goods include excise, value added tax and duty. Indirect payments for the clearance of goods at customs are fees for the issuance of licenses, a qualification certificate, storage of goods in a customs warehouse and their transportation.

Links

• The history of the development of air transportation and current trends
• Federal Law "On Forwarding Activities"

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Air transportation" is in other dictionaries:

air transportation- air transportation, zok, units. h. zka, and ... Russian spelling dictionary

Airfreight commercial- Commercial air transportation of passengers, cargo and mail, carried out by flights available for public use for a fee and for hire ... Source: Rosstat Order of 08/18/2011 N 365 (as amended on 09/06/2012) On approval ... ... Official terminology

Air transportation local- Local transportation transportation performed on flights when the points of the flight being operated are located on the territory of one subject of the Russian Federation (republics, territories, regions) ... Source: Order of the Federal State Statistics Service dated 08.18. … Official terminology

Air transportation irregular - Irregular transport transportation performed on non-scheduled (charter) flights, i.e. on aircraft flights operated outside the published schedule in accordance with the air transportation agreement concluded between the customer and ... ... Official terminology

Regular air transportation- Scheduled transportation transportation carried out on regular flights, i.e. on aircraft flights operated in accordance with the schedule published in the prescribed manner, including transportation on additional flights, i.e. on flights... Official terminology

Approval of the flight operation of organizations performing air transportation- Approval of flight operation is a process of technical inspections and assessments of organizations performing commercial passenger or cargo air transport carried out by a Contracting Party using standards agreed by the Contracting Parties ... ... Official terminology

Perth International Airport ... Wikipedia

Contents 1 Passenger transportation 1.1 Regular routes (total volume) ... Wikipedia

Ile de France region on a map of France ... Wikipedia

The rights of the airline to carry out international air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail for a fee. The granting of commercial rights is the prerogative of the state to or from whose territory air transportation is carried out. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Regular flights- These are flights operated according to the regular schedule of airlines. For example, daily Lufthansa flights St. Petersburg-Frankfurt. This is the most ordinary flight, to which we are all accustomed. You can buy and order tickets for regular flights, or simply make a reservation at airline offices, in special agencies, or book them online on sites specializing in the sale of air tickets.

low cost(discounters) is the collective name for a number of scheduled airlines. Low-cost airlines try to save on many things: they fly from cheap airports far from cities, they don’t give out food in flight for free, they don’t issue paper tickets, and in general they allow you to order and book flights only on their websites - they cannot be bought through a travel agency. Due to this, the price of the ticket is greatly reduced. Budget airlines are quite familiar to Europe (these are the so-called flying buses), but for us it is still new. Their routes connect even the smallest airports (not to mention European capitals). The price depends not only on when the ticket is purchased, but also on many other factors. Having paid by card through the site, you can print a confirmation on the printer, which will be the ticket. Otherwise, everything is as usual, you just need to keep in mind: some companies boarding passes without seats - whoever came first has the opportunity to choose, everyone else sits on free ones. The only low-cost carrier within Russia on this moment- Sky Express airline. Quite conditionally, the airline KD Avia can also be considered a discounter, which positions itself as a low-cost airline, but in reality it is simply an airline with low fares. As a rule, flights of low-cost discounters can only be booked online through the website of the low-cost airline. Some Internet agencies also order and sell such tickets for their users.

Charters- irregular flights. That is, an airline, whether conventional or charter, operates the same flight, usually from big city to the resort, and often at inconvenient times - since airports primarily give preference scheduled flights. Very often, all seats on a charter flight are purchased in advance by the tour operator and are sold only as part of a travel package - that is chartered flight to the resort, accommodation and charter back. In any case, a ticket for a charter flight, even if it is sold separately, must be ordered and bought not from the carrier airline, but from the tour operator that owns the flight. On our website in the "Hot Tickets" section travel companies such proposals are put forward for the coming dates.