Egp indonesia. Indonesia, country information, geography, population, customs regulations

Africa

A state in Southeast Asia located on the islands of the Malay Archipelago. On the island of Kalimantan it borders with Malaysia, on the island of New Guinea - with papua new guinea. In general, the country consists of 13,500 islands, of which 6,000 are inhabited, the largest islands are Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan. The eastern part of the island of Timor is disputed by Portugal. Washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Andaman, South China, Java, Arafura, Timor Seas, Sulawesi and Banda Seas. total area countries 1,919,440 km2 (land area - 1,826,440 km2). More than half of the entire territory of the country is occupied by mountains. The presence of more than 400 volcanoes, among which more than 100 are active, speaks of the geological stability that has not yet developed in this region. The most high point- Mount Jaya (5029 m) on the island of New Guinea. The rest of the islands are plains and lowlands. The most extensive plains are located on major islands: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea. Minerals: natural gas, oil, nickel, tin, copper, coal, bauxite, gold, silver, timber. Arable land occupies 8% of the territory, forests and shrubs - 67%.

Population. The population of Indonesia is 228,437,900 people (2001), with an average population density of 119.01 people per km2. Most of the inhabitants are Javanese and Malays, other ethnic groups are Chinese, Iranians, Sudanese, Dutch.

The state language of Bahasa Indonesia (based on the Malay language with elements of Chinese, English, Indian and Dutch, English, Dutch and many local dialects are also common.

Climate. In Indonesia, there is practically no change of seasons. The length of daylight hours almost does not change here either. The main features of the climate are: constantly high temperatures with an average monthly of 24 ° C, an abundance of precipitation, weak winds, high relative humidity (80-90%). Only in the mountains the temperature gradually decreases and at an altitude of 3,000 m it stays around 0 °C. The seasonality of the climate is expressed in the amount of precipitation. The wet season lasts from November to March, the dry season from June to October. On average, Indonesia receives about 2,000 mm of precipitation per year. The driest place - in Sulawesi - receives approximately 540 mm of precipitation per year. Indonesia is characterized by a constant weather pattern during the day: a clear morning, increasing heat and cloudiness towards noon, thunderstorms and a tropical downpour in the afternoon lasting about an hour. Then everything calms down; in the evening, quickly, almost without twilight, darkness sets in.

Vegetable world. The flora of the archipelago is distinguished by extraordinary splendor and diversity. More than 2,000 species of trees grow in the tropical forests of the islands, including about 300 species of palms, up to 30 species of mangroves, bananas, bamboo, cottonwood, dwarf palms, and tree ferns. There is a tree-grove - a banyan tree. Teak, eucalyptus trees, many orchids, ferns, and mosses grow in Java. There are also treeless grassy spaces, savannas, overgrown with alang-alang grass.

Animal world. In Sumatra, among the representatives of the fauna, you can meet an elephant, a two-horned rhinoceros, a tiger, a panther. Of the small predators, adjaks, wild cats, otters, martens, and civets are common. Only in Sumatra and Kalimantan are the Malay bear and the orangutan ape, and in Sulawesi - the unique anoa pygmy bull and the wild babirus pig. The islands are inhabited by various species of monkeys and lemurs, kalonga flying dogs, several species of tree kangaroos, couscous, and numerous small rodents. The world of birds is diverse: eagles, hawks, owls, storks; there are frigate bird, hornbill, cockatoo, cassowary, bird of paradise. Reptiles are numerous - crocodiles and narrow-nosed gharials, monitor lizards, agamas, geckos. The world of insects is infinitely rich, there are many bright and large butterflies, termites, all kinds of beetles.

State structure and economy. Full name - Republic of Indonesia. Political system- presidential republic. The country consists of 24 provinces, two special regions and one special district of the capital (Jakarta).

The monetary unit is the Indonesian rupiah (1 Indonesian rupiah is equal to 100 sen).

Attractions. Bali Island (one of the Lesser Sunda Islands) is one of the centers of Indonesian culture. It is called the "island of a thousand temples", the most beautiful of which is the temple of Singsida. Of interest are the Royal Graves (11th century), the Elephant Cave with a statue of Ganesha (13th century). Notable in the capital are: the center of the old city with buildings and canals of the 17th-18th centuries, the Penang Gate (17th century), the Portuguese Church (17th century).

Culture of Indonesia. The Malayo-Polynesian origin of the indigenous population of the country is evidenced by the high social status of women and the symbolic meaning that is attached to boats. As a result of the collective creative efforts of various peoples who came to the archipelago, there was a layering of different cultures. Hinduism and Buddhism, which came to the islands primarily from India and from the 8th century BC, consistently exerted their influence. successfully entrenched in Java and Bali; Islam introduced in the 14th century from the Middle East by merchants and preachers; European traditions that were introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century. and then by the Dutch until the beginning of the 19th century.

Vacation in Indonesia. Most big Island Indonesia - Java, but the island of Bali is considered the most developed tourist area in Indonesia, and this is true. Bali is located south of Singapore, just east of Java. Bali is decorated not only with excellent resorts with blue lagoons and dense tropical jungle, but also the richest culture that came to Bali from Java in the 15th century with the Majapahit dynasty.

Story. By the arrival of the first Europeans in the territory of present-day Indonesia, there were major states occupying most of Indonesia. From 1700 to 1900, the Netherlands controlled the entire territory of Indonesia.

