Mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. Unsolved mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids

When someone talks about Egypt, pyramids immediately appear in our imagination. The real shock was that the pyramids of Ancient Egypt were built by aliens…

For many years, historical scholars have undeniably considered the pyramids to be the place where the burial ritual of the pharaohs took place, and another explanation for their existence was recognized as unscientific. The evolution of science and technology has changed the attitude towards the study of the pyramids: scientists have found out unforeseen facts about them, which completely change the previous ideas about these extraordinary historical buildings.

Today's science is in no hurry to deny that the pyramids were used for the fact that even modern technology has only a poor idea ...

Eyewitness accounts of Egyptian monuments of architecture

In ancient times, it was forbidden to discuss any religious buildings: and the slaves' curiosity about the pyramids ended when they received the official version - the pyramids were the tomb for the pharaohs. It turned out that finding eyewitnesses to the construction of the pyramids was not an easy task.

The first of them was Herodotus - he is considered the author of the legend that the pyramids were built by slaves. He claimed that from twenty to one hundred thousand workers were involved in the creation of tombs at different times. And here the first contradiction arises, which cannot be ignored.

Herodotus says that for the construction of the Sphinx alone, for example, 2.3 million stone blocks weighing 5 tons each were spent. On the day, workers installed 300-350 blocks, which means that it took them no more than a few minutes to transfer one block. What strength did people have to have to cope with such a physical load?

The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho, who lived before our era, was a realist and did not want to rewrite history, as Herodotus did. In his book entitled "History of Egypt", he said that 10 thousand years ago the gods lived on the territory, who transferred the pyramids to the use of the Egyptians. The words of Manetho are confirmed by an inventory stele erected at the entrance to the pyramid of Cheops.

The hieroglyphs on it say that the Sphinx statue was being restored after heavy rains washed away its base. But the last time heavy rains in this country were 7-8 thousand years ago! As soon as scientists became interested in the stele, the Egyptian government gave the order to immure the stele into the wall of the Cairo Museum.

Details of the construction of the pyramids, which no one can find an explanation for

There are other nuances that prove that ordinary people could not create pyramids. Contrary to the hypotheses that the Egyptians had special knowledge, lost later, not even a year passes without the luminaries of science being able to find a refutation of them. The version that structures of this magnitude were created solely as memorials to dead kings does not initially sound very plausible.

Inconsistencies can be found starting with the material itself used for construction. This is granite quarried from the Aswan Quarry throughout history. ancient kingdom. The walls of the quarry are smooth to this day, which means that the granite was chipped off with a laser or diamond knife, grinding the stone as it was cut.

It has long been proven that the Egyptians did not possess such tools. All this confirms that the Egyptians did not build pyramids: they restored them in order to maintain a presentable appearance of the buildings.

A special grinding cut technique was also used at the final stage of creating the pyramids themselves. The cuts between the blocks in the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Djoser have perfectly even edges that could not be created with the only cutting tool of the Egyptians - a copper saw with serrated edges. Traces of a drill can also be found on the blocks: the diameter of the hole left by it is on average from 2 to 5 cm. Why did the Egyptians, if they really knew how to drill and grind stone, did not pass this skill on to their descendants?

Many pyramids are based on natural rocks. The basis for the pyramid of Cheops was a rock, the height of which is at least 10 meters. Its base has an ideal shape of a square, and it is oriented to all four cardinal directions. Changes in the earth's crust under it prove that the pyramid seemed to have been "turned" in antiquity: it changed the location of the corners without external natural factors.

True theories about the pyramids that were hidden for many years

Scientists no longer hide from the public the fact that being in a pyramid has little in common with the usual perception of time and space for a person. The chemical composition of the water in it changes and is cleansed of pathogenic bacteria, knives are sharpened on a simple stone, and the passage of time seems to slow down.

In the hidden rooms of the pyramid of Cheops and the pyramid discovered during the excavations of the Indian temple of Teotiukana, mica plates with even, machined edges were found. Mica is capable of serving as a transmitter of energy and information, but this property of it was discovered only a couple of years ago!

The historian Manetho also confirms the guess that the pyramid can serve and served as a portal to other worlds and dimensions. He insisted that some of the pyramids were given to the Egyptians by the gods Osiris and Isis, who themselves used them to descend to earth. The pyramids contained ritual objects, one touch of which could open a portal or summon creatures from an alien world.

On the walls of the Teotiucan temple in Mexico, where in ancient times no one heard of pharaohs, inscriptions of a similar content were found. In 1927 scientific expedition removed from the pyramid a skull made of polished quartz. Within 10 days, all members of the expedition died one after another under unclear circumstances. Later, other skulls were found, the origin of which no one can explain to this day, and those who found them followed the members of the first expedition.

If the Maya were in Mexico and called creatures from underworld with the help of skulls, the Egyptians had a real time machine. In the early 2000s, hieroglyphs were found in the pyramid of Cheops, which speak of stones that can be used to travel to the future. Three years later, three stones were found embedded in the floor of the tomb, the temperature of which is 2-3 times lower than the temperature of other stones.

The cold radiated by them is not subject even to the summer heat: temperature measurements showed that even when the stones are heated in the midday heat, three blocks of granite remain icy to the touch. The luminaries of science have only two hypotheses about them: either the stones, although they are in one dimension, really capture the temperature of another, or they hide the entrance to a room in which completely different laws of physics operate.

The second viable theory about the function of the pyramids is its use as an antenna or receiving point for the signal of alien civilizations. The pyramid itself is similar in shape to a crystal and the same material, processed in the form of a tetrahedron, prevails in its decoration.

Pyramids enhance signal transmission, and quartz crystals can serve as long-lasting fuel. In the Egyptian scrolls of antiquity, there was repeatedly evidence that the knowledge of the use of the crystal was hidden from mankind until it learned to defeat evil.

In support of this assumption, scientists have found pyramids on Mars, which today is considered as a viable planet. An expedition is being prepared to send out to colonize the planet, volunteers from among the inhabitants of the Earth have already been recruited.

What if, upon arrival, they discover the remains of a civilization that never managed to defeat evil on the red planet?

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Everyone knows how many interesting, sometimes amazing scientific discoveries were made by scientists on ancient Egyptian land. A lot of wonderful finds were given by her tombs and temples. But the greatest miracle of Egypt, which amazed people in ancient times, were the pyramids - these amazing artificial mountains - the tombs of the ancient Egyptian kings. Travelers sailing along the yellow waters of the Nile have always been struck by a sharp line where the Nile valley with its green fields and date groves is replaced by the hot sands of the dead Libyan desert.

These are the Egyptian pyramids.

They seem to grow out of the sands of the desert - colossal, majestic, overwhelming a person with their extraordinary size and severity of outlines. Standing at the foot of the pyramid, it is hard to imagine that these huge stone mountains were created by human hands. Meanwhile, they were really built from separate stone blocks, as children today build pyramids from cubes. Thousands of hands of slaves and Egyptians subject to the pharaoh were busy with hard and useless work - the creation of a huge stone mountain, which was supposed to hide the dead body of the Egyptian king in its bowels.

By creating an eternal tomb, the pharaoh provided his immortal spirit with an eternal home.

The first of the Egyptian kings to erect a pyramid over his tomb was Pharaoh Djoser. This one ancient pyramid Egypt consists of six huge steps. Before the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt, tombs were erected with a massive rectangular above-ground part made of stone. In shape, they resemble Arabic benches - mastabas - and under this name they entered science. The Pyramid of Djoser essentially consisted of six such mastabas, placed one on top of the other, decreasing upwards. The creation of the world's first stone structure of such significant size (about 60 m high) is attributed to Imhotep, a remarkable medical scientist, mathematician and architect, the former vizier of King Djoser. The fame of Imhotep was so great that after several centuries his name was surrounded by legends. From a later time, statuettes depicting this remarkable architect have been preserved. Apparently, Pharaoh Djoser himself was so pleased with the unprecedented tomb built by Imhotep that he allowed the name of the architect to be carved on the base of his statue - an honor completely unheard of in ancient Egypt. During excavations of the mortuary temple, located near the pyramid of Djoser, scientists found fragments of several statues of the pharaoh and among them a pedestal on which the name of Imhotep was written.

