Between what meridians and parallels is the Crimea. All extreme points of the Crimean peninsula

Look at the map of our Motherland. In the extreme south of the European part, a peninsula resembling an irregular quadrangle juts out deeply. He is small. Its area is only about 26 thousand square meters. km - 14 times less. In the north, narrow (up to 8 km), it is connected to the mainland, in the south and west it is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, in the northeast and east by the Sea of ​​Azov and the Kerch Strait.

In the distant geological past, there were vast seas in the south: Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic. The bottom of the Pontic sea-lake began to rise, and its waters finally gathered in two basins: the Black Sea and the Caspian, which were first connected by the Kumo-Manych Strait. They either connected with through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, then separated from it.

The modern Black Sea arose about 10 thousand years ago. It is one of the deepest seas in our country. Along its shores stretches a strip of coastal shallow water - with depths of up to 200 m. This shoal descends in several more or less steep ledges to the central part of the bottom. Max Depth Black Sea - 2245 m.

The Black Sea is warm. In summer, surface waters in the open sea warm up to 24-25°, and in shallow coastal waters to 28-29°. In winter, surface water temperatures high seas 6-7°. The temperature of the coastal waters generally stays around 0°C with slight fluctuations. In this regard, in its coastal part, the sea freezes only in especially cold winters.

Located inside the mainland, desalinated by the rivers flowing into it, the Black Sea is a medium basin. The salinity of its surface waters is 16-18 ppm, that is, 16-18 weight parts of salt per 1000 weight parts of water. The deep waters of the Black Sea are saturated with hydrogen sulfide and therefore lifeless.

Its organic world is very peculiar. There are fish that previously inhabited the Pontic sea-lake - Pontic relics, which include beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, kilka, some types of gobies, etc. There are fish that, in the cold eras of the past, descended from the south, penetrated into the Mediterranean Sea, and from it to Black. Representatives of this so-called boreal-Atlantic group of fish are sprats, salmon, flounder-glossa, shark-katran, stingray - sea fox.

There are, although rarely, representatives of the Arctic fauna - seals. In 1934, a seal was seen near Batumi.

The most numerous and diverse fish of the Mediterranean fauna: mullet, mackerel, horse mackerel, red mullet, bonito, sea bass, crucian carp, flounder, stingray - sea cat.

Small fish also live: needlefish, seahorse, stickleback.

Two species of Mediterranean fish are poisonous. This is a sea ruff (scorpionfish) and a sea dragon. The ruff at the base of the second ray of the dorsal fin has a gland that produces a poisonous fluid that causes a painful inflammatory process.

A big and daring predator is the swordfish. In a state of irritation, she attacks not only fishing scows, but even passing ships.

Crimea is located within 44o23' (Cape Sarych) and 46o15' (Perekop ditch) of northern latitude and 32o30' (Cape Karamrun) and 36o40' (Cape Lantern) of east longitude. The area of ​​the Crimean peninsula is 26.0 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.
A narrow eight-kilometer strip of land in the north (Perekop Isthmus) connects Crimea with the mainland, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the east (the length of the strait is about 41 km) - separates it from Taman Peninsula. The total length of the Crimean borders exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme sinuosity coastline northeast). On the whole, the shores of Crimea are little indented, the Black Sea forms three large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodossky; The Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov also formed three bays: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

Physical and geographical position of Crimea generally differs in the following most characteristic features. Firstly, the location of the peninsula at 45o north latitude determines its equal distance from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a sufficiently large amount of incoming solar energy and a large number of hours of sunshine. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. This is connected, on the one hand, with a large number of endemics (plant species that are not found anywhere except in this area) and endemics (similar animal species); on the other hand, this explains the significant deprivation of the Crimean fauna; in addition, the climate and other natural components are significantly influenced by the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, which leads to the predominance of westerly winds in Crimea, is of particular importance. Crimea occupies a border position between the temperate and subtropical geographical zones.

Features of the transport and geographical position of Crimea in the past determined the nature of the population of the peninsula and the specifics of its economy. In the Middle Ages, Crimea was a kind of dead end on the way of many nomadic tribes. Many settled here and perceived the local languages, culture, religion.
The maritime environment of the Crimea determined not only the peculiarities of external economic relations, but also the development of coastal recreation. Through the Danube and Dnieper rivers, Crimea has access to the ports of Central Europe, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and through the Don and the canal system of European Russia - to the Baltic and White Seas, the Caspian states.