The first national parliamentary elections were held in 1955.

In 1965, an unsuccessful attempt at a coup d'état was carried out, followed by monstrous repressions against members of the Communist Party of Indonesia.

In 1966 the Communist Party was outlawed. Since 1967, all parties have been restricted in their rights, except for the Golkar party created by Suharto.

During the Suharto dictatorship, Golkar won elections at all levels.

In 1999, the first free elections after a long break were held.

Political structure. The highest legislative body is the People's Consultative Congress (meets once every five years).

Current legislative issues are handled by the Council of People's Representatives (550 seats).

The deputies of the People's Consultative Congress are all deputies of the Council of People's Representatives, as well as another 195 deputies elected by indirect voting. The deputies of the Council of People's Representatives are elected for 5 years on a proportional-list system in multi-member constituencies.

The current composition of the People's Consultative Congress was elected in 2004.

128 seats - Golkar Party,
· 109 -- Democratic Party (fighting),
58 -- Unity and Development Party (moderate Islamist),
· 57 -- Democratic Party,
52 -- National Awakening Party (Islamist),
52 -- National Mandate Party (moderate Islamist),
· 45 -- Party of the Triumph of Justice (Islamist).

Chairman of the Council of People's Representatives - Akbar Tanjung ("Golkar").

The head of state and government is the president.

On September 20, 2004, retired General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became the first popularly elected president of Indonesia, winning over 60% of the 122 million voters who voted and well ahead of his opponent, the incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri. Previously, the president was elected by parliament.

Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono is a career military man who made a career under the Indonesian dictator Suharto. He was educated in Indonesia and the USA. Since 1975, he participated in the hostilities against the separatist-minded rebels of East Timor. When it became clear in 1999 that East Timor would achieve independence, Yudhoyono entered politics, leading the Democratic Party of Indonesia (DPI).

In 1999, he received the post of Minister of Territorial Affairs in the Indonesian government, and in 2000 - Minister of Security. In 2001, he resigned, refusing to introduce a state of emergency in the country at the request of the then President Abdurahman Wahid.

Megawati Sukarnoputri appointed Yodhoyono to the same post, but he subsequently publicly criticized her policies and also resigned.

The president does not enjoy significant parliamentary support, as the Democratic Party he leads received only 7.5% of the vote in the April 2004 elections, while the (fighting) Indonesian Democratic Party Megawati Sukarnoputri has 19% of the seats in parliament.

ethnopolitical conflicts. In August 2005, a peace agreement (Memorandum of Understanding) was signed in Helsinki between the authorities of the country and the Free Aceh group, which should put an end to the 30-year civil war in Aceh (North Sumatra), during which about 15 thousand people died (most of which are civilians).

According to the document, the rebels completely abandoned the demand for the independence of the province and stopped the armed struggle. In return, Aceh was granted "special autonomy" status, and the government promised to withdraw troops from the region. In addition, the government pledged to release all insurgents held in Indonesian prisons and gave local authorities greater control over natural resources (natural gas, timber and coffee).

In mid-September 2005, in accordance with the agreement, the disarmament of the Acehnese separatists began under the control of international observers. The day before, the Indonesian government withdrew about 1,500 policemen from Aceh. According to the agreement, all Indonesian police and military should leave Aceh by the end of this year.

Economy. based on the market principle. At the same time, the government plays a significant role in it, controlling more than 160 state-owned companies and regulating such important industries as the fuel and energy complex and food. After the severe financial and economic crisis in Asia (1997), the government took over a new significant share of the private sector, acquiring non-performing bank loans and arranging corporate debt restructuring.

Useful minerals. Mineral formations of the earth's crust, the chemical composition and physical properties of which allow them to be effectively used in the sphere of material production.

Accumulations of minerals form deposits, and when large areas distribution - districts, provinces and basins. There are solid, liquid and gaseous minerals.

Minerals are found in the earth's crust in the form of accumulations of a different nature (veins, stocks, layers, nests, placers, etc.). Mining is engaged in mining.

Signs of minerals:

· 1) satellites of ore deposits (quartz for gold, chromium iron ore for platinum, etc.)
2) fragments, boulders, etc., found in the hollows of rivers, etc.
3) mountain outcrops
· 4) mineral springs
5) vegetation

During surveys, preliminary reconnaissance is done, pits (wells) are laid, ditches, cuts are made, boreholes are made, etc.

The role and place of Indonesia among the newly industrialized countries. Newly industrialized countries - countries with a special type of economy.

As a result of the collapse of the world colonial system in the postwar years into political map many independent states appeared. Many of them chose the socialist model as the basis for their development, following the example of the USSR, but most of these countries continued their formational development within the framework of the capitalist system, which received an additional socio-economic base.

The growing process of differentiation of developing states, due to the law of unevenness economic development, led to the allocation of a special group of countries and territories - "new industrial countries" (NIS), or "new industrial economies" (NIE). These countries are primarily South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Syangan), Singapore - four "Asian tigers", as well as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. Philippines, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina.

The rates of economic development of the majority of NIEs significantly exceed those of not only developing countries, but also many developed capitalist countries. The rapid growth of the economy led to an increase in the absolute size of the gross domestic product (GDP), including per capita. According to these indicators, the NIS as a whole also outstrips the bulk of the newly-free states, and some of them are approaching individual industrialized countries. In the structure of GDP, the share of domestic savings is quite large, and in Asian NIS, it is more than in most industrialized states. In the production of certain types of industrial products, including its science-intensive types, NIS has taken a leading position in the global economy.