Excavations near the pyramid of Djoser have opened a whole "city of the dead" that surrounded the tomb of the pharaoh. Mastabas were built around - the tombs of members of the royal family and nobles close to the pharaoh. There was also a memorial temple where sacrifices were made in honor of the deceased pharaoh. During the excavations of the temple, archaeologists discovered a hall decorated with the oldest columns in the world. True, these were not yet ordinary round columns, they only half protruded from the walls, but Imhotep, long before the Greek architects, created the prototype of a strict and slender Dorian colonnade.

The mortuary temple and the pyramid were surrounded by a wall of white limestone and, according to the architect, formed a single architectural ensemble.

The space near the pyramid was carefully studied by archaeologists at the beginning of our century. However, the Egyptian scientist Mohammed Ghoneim drew attention to one of the terraces southeast of the pyramid of Djoser. A thorough examination by Goneim discovered the remains of stone walls, fragments of processed limestone and alabaster, Goneim decided to excavate. The work uncovered the remains of masonry of large unhewn stones. It was the foundation of a massive fence, the same one that once surrounded the pyramid of Djoser. The top of this fence was dismantled in antiquity. Then a well-preserved part of the fence opened under a thick layer of sand and rubble - the workers called it the White Wall. It was magnificent - lined with white polished limestone, decorated with elegant ledges. Undoubtedly, the wall enclosed the pyramid. But where are the traces of the tomb itself, as ancient as the one-of-a-kind pyramid of Djoser so far?

Goneim decided to look for the remains of the pyramid in the center of the site and turned out to be right. From under the multi-meter thickness of sand, rubble and construction debris, the lower massive step of the ancient tomb appeared. The height of the step was 7 m. Goneim determined that this pyramid should have had seven steps. Consequently, it was one step higher than the famous pyramid of Djoser. The height of the open pyramid should have reached 70 m. But if the remains of the pyramid were buried under a deep layer of sand, then the burial itself is intact. I had to look for him. Near the lower step of the pyramid, a passage carved into the rock was discovered. It was a long corridor with branches.

In some of the galleries, things were found that only increased interest in the central burial, proving that the tomb was not robbed in antiquity. Goneim found many stone and earthenware vessels, gold jewelry, an ointment box made of gold, and a large number of beautiful porphyry bowls.

But the most valuable find was the seals on small vessels made of dark red clay. On the seals, Goneim read the name Sekhemkhet, which meant "powerful in body" - it was the name of the pharaoh of one of the most ancient dynasties, unknown until now. Interest in the unknown lord buried in the pyramid increased even more. The Egyptian newspapers were full of articles with cryptic and sensational headlines like: "The Shining of Gold from the Tomb of the Pharaoh" or "The Gold Placers of the Unfinished Pyramid." Everyone was looking forward to the progress of the work. After a long search, many disappointments, with great risk (several times the stones collapsed in the underground passages), the scientist managed to get into the tomb.

In the unfinished, hastily carved central hall (construction debris was not removed, but it was only raked into the neighboring galleries) stood a magnificent alabaster sarcophagus. When the archaeologist carefully examined the sarcophagus, he was amazed - the sarcophagus did not have a lid. Carved from a single block of alabaster, it was closed on the front side with a door that lowered and rose in grooves. With excitement, Goneim was convinced that, after the sarcophagus was placed in the tomb, no one touched it - a funeral wreath of decayed flowers and herbs was placed on top, or rather, what was left of the funeral wreath laid on the sarcophagus 4700 years ago .

On the day appointed for the opening of the sarcophagus of the hitherto unknown pharaoh, the underground crypt was filled with a crowd of Egyptologists, photo and film reporters, and journalists. They watched with bated breath as the workers began to lift the heavy alabaster door. In deep silence, the sarcophagus was opened. It was empty. Shocked, Goneim carefully examined the sarcophagus. On its walls there were only traces left by the tools with which the craftsmen drilled and gouged the inside of the sarcophagus. No one has ever been buried in this magnificent tomb. Rubble and construction debris, not removed from the galleries and passages, the unfinished view of the tomb itself, the unfinished pyramid, the empty sarcophagus - all this was a mystery to Egyptologists.

The mystery of the unfinished pyramid was difficult to solve. Perhaps the pharaoh, for whom the tomb was intended, died unexpectedly, and his successor did not consider it necessary to continue construction. Maybe there were some other important events, unknown to us (as the name of King Sekhemkhet himself was unknown until recently), which forced the pharaoh to suddenly interrupt the construction of the pyramid. The secret remains a secret. But the riddles that have arisen before scientists are resolved sooner or later by them. So it was with many other monuments discovered on ancient Egyptian soil.

Much was unclear about the largest pyramid built by Pharaoh Khufu (or Cheops in Greek), who lived in the 28th century. BC.

This huge pyramid has been standing for almost five thousand years. Its height reached 147 m (now, due to the collapse of the peak, its height is 137 m), and each of the sides is 233 m long. In order to go around the pyramid of Khufu, you need to walk about a kilometer. Until the end of the XIX century. Khufu's pyramid was the tallest building on earth. Its grandiose size amazed everyone who was in Egypt. No wonder the first Russian travelers who came to Egypt called the pyramids "man-made mountains."

Scientists have calculated that the pyramid of Khufu was built from 2,300,000 huge blocks of limestone, smoothly polished, and each of these blocks weighed more than two tons. The carefully hewn and polished limestone blocks were so skillfully fitted one to the other that it was impossible to stick a knife blade into the gap between the two stones.

The stones were tightly adjacent to each other and held by their own weight. The accuracy of the work of masons and grinders is surprising, especially if you imagine that the ancient artisans who created such grandiose monuments of human labor still used stone tools. In the quarries on the right bank of the Nile, not far from ancient capital Egypt Memphis, thousands of workers quarried stone for the construction of the pyramid. According to the boundaries of the stone block marked on the limestone rock, the workers gouged deep furrows in the stone. This work took a lot of effort and work. Having hollowed out depressions in the furrow, the workers hammered wedges of dry wood into them and poured water over them. The wet wood began to swell, the crack widened, and the block broke off from the rock. The chipped stone was pulled out of the quarry shafts with the help of thick ropes woven from papyrus (such ropes were found in ancient quarries). Limestone boulders were then hewn by specialist masons here and there together. Stonemasons worked with a whole range of tools made of wood, stone and copper. This work, of course, was easier than the work of quarrying stone, but even here one had to work from dawn to dusk under the scorching sun. In the well-known teaching of the ancient Egyptian scribe Akhtoy, in which he tells his son Piopi about various professions, it says: “A stonemason looks for work on any hard stone, when he finishes, his hands drop, he is tired. And so he sits until dusk, his knees and his back is bent." This teaching was written by a scribe who lived in the era of the Middle Kingdom. And the pyramids were built many centuries before, and it is unlikely that the work of a stonemason of that time was easier than in the time of the scribe Akhtoy. Blocks of white facing limestone were transported on boats to the other side of the Nile. They were brought to the construction site, loaded onto special wooden sleds. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC. BC, was the first scientist who reported in detail the information he had collected about the pyramids. The work of Herodotus was an extensive narrative, consisting of nine books, in one of which he described his journey to Egypt. The first chapter of the famous "History" of Herodotus began with the words: "Herodotus of Halicarnassus presents the following research so that from time to time the deeds of people are not erased from our memory, and also so that huge and surprisingly worthy structures, filled partly by Hellenes, partly by barbarians, are not ingloriously forgotten" . Herodotus conscientiously and thoroughly recorded the stories of the Egyptians about how the pyramids were created. Only one road, along which stones were delivered from the quarries to the place where the pyramid was erected, was built for about ten years. This road itself, wide, lined on the sides with polished stone, decorated with various images, according to Herodotus, was an amazing structure.