The exports of these countries are growing even faster; highly competitive, their manufacturing products are intensively conquering world markets. NIS has become the world's largest exporter of footwear, clothing, textiles, and is rapidly increasing the export of consumer electronic equipment, personal computers, electronic computers, cars and other types of high-tech goods. These countries not only managed to find their niche in the world market, but also to squeeze out competitors from among the developed countries.

In the 1980s, the influence of NIS on the dynamics, structure and geographical direction of world trade increased significantly. There are trends towards the influence of the NIS on the state of the internal general economic situation of their main partners in trade and economic cooperation. The main increase in world exports is provided by a dynamic increase in the export of goods from the NIS, especially the Asian region.

The manufacturing industry has become the leading branch of the economic development of NIS. NIS is characterized by generally higher rates of growth in labor productivity in this industry. Compared with other liberated countries, in some NIS the growth rates of labor productivity are at the level of developed capitalist countries or even exceed it. NIS started the process of economic restructuring aimed at increasing the share of science-intensive products in industrial production.

Foreign economic relations are developing at a faster pace, which has led to an increase in the importance of NIS in the world economy. The deep involvement in the international division of labor is evidenced by a fairly high export and import quota, especially for Asian NIS, and a share in world trade. In terms of the total value of exports of goods, the NIS surpassed the leading capitalist states (except for the FRG and the USA). NIS accounts for almost 1/2 of all exports from developing countries.

The main export item of almost all NIS became mass consumer goods, primarily products of the manufacturing industry. On the sale on the world market of such goods as footwear, clothing, textiles, certain types electronic and electrical products, NIS overtook many developed capitalist countries. Main sales market finished products for the NIS were the industrialized states.

NIS manufacturing products in the foreign market are highly competitive. This was achieved thanks to the effective use of advanced equipment and technology, the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, modern methods of organizing production, which led to a significant increase in productivity and labor intensity.

The most developed of these countries compete on equal terms with the leading imperialist powers in individual commodity markets, winning this struggle more and more often. According to the synthetic indicator of the competitiveness of economic development, NIS occupy leading positions among the newly-liberated countries. Such success of NIS is primarily associated with low production costs, which make it possible to use the price factor in competition. High quality export products, constant updating of its range, application of marketing achievements, taking into account the current and long-term market conditions allow NIS companies to successfully conquer world markets.

In the NIS countries, there is an active process of concentration of production and capital, the merger of banking and industrial capital, and national financial capital is being formed. A broad monopolistic structure is taking shape, and the activities of national corporations are taking on an international character. In the most developed of the NIS, TNCs were formed, which, in terms of the scale of their operations, are not inferior to the TNCs of the leading capitalist countries. Along with the export of goods, the export of entrepreneurial capital is growing abroad, a network of branches and subsidiaries industrial nature.

Direct foreign investments are beginning to be supplemented by the export of capital in the form of loans. Gradually, the NIS are drawn into the struggle for the market for the sale of goods, the sphere of investment of capital, the economic redistribution of the world.

noted above character traits and features of socio-economic development are most clearly seen in such countries of the Asian region as South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Latin American states such as Brazil and Mexico (see Table 1.1). The emergence of countries with this type of economy is a natural result of rapid industrial development according to a progressive model. The process of industrialization of NIS can be divided into three stages: the first is the development of import-substituting industries, the second is the creation of export potential and basic industries, and the third is the development of knowledge-intensive industries. At all stages of industrialization, the economic development of NIS took place with the active participation of foreign capital and TNCs from the leading capitalist countries. The modern industrial structure of the NIS was formed largely under the influence of TNCs, which influenced the pace, nature and proportions of industrial development.

Unlike most developing countries, NIS has managed to make the most efficient use of foreign investment and modern technology. Most of the NISs have been able to put the advantages of TNCs into the service of accelerating their socio-economic development.

Now, in terms of the level and nature of economic development, some NIEs, for example, South Korea and Taiwan, may well be classified as industrialized countries, since they have much more in common with developed than with developing countries. NIS in international economic relations.

Foreign economic relations of the "new industrial countries" is the most important link in their economic development. The main form of such NIS links is foreign trade. The level of development of NIS foreign trade, its nature, structure and geographical direction largely determine the role and place of these countries in the global system of economic relations.

From 1970 to 1985, the share of exports in the GDP of developed capitalist countries increased from 10.5 to 14.5%, developing - from 15.4 to 19.7, then NIS - from 11.7 to 26.0%. A similar indicator for imports increased over the same period in developed countries from 11.1 to 15.8%, in developing countries - from 16.2 to 18.8, and in NIS - from 14.9 to 21.6%.

The above data clearly show that the role of foreign trade in the economy is greatest in the NIS. Foreign trade is especially important for the NIS of Asia (see Table 1.2).

The development of exports in the economy of NIS (especially Asian ones) is given a special place. It was export earnings that largely contributed to the growth of domestic savings and the accelerated industrialization of the economy. From 1970 to 1986, NIS exports increased 14 times and reached 200.4 billion dollars.

As mentioned above, NIS's leading export item is manufacturing products. From 1970 to 1985, the share of finished goods in NIS exports increased from 42% to 71%. In the export of individual NIEs, a significant share of commodities (eg, natural rubber, tropical timber, palm oil, tin, oil, rice, corn, coffee) remains.

The growth in NIS foreign exchange earnings from the export boom gave them a real opportunity to expand imports of goods and services and use them to stimulate the economy. From 1079 to 1986, imports of NIS increased 9 times and reached 169 billion dollars. Unlike other developing countries, NIEs were able to make the most rational use of imports of goods to accelerate economic development, as evidenced by the structure of their purchases. For many years, NIS imports have been dominated by machinery, equipment and vehicles. At the same time, imports no longer replace the production of these products in the NIS, but, on the contrary, supplement it. The second most important NIS import item is processed products, primarily semi-finished products for TNC affiliates and local firms using foreign technology; electronic components, individual components and parts for the rapidly developing electronic and electrical industries in the NIS. This also includes the import of prefabricated kits for the automotive industry and other branches of the machine-building complex.

Just like exports, NIS imports are oriented mainly to developed countries, where by the mid-80s up to 65% of the necessary goods were already purchased.

Latin American NIS satisfy most of their import needs, especially in machinery, equipment and industrial semi-finished products, at the expense of the United States, Asian ones - at the expense of Japan, and the import of goods from Western Europe is expanding.

Developing countries supply the NIS mainly with agricultural and mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and food products. By the 1980s, the share of the newly-free states in the import of Asian NIS was 27%.

In recent years, there has been a trend towards diversification of foreign economic relations of NIS. Along with the rapid growth of foreign trade, industrial cooperation, the creation of joint companies, and especially scientific and technical cooperation are actively developing. A new phenomenon in this process was the export of entrepreneurial capital from NIS, which reflects a new stage in their economic development, indicating structural shifts in the economy.

In addition, the active process of expanding foreign economic relations of the NIS, their specialization in the export of industrial products, had a positive effect on the structure of their GDP: the share of the manufacturing industry increased significantly, which undoubtedly indicates an increase in the welfare of these countries.

Republic of Indonesia, Island state in Southeast Asia, which includes more than 13.6 thousand islands (according to some sources, more than 17.5 thousand), of which only approx. 1000 have a permanent population. Indonesia is separated from West Malaysia and Singapore by the Moluccas, the Sulu and Sulawesi Seas from the Philippines, and the Timor and Arafura Seas from Australia. In Kalimantan, Indonesia borders on East Malaysia, on the island of New Guinea - with Papua New Guinea.

Territory: 1904.5 thousand km2 (with East Timor).

Administrative-territorial division: 25 provinces, the capital and "special region" - Yogyakarta (27 in total).

Borders: in the north with Malaysia (on the island of Kalimantan), in the east with Papua New Guinea (on the island of New Guinea), in the north it is washed by the waters of the Sulawesi Sea and Pacific Ocean, in the south - the Arafura Sea, in the west - the Indian Ocean.

Time: ahead of Moscow by 5 hours in winter and 4 hours in summer.

Population: according to an estimate for 2004, the population of Indonesia was 238.5 million people. According to this indicator, the country ranks fourth in the world after China, India and the United States. The population of Indonesia began to increase rapidly from the beginning of the 19th century. In the 1960s-1970s, the growth rate was estimated at about 2% per year, in 1990-1995 it decreased to 1.7%. In the late 1990s, Indonesia's population grew by about 3 million annually. The country is inhabited by more than 150 peoples; people here speak more than 1000 languages and dialects and are at very different stages of cultural development; some tribes have retained the features of the communal-tribal system, and there are those who still live in the Stone Age, do not know agriculture, being engaged in gathering and hunting. At the mouths of the rivers in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, tribes of sea nomads live, and the Papuan tribes of New Guinea have preserved primitive communal relations in an almost inviolable form.

Location and population density. The population is unevenly distributed on more than 13,000 of the country's islands. For example, in Java, which occupies only approx. 7% of the area of Indonesia, almost 60% of all the inhabitants of the country are concentrated. In 1995, in Java and the nearby island of Madura, the population density was extremely high - approx. 870 people per 1 sq. km.

Capital: Jakarta (more than 10 million inhabitants). Another Big City: Surabaya (more than 2 million inhabitants).

Official language: Indonesia has the second largest number of living languages in the world. 728 languages and dialects are spoken here. The official language is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia). In 1945, a single national language, Bahasa Indonesia, was adopted. It is based on Malay, which at one time acted as the main language of trade and communication between the inhabitants of the archipelago. Bahasa Indonesia is taught in all schools and is spoken by educated and urban Indonesians. In the countryside, in casual settings at home or in conversation with friends, languages such as Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese are often used.

Mr. religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Buddhism, Hinduism, animism, Confucianism coexist in Indonesia, covering various linguistic and social groups of the population. The vast majority of Indonesians (nearly 90%) are Muslims. Although in some parts of Indonesia (Sumatra, western Java and southeast Kalimantan) Muslims strictly observe the canons of Islam, in other places this religion is usually heavily influenced by Buddhism and animistic beliefs. Almost without exception, the inhabitants of Bali profess Hinduism, which was influenced by Buddhism, while the majority of the Chinese remain adherents of Buddhism and Confucianism. In the interior of the islands, animism is widespread - the belief that the world is filled with all sorts of spirits hiding in volcanoes, wind, rivers, trees, rocks, graves, daggers, gongs, drums, etc.
In the 1990s, Christians - Catholics and representatives of Protestant churches - made up almost 10% of the population. Christians are scattered throughout the country, but are concentrated mainly in the provinces of North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Java, Irian Jaya, as well as in the metropolitan area.