After the masons, the front side of the facing stone was processed by grinders. They worked with grinding stone, water and sand. As a result of long-term processing, the surface of the plate became smooth and shiny. After that, the stones were considered ready for construction.

On a limestone rock, cleared of sand, gravel and stone, the builders erected the bulk of the pyramid, stacking the blocks with giant steps. Among these blocks, according to Herodotus, there was not one that did not reach 9 m.

According to the story of Herodotus, in order to drag stone blocks up, an inclined embankment was built. Subsequently, it was leveled. Along it, the builders, driven by the sticks of the overseers, pulled heavy stones on ropes, which were set in place with the help of a wooden lever. How many people died under the weight of a broken block of stone, how many were crippled when laying stones, how many died from overwork here, at the still unfinished walls of the pyramid! And this is for twenty long years. When the laying of the pyramid was completed, its steps were laid with facing blocks. They were brought from the quarries located in Upper Egypt, near Aswan. On the ledges of the pyramid, the facing blocks were lifted up and laid from top to bottom. Then they were polished. Under the rays of the southern sun, they shone with a dazzling brilliance against the cloudless Egyptian sky. Herodotus tells that the construction of the pyramid of Khufu lasted about twenty years. Every three months, workers changed, the number of which reached 100,000 people. Scourge of overseers, debilitating heat, inhuman labor did their job. After all, there were no machines for lifting two-ton limestone blocks. Everything was done only with the help of living human power. Even if we accept taking into account that Herodotus made a number of obvious exaggerations and inaccuracies, all the same, the figures he cited give an idea of ​​the grandiose scope of work undertaken by Cheops to create a colossal tomb.In the same story, Herodotus mentions an inscription made on the pyramid, which indicated the amount, spent on onions, garlic and radishes for the workers was equal to 1600 talents. "If this is true," exclaims Herodotus, "then how much should be spent on iron tools for work, on food and clothing for workers?"

The entire burial structure was almost solid masonry. The entrance to the pyramid was always located on its northern face, at a height of about 14 m from the ground. There were several chambers inside the pyramid, of which only two were burial chambers. One, the lower one, as scientists suggest, was intended for the wife of the king. The second, somewhat larger (10.6 X 5.7 m), located at a height of 42.5 m from the base of the pyramid, served as the tomb of the pharaoh himself. It contained a sarcophagus of polished red granite. Above the burial chamber of the king, one above the other, there are five deaf chambers, apparently designed to distribute pressure over the chamber. Several narrow and long passages were laid in the thickness of the pyramid, leading to the chambers located inside the pyramid, and to the chamber dug under its base. Scientists also traced two ventilation slots that penetrated the thickness of the masonry and went from the chamber of Cheops himself. When clearing the surface of the pyramid, many blocks were found to have marks made with red paint and containing the name of Pharaoh Khufu. Parts of the ancient lining were discovered by archaeologists when clearing the lower part of the pyramid, covered with sand. The fit of the facing stones was so perfect that it was impossible to immediately determine the places of their connection. And when photographing this cladding, the researchers had to specially paint around the seams where the blocks closed. We can safely say that none of the kings who ruled after Khufu could surpass his tomb in size and grandeur, but the name of the pharaoh, who decided to glorify himself by building an unprecedentedly magnificent pyramid, was hated by the people of Egypt for many centuries.

The second largest after the tomb of Khufu is the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre (Chephren). It is 8 m lower, but less destroyed. The top of the pyramid retained part of the polished facing. The rest of the pyramids are much smaller, and many of them have been badly damaged.

Near the pyramid of Khafre, a hill rises from the sand of the desert. Its height is about 20 m, length is about 60 m. Approaching the hill, travelers see a huge statue carved almost entirely from the rock. This is the famous Great Sphinx - the figure of a reclining lion with a human head. His face was cracked, his nose and chin were beaten off. So Muslim Arabs crippled a statue that stood for millennia. The Arabs believed that evil spirits lived in the statues of the ancient Egyptian gods, and therefore they tried to destroy as many of their images as possible. With such a giant as a great sphinx, they could not cope, but they mutilated it thoroughly.

"Father of horror" - this is how the inhabitants of the desert call the great sphinx. He instills the greatest fear in them at night, illuminated by the bright moon, when deep shadows give his features a special expressiveness.

Who does this colossal statue represent, why did it end up in such close proximity to the pyramids? On the head of the statue is a bandage worn only by the pharaohs. Scientists believe that this is a statue of the pharaoh Khafre, which was part of a number of structures associated with the tomb of the pharaoh.

In ancient Egypt, not every mortal had the right to approach the pyramid - this "eternal horizon", beyond which the pharaoh "went" (they did not say about the pharaoh that he died - he "set" beyond the horizon, like the sun; Egyptian kings called themselves sons sun). So that those who wish could honor the memory of the deceased pharaoh without offending his greatness, a mortuary temple was erected at some distance from the pyramid - something like the reception hall of the deceased king. Massive rectangular pillars of polished granite supported the ceiling. The granite walls and floor of the building were carefully polished.

The light fell from small holes punched in the upper part of the walls, and created a solemn twilight, in which the dark statues of the pharaoh, the lord, receiving respectful guests, seemed especially majestic. A long covered corridor led from this solemn hall to the pyramid. Its walls and floor were also made of polished granite. Along this corridor, the pharaoh's body was carried to the pyramid in a heavy sarcophagus made of valuable stone.

In order to keep the body of the king, which was the abode of his soul (among the Egyptians, it was called Ka), from decay, he was embalmed. A detailed story about the process of embalming was preserved for us by the ancient Greek writer Diodorus, who lived in the 1st century BC. AD Herodotus also speaks of the embalming of the dead. The deceased was brought to the embalming room. The corpse was laid on the floor and a man who was called the mark-maker approached him. On the left side of the body, he marked with a line the place where the incision was to be made. Then another person approached and made an incision on the corpse with an Ethiopian stone, after which he fled, as, according to custom, all those present threw stones at him with curses. These curses constituted the ancient religious ritual associated with the mutilation of the deceased. After that, the embalmers proceeded directly to the body. One with iron hooks through the nostrils removed part of the brain from the skull. The remaining brain was dissolved by injection of various strong drugs. Through a wound in the side, the insides were taken out, which were washed with palm wine and fragrant essences. Then they were wrapped in a thin linen cloth and put into special canopic vessels made of clay, alabaster or porphyry. Canopic lids were made in the form of various heads. The stomach and intestines were put into a canopy with a lid depicting a human head, lungs and a heart were in a canopy with a jackal's head, and a vessel with a falcon's head was intended for the liver. At this time, the body of the deceased was first rubbed with cedar oil and washed inside with palm wine. Then for 40 days they put it in a special alkaline solution. Then they were washed again with wine and impregnated with various aromatic resins that prevent decay. After filling the inside of the body with aromatic substances, the incision was sewn up and the embalmed corpse was handed over to special dressers who decorated it. Often they gilded the nails on the hands and feet, inserted eyes made of crystal or ivory. Rings were worn on the fingers and toes. Having dressed up the deceased in this way, the dressers covered the whole body with a layer of glue and began wrapping it with thin linen bandages. They wrapped, carefully wrapping, fingers and toes and the whole body several times, so that the length of these bandages was several hundred meters. In this way, a mummy was prepared - an incorruptible abode for the spirit Ka, which was supposed to live forever.

The same Diodorus says that when the king of Egypt was dying, a long mourning was imposed on the whole country, lasting seventy-two days. Temples were locked, no sacrifices were made to the gods, no celebrations were celebrated, no anointing was done with incense. All these days the Egyptians did not eat meat, wine, or starchy food. Sprinkling ashes on their heads, crowds of men and women wandered around the city with mournful chants in which the virtues of the deceased pharaoh were glorified. On the day appointed for burial, the sarcophagus with the embalmed body of the pharaoh was placed on special skids, decorated with the richest carvings and paintings, and with solemn ceremonies the deceased lord, the "son of the sun", who had gone to the gods, was escorted on his last journey. The sarcophagus with the body of the king was placed in a crypt inside the pyramid, the granite walls and ceiling of which were carefully polished.