National features: Indonesia is a predominantly Muslim country, and therefore the following rules should be observed: you can not wear too short shorts and skirts, sunbathe without the top of a swimsuit, speak loudly during religious ceremonies. Applauding too often unless you're at a tourist show. In public institutions and mosques, clothing must cover the knees. You can not point at someone with a finger and touch his head. Avoid displays of tenderness in public, cross your legs, put your foot in someone's direction, talk about politics, shout and get angry.

monetary unit: the national currency is the Indonesian rupiah. Circulation has banknotes in denominations of 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 and coins: 25 and 50 rupees. Banks are open from 08.00 to 16.00 on working days, from 08.00 to 11.00 on Saturdays. The difference in the exchange rate at the airport and hotels is small. AT large hotels, banks and shops accept credit cards for payment, but not everywhere. Very high inflation. Dollars issued in 1997 are not accepted for exchange, and there may be problems with the exchange of banknotes of 2001.

Customs regulations: Import and export of foreign currency is not limited, amounts over $11,000 are declared. The import of national currency in the amount of more than 100 million rupees is possible only with the permission of the Central Bank of the country (amounts over 5 million rupees must be declared). Persons over the age of 18 are allowed duty-free import of up to 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars, or 100 g of tobacco; up to 1 liter of alcoholic beverages, perfumes - within the limits of personal needs, as well as gifts and souvenirs in the amount of not more than $250 per person or $1000 per family.

Video cameras, portable radios, audio players, tape recorders, binoculars and sports equipment must be declared for subsequent export from the country. Cameras are imported only on the conditions of their subsequent export (they fit into the passport). Videos, CDs/DVDs and other storage media (including software) must be presented to customs for content assessment.

It is forbidden to import weapons, drugs, explosives, pornography, cordless phones, medicines of Chinese origin, as well as publications in Chinese. There are also restrictions on the import of fruits, vegetables, meat, fish and plant products.

It is forbidden to export rare animals and birds, wood carvings from the island of Bali, as well as objects and things of historical and artistic value and without special permission. The import of birds from European countries(primarily poultry and parrots). The importation of all kinds of animals and birds into the territory of a number of states is prohibited at all.

State. build: parliamentary republic.

Head of State: president, elected for a term of 5 years.

Climate: equatorial, there is no clear change of seasons. The country has two rainy seasons - in April and in November. Bali has a tropical climate and good sunny weather lasts all year round. All year round the air temperature in Indonesia does not change, amounting to 25-27 ° C in the plains; the water temperature in the seas does not fall below 27 °C. It is cooler in the mountains, and frosts even occur above 1500 m. Short, but heavy rains come almost daily, and in Bogor on about. Java has the highest number of thunderstorm days in the globe- 322. True, in the eastern part of Java and on the Lesser Sunda Islands, dry (May-October) and wet seasons are distinguished.

Electricity: mains voltage 220 V. (On the island of Bali - 220 and 110 V. There are power outages.)

Connection: Country code +62; city codes: Jakarta - 21, Bali - 361.

Airport tax: all passengers departing from Densapara Airport pay an airport tax of 100,000 rupees ($11), on local flights 40,000 rupees ($4.5). Payment is accepted only in rupees.

Visa to Indonesia: Government of the Republic of Indonesia since January 26, 2010 changed the rules for obtaining a visa on arrival. Visas on arrival for 7 days are no longer issued. Now visas are issued on arrival only for a period of 30 days. The cost of the visa is 25 US$. A 30-day tourist visa can be extended for another 30 days (for an additional fee), but cannot be changed to another type of visa, such as a business visa, temporary residence permit, etc.
Official requirements for obtaining a visa on arrival for 30 days: the passport must be valid for at least 6 months from the date of entry into Indonesia, and you must also present a ticket for departure from Indonesia. You can enter and exit through one of the 15 airports and 21 seaports, officially designated as "international gateway" by the Indonesian Immigration Department. We recommend that all tourists prepare the exact amount for paying for a visa in order to avoid delays at the visa reception desk.

Holidays and non-working days: Only have a fixed date official and National holidays : January 1 - New Year, April 21 - Kartini Day,
August 17 - Independence Day, October 1 - Defense Day, October 5 - Armed Forces Day, October 28 - Youth Oath Day, November 10 - Heroes Day, December 25 - Christmas.

Religious holidays (their dates are determined according to the lunar calendars: Muslim - according to the Hijri, and Hindu-Buddhist - according to the Saka and Vuku calendars:

January-February - Ramadan (Buluan-Puasa);
March-April - Nyepi holiday;
March-April - commemoration of the death of the prophet Isa;
April-May - Ascension of Isa;
April-May - Muslim New Year, Muharram;
April-May - Idul-Adha;
May - Vesak;
July - Birthday of the Prophet Mohammed;
December - Isra Miraj Nabi Mohammed, the ascension of the Prophet Mohammed, etc.