The pharaoh's relatives and priests made sure that the deceased was not in danger in the afterlife, that he could move freely inside his tomb and that the gods would accept him as an equal. Therefore, often the walls of the premises inside the pyramids are dotted with prayers and spells. Doors that led from one room to another or from a corridor to a cell were subjected to a particularly thorough curse. In the pyramid of Pharaoh VI of the Pepi dynasty, a whole hymn is written near the first door, which states that these "doors of heaven" open only for Pepi, but not for anyone else. In front of another door there is a text ending with the words: "When Pepi comes with his Ka, the door must open. This pyramid is dedicated to Pepi and his Ka." On the walls adjacent to the doors, there are images of the door guards - baboons, wolves, lions, and spells against them and evil demons threatening the deceased pharaoh. These texts, found in in large numbers, are one of the oldest works of religious literature. Scholars named them after the place of discovery "Pyramid Texts".

Caring for the safety of the spirit of the deceased in the afterlife, his relatives did not forget about vital things. Jewels and various items belonging to the pharaoh were kept in special rooms. After all, the ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased continues to live after death, that he needs all those things that he needed during his lifetime. And the splendid tomb of the king served as his home, just as during his lifetime the house was a magnificent palace.

On holidays in memory of the deceased pharaoh, a solemn procession went to his pyramid. In the hall with columns in front of the image of the pharaoh, "sitting next to Ra", prayers were made and sacrifices were made. These days in the "city of the dead" near great pyramids it was noisy and busy. Herds of sacrificial animals were driven, people were walking with baskets of gifts, flowers, offerings. Only relatives of the king, close associates and priests were allowed into the mortuary temple. The remaining participants in the procession in honor of the deceased pharaoh remained in the valley at the entrance to the corridor leading to the mortuary temple of the king, and waited for the end of the sacrifice. To the pyramid - the consecrated resting place of the pharaoh, who became a deity - a mere mortal did not dare to approach. However, the riches that filled the pantries of the royal tomb were a great temptation for the robbers. The builders of the pyramids foresaw this. The entrance to the crypt was closed from the inside with a heavy keystone. After the completion of the funeral ceremonies, supports were knocked out from under the stone and the entrance to the central chamber of the pyramid, where a magnificent granite sarcophagus with the body of the pharaoh stood, was closed forever.

The same huge stone, lowered down the sloping passage into the crypt, closed the passage to the corridor.

The well, along which people descended, after all the entrances and exits were walled up, fell asleep. The royal grave was inaccessible to people and demons. The pharaoh could rest peacefully under the hundred-meter-high pyramid, hanging over the vaulted crypt.

But all the precautions were in vain. The royal tombs were robbed in antiquity, and only empty halls and complex passages inside the pyramids have survived to this day. One could only guess about the unheard-of value of the treasures that lurked in the royal graves until, in 1922-1923. the famous tomb of the king of the XVIII dynasty Tutankhamun, who died in the XIV century, was not opened. BC, more than 32 centuries ago. By a lucky chance, it was not looted, and all the utensils that accompanied the king to his afterlife appeared before the eyes of scientists.

Several rooms surrounded the central chamber, where stood the sarcophagus of the young king, who died when he was only 18 years old. All these pantries were filled with a mass of things. There were four royal chariots bound with gold, magnificent royal beds with the heads of animals, a golden throne, on the back of which the image of the deceased pharaoh and his wife was made of precious stones. Fragrant ointments were stored in miraculous vessels made of transparent alabaster. Roasted geese and hams were found in wooden cases - the food of the young king in his afterlife. Numerous chests with clothes, jewelry, shoes, and vessels filled the pantries.

At the entrance were statues of the pharaoh himself, guarding the doors that led to the central room. When the door was opened, the scientists saw a solid golden wall, decorated with turquoise tiles. It was a huge box - a sarcophagus, which occupied almost the entire room. On one side of the box there were doors sealed with a seal with the name of Tutankhamun and closed with a bronze bolt. Three thousand years have passed since the seal of the pharaoh was placed on these doors, and now they creaked again, but already at the hand of an archaeologist. The first case has been removed. Beneath it was a second, just as ornate. The piers between the first and second sarcophagi were also filled with things. There were two magnificent golden ostrich-feather fans, wonderful alabaster vessels and many other valuable things.

The third coffin was made of expensive carved gilded oak. When it was also removed, under it was a sarcophagus made of pink granite of extraordinary beauty. Having removed the lid, the scientists saw a gilded bed, on which there was a sarcophagus in the form of a swaddled mummy. It was covered with sheets of gold and sparkled with precious stones.

The last case, in which the mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamen lay, wrapped in 16 linen sheets, was made of pure gold. On the face of the mummy was a golden mask, a portrait of a young pharaoh. On the mummy found a huge amount of gold jewelry - necklaces and bracelets. Gold forged sandals were worn on the feet, fingers and toes were enclosed in gold cases. The treasures found in the tomb of the young king had no price. But it was not yet the richest burial of the Egyptian rulers.

Pharaoh Tutankhamen was an insignificant ruler, under him Egypt did not achieve much power and wealth. No pyramid was erected over his grave. In this era, the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, in tombs carved into the rock.

What untold riches must have contained the burials of other, more powerful rulers of Egypt! It is no coincidence that the Babylonian king wrote to the Egyptian pharaoh: "My brother, there is as much gold in your country as sand."

And, probably, weeks and months were needed to place everything in numerous storerooms and hiding places. priceless gifts, treasures and sacrificial offerings that were due to a powerful king.

No wonder the inscriptions found in the pyramids compare the deceased pharaoh with the sun god Ra himself, the supreme deity of the Egyptians.

"He flies, flying away ... He flies from you, O people," one of the inscriptions reads. "He is no longer on earth, he is in heaven ... He rows in your boat, O Ra, in your boat he rules in heaven, and when you leave the eastern horizon, he sails with you in your boat, O Ra Oh Sun!"

But although the texts of the pyramids praised the divine power of the pharaoh, although the powerful walls of the pyramid reliably sheltered the burial of the king, the huge granite sarcophagi in the pyramids of the kings Khufu and Khafre are empty. Even in ancient times, the temples at the pyramid of Khafre were destroyed. Huge statues of pharaoh Khafre were smashed and thrown into a well, from where they were excavated by archaeologists during excavations. It was clear that these magnificent statues of dark hard stone had not suffered from time. They were deliberately spoiled, broken into pieces, mutilated.

Even Herodotus, who collected stories about the pharaohs - the builders of the pyramids during his trip to Egypt, wrote that the kings Khufu and Khafre, who erected the largest pyramids, were hated by the people even after death. It was said that the people, driven to despair by overwork, requisitions, hunger and poverty, rebelled and devastated the tombs of these two most merciless tyrants. The mummies of Khufu and Khafre were thrown out of their magnificent tombs and torn to pieces. The indignant people smashed the statues that perpetuated the memory of these cruel oppressors wherever they met. And the hated names of Khufu and Khafre were forgotten for many centuries, the people avoided calling them.

It is easy to imagine what a grandiose uprising resulted in the despair of the people, who had been languishing for decades on the construction of the huge pyramid of Khufu.

Vague traditions have come down to our time about this uprising. But the papyri, which tell of the performances of the Egyptian poor in later times, say that the Egyptian people were not humble sufferers. He tried to protect his freedom from the arbitrariness of the rich. The papyri repeatedly mention popular unrest, when the people, brought out of patience by the despotism of the pharaoh, the priests and the rich, took up arms. Stonemasons and stone-cutters, exhausted by overwork, rebelled. Craftsmen and peasants rose. They were joined by slaves who worked in quarries, irrigation canals and dams. They sacked rich estates, temples, killed the oppressors, destroyed the very memory of them, imprinted in statues, tombs, memorial temples.

"The rich man falls asleep hungry, and those who used to beg for his olives drink strong wine ... those who had no bread now have barns ..." - this is what one of the papyri called "Complaint of Ipuver" says. "The earth turned like a potter's wheel: the insignificant ones own treasures... The noble ones are full of complaints, and the insignificant ones are full of joy," the priest Ipuwer narrated with horror.

Apparently, the rebellious people managed to temporarily seize part of the wealth of the nobility, land, livestock, granaries. The exploiters were forced to work in the most difficult and humiliating work. Civil war broke out in Egypt.

But from the same papyri, scientists learned that the old order was restored again, when, according to Ipuwer, “the hands of people will build pyramids, dig ponds, plant groves of trees for the gods; it’s good when noble people stand dressed in thin clothes, and look at the rejoicing in their house ... ".

These people, whose hands were supposed to build the pyramids again, were the same Egyptian poor - artisans, farmers, slaves. They again fell under the merciless oppression of taxes, duties, exhausting and hard work.

During the uprising and civil war temples, royal tombs and tombs of the nobility were not built. But when calm came, the pharaohs and the nobility began to re-erect magnificent funerary structures.

In Egypt, even the most noble person did not dare to think about building such a funerary structure as a pyramid. Only the pharaoh, the son of the Sun, could have such a grandiose tomb. The tombs of noble Egyptians were either carved into the rock or built of stone or brick. These were low rectangular structures built over the crypt. tombs Egyptian nobility they usually crowd around the pyramids, as if the nobles wanted to be closer to the pharaoh after death.

These mastaba tombs usually had several rooms. In the main was a sarcophagus with the body of the deceased. In one of the rooms were stacked things that belonged to the owner of the tomb. In a small room, there was usually a statue of the deceased. The scale walls were decorated with paintings or painted reliefs. The colors of the paintings amaze with their brightness and freshness. The liveliness and subtlety of the drawing were amazing. But the Egyptian artists worked with rather rough brushes made from pieces of fibrous wood. At one end, such a piece was broken with a stone until it was ground, forming a rough fringe. With such primitive brushes (several brushes with remnants of paint on them were found in the tombs), the artists created elegant, picturesque images that adorned the walls of the tombs.

Here you can see scenes of everyday life - harvesting, sowing, artisans and farmers at work, hunting, boating on the Nile, dancing girls, dancing warriors. Ordinary people, industrious and talented - such were the Egyptian workers, depicted in their usual occupations.

And not the nobles - the owners of rich mastabas decorated with paintings, who boastfully listed their services to the pharaoh, immortalized themselves by building these tombs, but modest workers, whose names are not named in the inscriptions.

It was they who grew the wonderful crops of the Nile Valley. They built irrigation canals and dams, they carved magnificent statues, erected beautiful temples, decorated the walls of the building with wonderful reliefs full of life's truth. And in these pictures of everyday life, they immortalized themselves, their inconspicuous work, without which the entire thousand-year-old culture of Egypt could not exist. Without knowing it themselves, they have preserved to this day on the stone pages of the walls stories about their hard working life, about the forced existence of some and the prosperity of others, about their sorrows, amusements and entertainments.

The secret of the Egyptian pyramids

It is generally accepted that the construction of the Egyptian pyramids was carried out by tens of thousands of people who worked in quarries, moved giant stone blocks to the construction site, dragged them up through the scaffolding, installed and fastened them. But is it?

Speaking at the Archaeometry Symposium, which brought together scientists from various disciplines, in Washington last May, polymer chemist Joseph Davidovich of Barry University painted a completely different picture, backing up his arguments with scientific research. He carried out a chemical analysis of stone samples that were used to build three pyramids. Comparing them with the rocks found in the nearby limestone quarries of Turaha and Mokhatama, from which, obviously, the material for these structures was taken, he found that the composition of the facing blocks of building stone contains substances that are absent in the quarries. But in this layer there are thirteen different substances, which, according to J. Davidovits, were “geopolymers” and played the role of a binder. Therefore, the scientist believes that the ancient Egyptians built pyramids not from natural stone, but from artificially made materials by crushing limestone, making mortar from it and pouring it, together with a special binder, into wooden formwork. Within a few hours, the material hardened, forming blocks indistinguishable from natural stone. Such a technology, of course, took less time and required not so many hands. In favor of this assumption is microscopy of rock samples, showing that the limestone from the quarries is almost entirely formed by closely "packed" calcite crystals, which give it a uniform density. The facing stone, found on the spot, as part of the pyramids, has a lower density and is replete with airy “bubble” voids. If this stone is of natural origin, then we can assume the places where it could be developed by the ancients. But such developments are unknown to Egyptologists.

Apparently, sodium carbonate, various phosphates (they could have been obtained from bones or from guano), quartz and silt from the Nile served as a binder - all this was quite accessible to the Egyptians. In addition, the facing stone is covered with a millimeter layer of a substance, which almost entirely consists of these components.

Among other things, the new hypothesis allows us to answer the age-old question: how did the ancient builders manage to fit stone blocks with such accuracy? The proposed construction technology, in which the sidewalls of previously "cast" blocks can serve as a formwork for casting a new block between them, makes it possible to adjust them with almost no space between them.

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There are less and less unsolved mysteries on our planet every year. The constant improvement of technology, the cooperation of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, whether there is a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.

Description of the Egyptian pyramids

Archaeologists talk about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to our time. Their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving "miracle" from the "Seven Wonders of the World". The complex called "The Great Pyramids of Giza", which includes and, was also considered as a participant in the New Seven Wonders of the World competition, but it was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually the "wonder of the world" in the ancient list.

These pyramids have become the most visited sightseeing objects in Egypt. They are perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other structures - time did not spare them. Yes and locals contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises, removing the lining and breaking out the stones from the walls to build their houses.

The Egyptian pyramids were built by pharaohs ruling from the 27th century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of the rulers. The huge scale of the tombs (some up to almost 150 m high) should have testified to the greatness of the buried pharaohs, things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and which would be useful to him in the afterlife were also placed here.

For the construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out from the rocks, and later brick began to serve as the material for the walls. Stone blocks were turned and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. Blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points.

Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, their structure and decoration are similar inside. The main component is the burial hall, where the ruler's sarcophagus was installed. The entrance was arranged not at ground level, but several meters higher, and it was disguised facing slabs. From entrance to inner hall Ladders and corridors led, which sometimes narrow so much that you can only walk along them squatting or crawling.

In most necropolises, burial chambers (chambers) are below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow shaft-channels, which penetrated the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, scientists draw some of the information about the construction and owners of the burials from them.

The main mysteries of the pyramids

The list of unsolved mysteries begins with the shape of necropolises. Why was the shape of the pyramid chosen, which is translated from Greek as “polyhedron”? Why were the edges located clearly on the cardinal points? How did the huge stone blocks move from the place of development and how they were lifted to great height? Were the buildings erected by aliens or people who own a magic crystal?

Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that stood for millennia. Some believe they were built by slaves who died in the hundreds of thousands building each. However, new discoveries of archaeologists and anthropologists convince us that the builders were free people who received good food and medical care. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the healed injuries of the buried builders.

All cases of death and death of people involved in the study of the Egyptian pyramids were attributed to mystical coincidences, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were spread to scare off thieves and marauders who want to find valuables and jewelry in the graves.

To the mysterious interesting facts can be attributed to the short time frame for the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been erected in at least a century. How, for example, was the pyramid of Cheops built in just 20 years?

Great Pyramids

This is the name of the burial complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of the rulers.

The initial height of the pyramid of Cheops was 146 m, the length of the side was 230 m. It was built in 20 years in the 26th century BC. e. The largest of Egyptian landmarks has not one, but three funerary halls. One of them is below ground level, and two are above the base line. Intertwining corridors lead to the burial chambers. On them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the chamber of the queen and to the lower hall. The chamber of the pharaoh is a chamber made of pink granite, has dimensions of 10x5 m. A granite sarcophagus without a lid is installed in it. Not a single report of scientists contained information about the mummies found, so it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either.