Festivals and holidays in Indonesia, which are recommended to see:

Galungan Festival (date is not fixed, runs for 10 days).
Spring Festival at Pura Besakih Temple.
The Feast of Silence - accompanied by many independent ceremonies (purification of the temple deities of Melasti, the expulsion of evil spirits Pengrupuk, Ngembak-Nyepi (Forgiveness Sunday), etc.).
Ceremonial celebration of Pura Meru.
Full Moon Festival at Chakranegara Temple (June).
Perang-Ketupat Rain Festival (October-December).
One of the most important holidays - (the date is determined by the Saka calendar, usually March) - passes very quietly (on this day from 6.00 to 6.00 the next day it is not customary to leave the house and generally make noise - almost all establishments are closed, the streets are empty and freezes almost all life locals celebrate this holiday with fasting and meditation).
Jakarta Fair (June and lasts approximately three weeks).
Jalan Jax Street Fair (August).
International Cultural Performance (May).
Theatrical performances are held on Sumba in February and March, returning to the era of civil war.
Larantuka Island hosts a dramatic Easter parade (April-May).
In Ruteng and Flores - fights with whips (August).
In Sulawesi, the "funeral banquets" Torayan (August-October) are interesting.
In Java, colorful performances of the traditional "Ramayana ballet", taking place in an open theater temple complex Prambanan twice a month from May to September.
Bull races are held on the island of Madura (August-September), ending with a colorful final race in Pamekasan (September).
Vesak is a four-day Buddhist festival in Borobudur, which is celebrated in honor of Buddha's enlightenment. Thousands of pilgrims take part in the procession from the Mendut temple to Borobudur, and at the end of it there are dance performances and exhibitions of applied arts.

Purchases: from Indonesia we recommend to bring:
- everything that is made of wood, especially sandalwood,
- paintings made on cloth or batik,
- wooden masks (the scarier the better) - to scare away evil spirits (placed at the entrance to the room, house).
Bali is famous for its masters of wood and stone carving, the virtuoso performance of the most intricate ornaments and sculptures will not leave anyone indifferent. Numerous shops and stalls offer a wide selection of products from cute knick-knacks for $1 to sculptural compositions able to adequately decorate any interior.
A real work of art is batik - hand-painted fabric, subjected to repeated dyeing and heat treatment, turns into an artistic canvas, the saturated colors of which are not afraid of either moisture or the scorching sun.
Handmade decor items made of silver and Jewelry from natural pearls. You will be pleasantly surprised by the variety and cost of products.

Symbolism

Views of Indonesia

INDONESIA, Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), a state in Southeast Asia, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago (Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccas) and the western part of the island of New Guinea (Irian Jaya). It borders Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. The area is 1904.5 thousand km2. Population 234.89 million people (2003, 4th in the world). Capital Jakarta. Largest cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung.

State structure of Indonesia

Unitary republic of presidential type. The head of state and government is the president. The highest body of state power is the People's Consultative Congress. It meets in session at least once every five years. Half of the deputies are appointed by the president. The other half are deputies of the unicameral council of people's representatives (parliament). 400 of them are elected by popular vote and 100 are appointed by the president. These are the military (the army does not participate in the voting).

Administrative-territorial division of Indonesia

24 provinces and special administrative units equivalent to provinces - Greater Jakarta (capital city district), Yogyakarta, Aceh (2 special units).

Population of Indonesia

97% of Indonesians are more than 150 close peoples who speak more than 1000 different languages and dialects (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Bataks, Malays, Balinese, etc.). Many tribes still do not know agriculture and live mainly by hunting (for example, the Papuans of New Guinea). There are also Chinese, Arabs, immigrants from South Asia. The official language is Indonesian.

Indonesia is the largest Islamic state in the world. The majority of believers are Muslims, ch. arr. Sunnis (87.2%), there are Christians (9.6%), Hindus (mainly in Bali), Buddhists, Confucians; preserved traditional local beliefs.

2/3 of the population lives on the islands of Java and Madura. In some areas of the island of Java, the rural population density reaches 2,500 people per 1 km2 (the highest value in the world for rural areas). 78% of the population lives in rural areas.

Indonesian nature. Geographic location of Indonesia

Indonesia is the world's largest island nation, ranking 6th in area among the largest countries in Asia. In total, Indonesia includes 13667 islands, of which a little less than 1000 are inhabited (the largest are Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, New Guinea). Most of the other islands are isolated rocks or small atolls. More than half of the area of the islands is occupied by mountains (height up to 5029 m, the city of Jaya on the island of New Guinea). The islands have approx. 400 volcanoes, including St. 100 active. The highest of them is Kerinchi (3800 m) in Sumatra. There are especially many volcanoes on the island of Java. In 1883, as a result of the eruption of the volcano Krakatoa, located on a small island between Java and Sumatra, a 20-meter sea wave, and volcanic ash covered almost a third of Indonesia.

Indonesia is located in equatorial latitudes: most of it is in the Southern Hemisphere, and the northern part of the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and the Moluccas is in the Northern Hemisphere. The climate is equatorial and subequatorial, with an abundance of precipitation in the form of powerful downpours, often accompanied by thunderstorms. In most of the country, precipitation falls evenly (up to 4000 mm per year), in the south - a short dry season. Rivers almost everywhere form a very dense network. The largest of them: Kapuas and Barito on Kalimantan; Hari, Kampar and Musi in Sumatra; Mamberamo and Digul in New Guinea. Due to the abundant deposition of river sediments in the lower reaches, lowland rivers constantly change their channels,

St. 1/2 of the territory is covered with tropical evergreen rainforests with a wide variety of flora and fauna. Along the coast are mangroves. In the south, there are sections of savannas, in the mountains - altitudinal zonation. in numerous nature reserves and national parks(Gunung-Leser, Komodo-Padar-Rinko, Ujung-Kulon, etc.) the Sumatran rhinoceros, elephants, Malayan bear, tapir, crocodiles, giant monitor lizards, orangutans are protected. A significant part of the virgin forests is brought under the page - x. land (especially on the island of Java). In the west of Java, in the city of Bogor, is the world famous Botanical Garden, which presents a wide variety of forms of equatorial flora.
Indonesia is rich in minerals. There are large deposits of oil and gas, brown and hard coal, ores of iron, copper, nickel, and tin; bauxite, sulfur; medium and small - ores of manganese, chromium, lead, zinc, gold, silver, molybdenum; diamonds, phosphorites, pumice, asbestos, etc.