It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by looters in the past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and project this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering device.

Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:

Tourists travel to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually go to Giza as part of excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the tour is usually designed for 2 days.

The great buildings are available for visiting only during working hours, usually until 17:00, in the month of Ramadan - until 15:00. It is not recommended to go inside for asthmatics, as well as people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases. You must take with you on the tour drinking water and headwear. The tour fee consists of several parts:

1. Entrance to the complex.
2. Entrance inside the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
3. Entrance to the Museum of the Solar boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.

Against the backdrop of the Egyptian pyramids, many people like to take photos while sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.

Pyramid of Djoser

The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, near Memphis - former capital Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the Cheops necropolis, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering.

The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself does not have a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides of 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, inside it there are 12 burial chambers, where Djoser himself and members of his family were supposedly buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during the excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by a stone wall 10 m high. At present, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, whose age is approaching 4700 years, has been preserved quite well.

Ancient Egypt. Do we know everything about this most famous country, about its history? Let's look at this antiquity, on the other hand. From the time the first photographs appeared, what the antiquities actually looked like at that time, because the Sphinx was then still up to its head in the sand. Let's look at the remnants of the "Hellenistic culture" in the form of "Fayum portraits" and the "Rosetta Stone" when Egypt was under the rule of ancient rome. This culture was destroyed by Napoleon, along with cultural heritage Mamluks and their authorities. We will also try to find out who the Hyksos are and why the Slavic haplogroup R1A is present in the Jewish people.

When the first photographs appeared, the scientific world, interested in revealing many secrets ancient egypt, hastened to capture in the pictures, sensational at that time ancient majestic monuments. Expeditions were equipped one after another, but the predecessor of these historical discoveries was Napoleon's military campaign in Egypt. What was the most important for this, the destruction of the Mamluk dynasty and the overthrow of their power, the destruction of inconvenient artifacts or other reasons, we can only guess.

Of course, Egypt is full of all sorts of secrets, for example, in the photographs below, what is it, electric lighting? Scientists tried to recreate ancient lighting devices according to the images, and lo and behold, it all worked, not in vain, because there is no soot from torches and candles in huge dungeons.

When the first photographs of Egypt appeared, the ancient monuments appeared before us not in at its best, almost everywhere solid ruins. Later, after the restoration, we will admire the technologies of the ancients and admire their achievements, but for now let's see how they looked at the beginning.

When the tombs were discovered, scientists tried to capture this sensation in a photograph, here is one of the tombs with the burial of Tutankhamun and its ancient treasures.

Statues of a pharaoh guarding the sealed doors between them. On the right side is a large funeral bouquet. In the foreground on the right is a chest, on the vaulted lid of which there are paintings depicting a lion on the hunt, the walls are decorated with battle scenes of the pharaoh's wars against African and Asian enemies. Inside is Tutankhamun's clothes. The oblong box contains the underwear of the king. Hathor, the cow goddess, is one side of the royal ceremonial divan.

In the foreground, on the right, is the pharaoh's chair, made of solid ebony, inlaid with ivory and gold. The legs of the chair are made in the form of duck heads, and the seat is covered with animal skin. In the background stands a large wooden chest, and below it is the throne of the pharaoh, covered with gold and silver, inlaid with semi-precious stones. On the back of the throne is a tablet with the names of the pharaoh and his wife. On the left side are parts of the four royal chariots. They bear the name of Tutankhamen and the cartouche of his wife Ankhsenamun.

On each side of the vases are depicted lotuses and papyri are attached, on which symbols meaning "one hundred thousand years" are applied. These scrolls signify the unity of the "Two Lands" - Upper and Lower Egypt. Although the ointments spent 3,300 years in Tutankhamun's tomb, they retained their fragrance.

The wooden statue is covered with black resin. The headdress, collar, armlets, bracelets, dresses, mace are gilded, and the sandals are made of gold. On the forehead is a cobra inlaid with bronze and gold. The eye sockets and eyebrows are golden, the eyes are of aragonite.

In ancient Egypt, not only people, but also animals were subjected to mummification.

Favorite pets of rich Egyptians, especially the nobility and pharaohs, were obliged to serve their masters in the other world. By status, sacred animals were supposed to be present in the afterlife of people. separate category were animals and their parts intended for food.

Pets were killed in a non-traumatic way - X-rays showed no traces of violence on their mummies. All the rest simply "went under the knife." In total, the ancient Egyptians embalmed thousands of animals of various sizes - from geese to bulls. It is interesting that in the burials there are examples of "hack-work", when mummifiers extremely carelessly packed pieces of meat for their high-ranking customers.

On the basis of the found artifacts of Egypt, whole sciences for their study appeared. The most interesting thing for scientists was the decoding of the Egyptian sign letter, which could not be deciphered in any way. And at one time there was a hope that at last the Egyptian letter would be read. On June 15, 1799, an officer of the French troops, P. Bouchard, during the construction of a fort near the Arab town of Rosetta, located in the western part of the Nile Delta, found a stone with inscriptions, which was called Rosetta.

This stone was sent to the Institute of Egypt in Cairo. Since the French fleet was completely destroyed by the English fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson, as a result of which the connection between Napoleon's troops and France was interrupted, the French command decided to leave Egypt, handing over the found ancient Egyptian monuments, including the Rosetta Stone, to the British. The latter, in turn, completed what Napoleon started - they finished off the remnants of the Egyptian nobility, the Mamluks.

The Rosetta Stone is 114.4 cm high and 72.3 cm wide. It is a fragment of a tall stele. Three inscriptions are engraved on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - a hieroglyphic text, in the middle - a demotic text, at the bottom - a text in ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. Of the hieroglyphic text, only the last fourteen lines have been preserved, but even they are chipped off all fourteen on the right side, twelve on the left. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go from right to left, because the heads of people and animals look to the right. Thus, the endings of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) have remained unchanged to our time, which made it possible to decipher the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.

In 2005, Macedonian scientists T. Boszewski and A. Tentov presented to the international scientific community a work that was the result of research carried out within the framework of the project "Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone", which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, when they started their research, the Macedonian scholars were sure that the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, which they were going to study, must definitely have the characteristics of the Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since Ancient Egypt was ruled for a long time by the ancient Slavic dynasty of the Ptolemies, whose homeland was ancient Macedonia, then the decoding of Demotic writing must be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages.

Their hypothesis was confirmed, and as a result of the research that scientists came to, the identification and sound identification of the syllabic graphemes of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels, became. The language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is Proto-Slavonic.

Modern scholarship supports the theory that two scripts - hieroglyphic and demotic - were used to write the state act on the Rosetta Stone in one - ancient Egyptian. That is, when writing the middle text and the text at the top of the Rosetta Stone, the same language was used. Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov proved that one of the ancient Slavic languages ​​was used when writing the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. Therefore, when deciphering the hieroglyphic text, one of the Slavic languages ​​should also be used. Below is a translation of the text, but it must be taken into account that some records are chipped off on the stone on the right and left.

Here's how the translation sounded:

1. We honor and appreciate the wounds of the shooters, they get on their feet ...
2. The very veneration of the Father and the Son has passed. No praise to You. We honor the sun with the gods. We bow and we are wounded early, and in the afternoon ...
3. And the Sun of God lives me with Its rays. He satisfies the hungry with His grace. We ourselves are imbued with these praises, saving our souls. If our warriors...
4. 3000 honors these, and we plunge in order to wash away and drive away. We pierce, not aiming at You: for the sake of particles we pierce. Her Son lives! His Name will drive away the offspring of Satan, so that with Him ...
5. We will keep the veneration of Her, we will keep Her sayings in the scriptures. The Antichrist lies himself. This creature considers it a stranger. Destroy her! He himself gives this poison to drink to those who are not his own, and - here we are drinking it!
6. They are not the snakes that were spoken of. Because they don't belong to her. Yours, the King, Who called Her the Sun, we see living faces! Yours, who called her the Lamb.
7. Three hundred new gods. Ours is the Two. We honor the Two, honor, appreciate, revere, exalt, being God's fishers. Tell everyone, tell everyone. Interest people, talk about your strangers: "We are the sons of the King, Who called Her the Sun"...
8. The brainchild is someone else's to us. Do not honor the new gods, because they are vile. Remember covenants. Is it possible to be afraid of this, because we honor our own? "They are strangers to you. We see that we honor and honor," they will tell you ...
9. Thinks: "Love, rutens." But I see: neither one's own speech is flowing - another revered one ... And we honor that one, and by that we show devotion. So that this family of hers be tormented by the spirits of malice - both. Night darkness...
10. "She does not groan, but breathes. Our ruler runs behind. Here we are sheep behind him," we say. Rus was...
11. ... Her Niva. We are already talking to other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are alien spirits, not kings in the Father and the Son. No one hears the words of their mouths. O Lower Rome, horror itself is you! And in it, in Rome...
12. ... Who called her the Sun, countless behold. Let us honor, thank, appreciate the resurrected thousands of sons for this. They didn't resurrect themselves. We are only gods in it. Other faces strengthen our faith. We see and we will see it again. Both we and the warriors...
13. "... We see the sun. We give it to them. Here they are revered as saints, already during their lifetime. I command him to give it to his wife. We see the veneration of these two. But they acquired the mind of a stranger, and the men of Lower Rome worship only the honored husband, because they are not gods"...
14. Alive, Zheno... The kings have already spoken: this king is outside of her. She praises you, the Risen One. After all, these new gods are alien to her. We see you, the King, who called Her Sun.

As you can see, this is the time of "ancient Rome", with which they are so dissatisfied. The Roman power in Egypt left its Hellenistic mark, these are the so-called Fayum portraits.

Hellenism was formed as a result of campaigns of Alexander the Great to the East. The Greek states that formed after this campaign created the ground for mixing the culture of the conquerors and local peoples. This mixture of the ancient tradition with the traditions of ancient Egypt, Persia, etc., is Hellenism. The Roman Empire, having conquered most of the Hellenistic states, also entered the cultural area of ​​Hellenism. And on this basis of the synthesis of Western and Eastern traditions, the great Byzantine culture later arose.

This discovery in Egypt of half-looted burials of the period of Roman rule became a kind of sensation. In 1887, mummies were discovered in the Fayum oasis, the appearance of which differed from those that have been found so far. Traditionally, Egyptian mummies were enclosed in cases or sarcophagi, which were decorated with masks that reproduce the features of the deceased. But there were no masks in the Fayum burials, instead of them there were picturesque portraits of the deceased. These portraits produced an indelible effect on the cultural public of the late 19th century. They continue to amaze even now.

Since most of the artifacts were found in the area of ​​the Fayum oasis, the name "Fayum portraits" was assigned to them. Although later similar paintings were discovered in other regions of Egypt: in Memphis, Antinopol, Akhmim and Thebes.

In total, more than 900 portraits have been found to date. The time of creation of these portraits of the 1st-3rd centuries A.D. - the time when Egypt was conquered by the Romans. A few centuries before that, the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, the descendants of one of the associates of Alexander the Great, ruled in Egypt. The ruling elite, of course, were also Greeks. Therefore, it is not surprising that simultaneously with the traditional Egyptian art, there was also the art of the Greek conquerors, and the synthesized Hellenistic art, which absorbed both traditions.

This affected all aspects of the cultural and religious life of the ancient Egyptians of this period, including funeral rites. Examples of funerary images have come down to us, made both in the more ancient, proper Egyptian tradition (relief funeral masks), and in the newer Greco-Roman tradition (funeral portraits).

It is well known what great importance the ancient Egyptians paid to the afterlife. And funeral images were one of the most important aspects of life beyond the grave. The ancient Egyptians believed that after the death of a person, his mystical double - Ka - is separated from the body, but he can move into the image of the deceased and thus receive new life. It was for this that the Egyptians made various images of the deceased. It was very important that the artist achieve the maximum similarity of the image with the deceased, otherwise Ka may not recognize his portrait and will be doomed to wander.

Fayum portraits were not just an image of a person, not just a "photo" that would convey his momentary appearance. They portrayed a person "from the point of view of eternity", the artists sought to depict not just the appearance of the deceased, but his eternal soul (although, of course, the word "soul" in this case should be used with a certain degree of caution, because the ideas about it in ancient Egyptian religion is not very consistent with Christian doctrine). One way or another, the Fayum portrait is an image of an eternal, in a certain sense, immortal personality.

It is this circumstance that makes the Fayum portrait related to the icon. And, just as the Hellenic philosophers are sometimes called "Christians before Christ", since ancient philosophy prepared the ground on which theology grew, so the Fayum portrait can, in a sense, be called "an icon before icon painting."

Behind recent times there was a lot of literature on the book shelves, covering the Jewish question. The Jewish people are inextricably linked with the history of ancient Egypt, even in the Bible a lot of time is devoted to this people. They write a lot about their character, goals, worldview, influence on the culture of other peoples, the economy, etc. But the question arises why it is the Jewish question that is being discussed, and not the Ukrainian, Georgian, Tatar or any other nationality? How are Jews different from any other nation? The fact that they are scattered, but the gypsies also roam all over the world. But no one cares about the gypsy issue. To understand the question of concern to many, let us turn to the primary sources that would give answers to these questions:

Where, when and how did the Jews appear? So far, the only source is the Torah (the Pentateuch of Moses - the Old Testament). "Slavery and Exodus". It is known that the Jews wanted to leave Egypt, but the pharaoh persisted, and God sent ten plagues to the people of Egypt as a punishment. Before the tenth plague, in the month of the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, the Lord said to Moses: "Let this month be the beginning of your months" (Exodus, 12:2). That is, this is the starting point for the beginning of the calculation of the Jewish people. But why not earlier? Here's why. "As established by science. In general, Jews have never been to Egypt" (V. Kandyba

"Emotional hypnosis" p.42). What happens, the Jews left Egypt? - Yes, they did.

Were they there? - Not. To answer these two mutually exclusive questions, one must look into the depths of Egyptian history. 1700 BC Aryan warriors on horseback and chariots from the territory of present-day Ukraine, Russia and the North Caucasus moved south and easily conquered Egypt. The fair-haired and blue-eyed Hyksos (as the Egyptians called them) settled the Nile Delta and built their capital Avaris. The rulers of southern Egypt recognized the power of the Hyksos. The Hyksos simplified the Egyptian script, helped create an alphabetic script. Part of the Hyksos mixed with the local population - mestizos appeared. These mestizos form the Semitic tribes.

But the Hyksos made one big mistake, for which they paid in the future - they did not eliminate the priestly class of Egypt. The priests of Egypt possessed great knowledge, they were interested not only in earthly affairs, but also in biology, astrology, sociology and even anatomy. (V. Prus "Pharaoh"). With the help of Ahmose I in 1550 BC. the priests liquidated the power of the Hyksos, and before them was the task; what to do with them?

The Egyptian priests of the cult of Amun, after analyzing the international situation, came to the conclusion that Palestine was the main transit hub of the then caravan and sea routes in the Mediterranean. Thebes and Memphis, standing aside from trade routes and related information flows, became inconvenient for managing the Mediterranean-West Asian civilization as a whole.

For the hierarchs of the priests of Amon, who encroached on world domination, it was expedient to seize the main information node. But, mindful of the military failures of Egypt's many wars with Canaan, the quackery hierarchy of Amun was the first in history to develop the concept cold war for world domination by the method of "cultural" cooperation, in which the psychological processing of both the enemy, and most importantly, the social group used as an instrument of aggression, which goes beyond their worldview, takes precedence over the weapons of war that are understandable to most in the usual sense of the word, as a means destruction of the foundations of society and the oppression of people. The transition to war by immaterial means made aggression invisible to its victims for many centuries.

After the goals have been determined, little is left. Where can I get this social group?