Economy of Indonesia

Indonesia is an industrial-agrarian country, with the largest plantation economy in Asia and a developed mining industry. GNP per capita fell from $980 in 1995 to $580 in 1999. The fall of the rupee in late 1997 and early 1998. led to a reduction in GDP by 13.7% in 1998. The IMF offered assistance to the country in the amount of 42 billion dollars. in exchange for the fulfillment of certain requirements. The government initially refused to comply with the requirements of the IMF, but fearing a further outflow of capital from the country, it agreed to conclude an agreement. The petrochemical industry is controlled by the state-owned Pertamina. The basis of the economy is the extraction and processing of oil and gas (mainly for export) in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and in the western part of Irian Jaya. The main industrial centers: Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Palembang (oil and gas processing, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, etc.). 2/3 of the employed are in the food and beverage and textile industries.

Almost 1/3 of cultivated land is irrigated. Main export crops: rubber plants (one of the leading places in the world), coconut and oil palms, tea, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, pepper, ceiba (kapok), agave (sisal); spices - nutmeg, cloves, etc.; cinchona bark (Indonesia is the main supplier in the world). Main food crops: rice (the main food of the population), corn, cassava, sweet potato, peanuts, soybeans. Animal husbandry is poorly developed. Fishing, fishing for lobsters, shrimps, trepangs is of great importance. Harvest valuable wood.
Traditional crafts are preserved: the production of batik (both industrial and handicraft), chased silverware, ceramic vessels, artistic bone carving, weaving of mats, hats, etc.). Of great importance is foreign tourism, which is threatened by terrorist actions.

The monetary unit is the Indonesian rupiah.

History of Indonesia

The historical core of Indonesia is the islands of Java and Sumatra, on which, since the 7th century. vast rival empires arose. Active trade with the Arabs, for whom Indonesia was an important intermediary on the way to Far East, was an important impetus for the adoption of Islam. In the 16th century came the Portuguese, then the Dutch. In the 17th century The Indonesian islands were colonized by the Portuguese and the Dutch. The Europeans gave them the name of the Spice Islands. K ser. 18th century the Dutch captured almost all of Java, in the 19th - early. 20th century completed the conquest of Indonesia. To the beginning 20th century almost the entire territory of modern Indonesia became a zone of Dutch colonies called the Netherlands (Dutch) East Indies. In 1942 Indonesia was occupied by Japan. On the eve of its collapse, the founder of the National Party, Sukarno, who collaborated with the Japanese, on August 17, 1945, proclaimed the independence of Indonesia, and himself its president. In September 1945, the British landed in Indonesia, followed by the Dutch troops, but they were defeated in the fight against Sukarno's army. In 1949, the UN recognized the independence of Indonesia. In August 1950, Indonesia was declared a unitary republic. Many foreign enterprises, plantations and banks were nationalized. Sukarno focused first on the United States, then on the USSR, was the main initiator of the Bandung Conference, which began the movement of the Third World countries. In 1965, a group of army officers tried to organize a military coup, possibly with the knowledge of Sukarno, who wanted to crack down on the top military leadership. General Suharto crushed the conspiracy, put Sukarno under arrest and became president in 1968. The Indonesian Communist Party was crushed, hundreds of thousands of its supporters (or those who were declared as such) were executed and arrested. Suharto embarked on industrialization and accelerated development, but the "Indonesian miracle" was carried out largely on unsecured loans, given under the guarantee of the anti-communist course. In 1998, an economic collapse followed, exacerbated by the extremely uneven distribution of income between different segments of the population and nations (2% of the Chinese owned 75% of the national wealth).

As a result of mass popular uprisings, President Suharto resigned on May 20, 1998 and was replaced by B. Yu. Habibi. Under the influence of the ongoing struggle for the independence of East Timor and under the pressure of world public opinion, a referendum was held on August 30, 1999, in which 78.5% of the population of the territory spoke in favor of the independence of East Timor, which served as an impetus for a new outbreak of violence. On September 12, 1999, UN international forces entered the former province, and Indonesian troops left the territory. On October 20, 1999, the leader of the Islamic National Awakening Party A. Wahid became the new president of the country, and Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of the country's first president and leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, became vice president. Since 2001, as a result of the impeachment of Vahid, Sukarnoputri became president.
National holiday - August 17 (Independence Day).

Countries. Here, about 1 / 2 of all cultivated areas are Indonesia; this region accounts for more than 50% of the harvest of rice and sweet potatoes, more than 70% of cassava, more than 75% of peanuts, about 85% of soybeans, 3/4 of tea, almost all of sugar, kapok and cinchona bark. In Java, about 2/3 of the total number of cattle (including buffaloes) and over 80% of sheep and goats. Java accounts for all teak and about 1/4 of the fish catch. Among all the islands of Indonesia, Java stands out for its relatively developed manufacturing industry. About 80% of the total population employed in industrial production, about 70% of enterprises, and over 85% of all workers in the factory industry are concentrated here (1964). The main centers of the manufacturing industry:, Yogyakarta, Surakarta,. Extraction of oil (Chepu and Surabai region), manganese ore (Karangnungal and Vest-Progo deposits in West and Central Java), (near Cheribon), sulfur (West and East Java), gold and silver (Chikotok deposit). Java accounts for about 1/6 of all exports and 2/3 of imports Indonesia

"Elephant Cave" near Bedulu (Bali). Around the 13th century

O. Sumatra - the second most economically developed region after Java, Indonesia. It is important as a mineral and agricultural. raw materials for export (up to 2/3 of all exports). More than 10% of the entire territory is processed. Sumatra is the main plantation area (60% of Indonesia's plantation area). This region accounts for 2/3 of the total and export of rubber, more than 9/10 of the production and all exports of palm oil and palm kernels, 2/3 of the production and export of coffee and hard fibers, 1/2 of the export of copra, 1/4 of the export of tea, 9 / 10 production and export of pepper Indonesia Sumatra - the main mining region of Indonesia (almost all the extraction of tin ore and bauxite, up to 90% of oil production and about 80% of coal). Basic and gg. Medan, and .

Banga Bay near Padang (Central Sumatra).

O. Kalimantan. The largest but least developed region of Indonesia On its territory, equal to 1 / 4 of the entire area of Indonesia, only 4% of the country lives. Less than 3% of the area is cultivated (75% of the area - ). Logging (up to 1/3 of export, 40% rattan and dammar), oil extraction (Tanjung), coal (Parapattan deposit), diamonds (Pelaikhari region).

O. Sulawesi. Agrarian region with pockets of mining. Less than 10% of the area is cultivated (50% - ). Extraction of nickel ore, asphalt, sulfur. Basic shopping center and - the city of Makassar, with which the Lesser Sunda and are closely connected in economic terms.

Lit .: A., Liquidation of the economic positions of the Dutch in Indonesia, M., 1962; Antipov. In Indonesia, Indonesia (Economic and geographical characteristics), M., 1961; his, Indonesia. Economic-geographical regions, M., 1967; Arkhipov. In Ya., Indonesia in the struggle for economic independence, M., 1963; him, and Indonesia (1945-1968), M., 1971; Review of the mineral resources of the countries of the capitalist world (capitalist and developing countries) M., 1969; Hicks G. L., McNicoll G., The Indonesian economy, 1950-1967: bibliographic supplement, ; L'é conomie indonesienne, "Documentation française. Notes et é tudes documentaires, 1971, 16 aout, no. 3808-3809; Statistical pocket book of Indonesia, Djakarta, 1958, 1963, 1964-67; Sensus penduduk, 1961. Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, 1962.

Area - 1,919,440 sq. km
Population -189136000
Capital - Jakarta (6,504,000)
Another major city is Surabaya (2,028,000)
The highest point is Mount Punkak Jaya (5,030 m)
Official language - Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)
Major religions - Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism
Monetary unit - Indonesian rupiah
Main exports - oil, liquefied natural gas, timber, rubber, coffee
Form of government - multi-party republic

Indonesia occupies the world's largest archipelago of over 13,600 mountainous islands with many active volcanoes. Geologists call this seismically dangerous zone the Pacific Belt of Fire. Indonesia hosted the strongest of famous history volcanic eruptions. However, people continue to live near smoking volcanoes, as volcanic ash enriches and fertilizes the soil. The climate here is humid and warm, with abundant seasonal rains. There are many transparent lakes, coastal mangroves and picturesque tropical forests on the islands. Rafflesia is found here - the largest flower in the world (up to 1 meter in diameter), bright orange in color, with an unpleasant odor that attracts insects. The forests are home to rare animals, including rhinos and tigers. The main income of the country comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing. Mackerel, anchovies, tuna, as well as pearls and shells are mined in the seas of Indonesia. For a long time, merchants and pirates came to the islands for spices - pepper, cloves and nutmeg, which are grown here to this day. In addition, the country exports coffee, rubber, tobacco and oil. Indonesia has deposits of copper, nickel and coal. In the 60s, the development of oil fields began here, which brought a significant income to the country.

POPULATION AND HISTORY
Apparently, the first inhabitants of the islands were immigrants from mainland Malaysia. Since the 8th century, these islands, abundant in spicy plants and located at the crossroads of important trade routes, have attracted navigators from all over the world. Indian merchants brought Hinduism to the islands, and Arab traders brought Islam. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the Portuguese and the British tried to capture the islands, but the Dutch managed to do this in 1798. During the period of Dutch domination, the islands united in the struggle for independence, and in 1945 Indonesia was proclaimed a republic. One of the main political forces of the state was the army, which in 1965 crushed the communist uprising. In 1976, Indonesia was annexed East End Timor Islands. The first president of sovereign Indonesia was Ahmed Tsukarno, who instilled in Indonesians a genuine sense of national pride. After a military coup, General Suharto came to power in the country, whose rule was distinguished by political and religious tolerance.
Most of the islanders are engaged in agriculture. The daily life of the Indonesian people combines Buddhist, Hindu and folk customs, although most Indonesians practice Islam. Each island lives according to its own traditions.

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