Fortunately, the Egyptian priests had this "tool" at their fingertips. In Egypt at that time both pure Hyksos and mestizos lived. It is clear that mestizos are easier to work with than pure Hyksos. Separation of these ethnic groups is carried out.

Pure Hyksos migrate to the upper reaches of the Nile, and mestizos to the lower reaches. After this operation, the priests Moses and Aron are introduced into the mestizo society. It is difficult for any crowd to organize itself; a shepherd is needed. After a certain time, after the indoctrination of the mestizos, an exodus from Egypt takes place (about 1443-1350 BC). So that pure Hyksos would not get under their feet during the Sinai hike, they were kept for another 100 years, and then expelled from Egypt. Although the Hyksos were in Egypt for about 200 years, there is a lot of archaeological information about them.

According to the Bible, the Jews from the time of the coming of Joseph until the Exodus lived in Egypt for about 400 years. But it is strange how much archaeologists do not tear themselves, they do not find traces of their stay in Egypt, and they will not find them, unless they slip some nonsense.

Now consider the liberation from slavery and the forty-year campaign in Sinai.

When questioning the Jews: "Why did Moses lead your ancestors for 40 years through the desert, which is equal in size to Crimean peninsula?" The answer was always of this nature: "To beat out the spirit of slavery."

"Well, let's say" - "And when Nebuchadnezzar captured the Jewish state and kept the Jews in captivity for 70 years, why didn't they again make a trip to some desert?" A shrug in response.

Let's go back to slavery and the Exodus. Before the exodus, Moses turned to "the sons of Israel, so that they take their small and cattle" (Exodus, 12:32), "so that each one from his neighbor and each from her neighbor should beg for things of silver and things of gold and clothes" (Exodus, 11 :2). "And they (the Egyptians) gave him (the people of Israel), and he robbed the Egyptians" (Exodus 12:34).

Yes, one can only dream of such slavery. The fact that the "sons of Israel" did not really want to leave Egypt, and "slavery" even suited them, is noted in the Bible more than once.

"Isn't that what we said to you in Egypt, saying: leave us, let us work for the Egyptians?" (Exodus 14:12).

“Is it not enough that you brought us out of a land flowing with milk and honey to destroy us in the wilderness” (Numbers 16:13).

"Oh, that we would die by the hand of the Lord in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the cauldrons of meat, when we ate our fill of bread!" (Exodus 16:3).

"We remember the fish that the Egyptians ate for free, cucumbers and melons and onions and onions and garlic" (Numbers 11:5). Those. one conclusion emerges. A bunch of people were fooled and lured into the desert, and then you already know.

Why do the Jews have the haplogroup R1A, does it belong to the Slavic-Aryans?

Let's start with the fact that in the formed Khazar Khaganate, the Khazar Slavs and Turks adopted Judaism. From the Khazar Slavs, an extensive tribe of Jews was formed, which bears the name of Ashkenazi. Sephardim are those Jews who came there from Persia and Babylon, but among them there is a small part of the Slavic haplogroup "I". Haplogroup "J" among the Jews is the largest, but here's what's interesting.

When the Jewish people appeared, we are well aware of the Bible, which is readily used by historians, archaeologists, and now geneticists. Meanwhile, the division of haplogroup J into two groups, according to DNA genealogy, occurred about ten thousand years ago (10,000!), i.e. when there were no Jews. And, therefore, one of the two haplogroups: J1 or J2 can in no way be ancestral to the Jewish people. And then both groups. Because in addition to haplogroups J1 and J2 (according to the most representative publication of DNA data (Hammer, 2009) J2 prevails over J1), Jews have a high percentage of people with haplogroups (in descending order) E (Hitler haplogroup), G, R1b, R1a and even the Siberian Q.

Therefore, the base haplogroup of Jews can be any of several of the above (J1, J2, E; others from the list are less likely). But scientific publications stubbornly obscure this picture of the frequency of haplogroups among Jews, reducing everything either to J1 + J2, or even just to one J1. The rest of the haplogroups simply do not notice. Sleight of hand, such manipulation of DNA data can hardly be called anything else.

DNA analyzes of the descendants of the Levites also turned out to be unexpected. Only 10% of Ashkenazi Jews had one of the haplogroups J, and the rest had Indo-European R1a (half of all Ashkenazi Levites), Western European (according to AB - the Semitic-Hurrian haplogroup of the Pelasgians) R1b, as well as E, I, N, Q, etc. Among the Sephardi Levites, the picture is different: about 40% have haplogroup J, but minuscule R1a. As you can see, there are a lot of oddities in the genealogy of Jews; traditional science cannot give convincing explanations. And yet science does not like to remember the dispersion of the Jews after the destruction of the kingdom of Israel by ancient Rome.

Well, our haplogroup R was found in Southern Siberia. It was formed from the parent haplogroup P, and in the same place (apparently) its "brother", haplogroup Q, was formed. Therefore, their genomes should be very similar. Haplogroup Q went to a large (or noticeable) extent to the Americas and became American Indians. Haplogroup R continued to produce new descending haplogroups - R1, R1a, R1b, which largely left for Europe many millennia ago (R1a came to Europe 8-10 thousand years ago, R1b - about 5 thousand years ago), R was noticed, in particular , in the Caucasus, and indeed should be scattered along the entire migration route from Southern Siberia, as well as the haplogroups R1a and R1b, which are still found in Siberia, and among the Uyghurs, and among the Turks, and in general all the way up to Europe , and, of course, in Europe, where R1a occupies half of Eastern Europe, and R1b - more than half Western Europe. In other words, haplogroups R and Q diverged in diametrically opposite directions, but had very close genomes.

And what language could the Hyksos speak, if not Proto-Slavic? The decipherment of the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone also showed the origins of the Proto-Slavic language. It took almost 500 years for Egyptian healers to smoothly transfer their wards from Proto-Slavic to Hebrew. But traces remain. In order to hide the truth from the Jews about their true origin, the authors of the Bible, the priests of the cult of Amon, never mention the Hyksos in the "sacred" book, although the time of the Hyksos dominance in Egypt and the "Egyptian captivity" coincide. And from the plot of Genesis, it turns out that the "Jews" did not notice that for 150 years they were held captive by the Hyksos along with the Egyptians. So there was something to hide.

Distribution of haplogroups among Jews according to FTDNA.

Haplogroups:

J1c3d - 17.3%, most of it since its formation.
- E1b1b1 - 18.2%, the ancient haplogroup and different subclades could enter at different times. Probably most after the exodus from Egypt.
- J2a4 - 16.3%, most at the initial stage, part after the Babylonian captivity and part already in Europe.
- R1b - 14.9%, cannot be reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation, and part is already in Europe.
- I - 3.9%, it could be called x, Aryan, Hyperborean, Rusyn, but the truth is hushed up.

Q1b - 3.6%, possibly after the Babylonian captivity, and possibly later from the Khazars.

J2b - 4.2%, haplogroups J1 and J2 are not exclusive to Jews. To varying degrees, they are found among many Caucasian peoples, which does not at all indicate their Jewishness, it is observed among the inhabitants of the Mediterranean, immigrants from the Middle East, and there is a lot of it in India.
- G (G1, G2a, G2c) - 7.5%, not reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation.
- R2 - 1.6%, probably from the environment of European gypsies in the Middle Ages.
- R1a1 - 7.9%, possibly after the Babylonian captivity, and possibly later from the Khazars.
- T1 - 3.1%, not reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation.
- E1(xE1b1b1) - 1.4%.

Now globalization is sweeping by leaps and bounds on the planet, everything will come down to building a completely new society on the whole Earth, with a single religion and a single government. Again, as in the song: "we old world destroy, and then ... ", but with one amendment. Those who have written on their foreheads that they are the chosen ones must this new world bring on a "plate with a blue border" to those who created them and who herd this herd, and the "chosen ones" themselves will go to the slaughter. Artifacts are not easily destroyed, history is rewritten, libraries are burned, museums are robbed, as in Egypt (Cairo), or antiquities are destroyed, as in Syria. Those who once created this history according to antiquities are now destroying it.