A favorable feature of the economic and geographical position of the Crimea is its neighborhood with the economically developed Kherson and Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and with Krasnodar Territory RF.

State and territorial structure
The capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol. The territorial-administrative composition of Crimea includes villages, urban-type settlements, cities. Sevastopol has a special status as a “separate administrative unit”, but is an integral part of Crimea.

Languages ​​spoken in Crimea- Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

The central figure of the coat of arms of Crimea is a white (silver) griffin holding a shell with a blue (azure) pearl in its raised paw. Griffin (winged lion with an eagle head) - a mythological creature - a symbol ancient cities Chersonese, Panticapaeum and others, in later times - the cities of Sevastopol and Kerch.
Since ancient times, the griffin has been credited with protective properties. On the coat of arms of the Crimea, he is depicted as a symbol of the guardian and defender of the republic. The blue pearl symbolizes Crimea as a unique corner of the planet, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures.
The griffin is placed on the Varangian shield (small coat of arms) - a symbol of the intersection of important trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage, bravery and courage of the peoples of Crimea of ​​all ages.
The shield is held by antique marble columns. The top of the coat of arms is the rising golden sun - a symbol of rebirth and prosperity, warmth and light.
Under the shield, wrapped in rings around the columns, there is a blue-white-red (colors of the Crimean flag) motto ribbon with the inscription: "Prosperity in unity."

Crimean nature
The natural museum is called the nature of the Crimea. There are few places in the world where a variety of comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be so originally combined. In many ways, they are due to the peculiarity of the geographical location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Large - northern - is located on the extreme temperate zone, southern - the Crimean sub-Mediterranean - belongs to the northern outskirts of the subtropical zone.
The flora of Crimea is especially rich and interesting. Only wild-growing higher plants account for more than 65% of the flora of the entire European part of the Commonwealth countries. Along with this, about 1000 species of alien plants are cultivated here. Almost the entire flora of Crimea is concentrated in its southern mountainous part. This is truly a museum wealth of flora.

The climate of most of the Crimea- this is the climate of the temperate zone: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, typical for deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and shrubs.
The Crimean peninsula is provided with a large amount of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January, 8-10 times more heat is received here per unit of the earth's surface per day than, for example, in St. Petersburg.
Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring here is cooler than autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm. True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day sharply exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people who are not quite healthy.
In the Crimea, which is well supplied with heat, the biological productivity of plants, including agricultural crops, and the resistance of landscapes to loads largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly growing both among the local population and the national economy, primarily rural and resort. So the water in the Crimea is the true engine of life and culture.
A relatively small amount of precipitation, a long dry summer, and the spread of karst rocks in the mountains have led to the poverty of Crimea in surface waters. Crimea is divided into two parts: a flat steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountainous forest with a relatively dense river network. There are no big ones here. fresh lakes. In the seaside strip of the flat Crimea there are about 50 lakes-estuaries with a total area of ​​5.3 thousand square kilometers.

In Crimea, there are 1657 rivers and temporary streams with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km long. Only the Salgir River has a length of more than 200 km. The river network is developed on the peninsula extremely unevenly.
Depending on the direction of surface water runoff, the division of the Crimean rivers into three groups is accepted: the rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean mountains, the rivers of the southern coast of Crimea, the rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean mountains.
All rivers of the northwestern slopes flow almost parallel to each other. Approximately up to the middle of their course, they look like typical mountain streams. The largest of them are Alma, Kacha, Belbek and Chernaya.
The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep slopes of the channels, and a stormy temper in floods.
In the west, in addition to the usually dry ravines and the Khastabash stream, the largest is the Uchan-Su river. Rapidly running to the sea, it forms waterfalls in four places. The topmost and largest of them (Flying Water).
The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains are distinguished by the fact that outside the mountains they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash - the lagoon of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. In the upper reaches of the river there is always water, and within the plains in summer their channels are often dry.
Salgir is the most long river Crimea. Together with the Biyuk-Karasu tributary, it represents the largest water system in the Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir are formed from the confluence of the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. Near the village of Zarechnoye, a large tributary of the Ayan flows into the Salgir. Salgir fills the large Simferopol reservoir, built in 1951-1955. Below Simferopol, the river receives right tributaries - the rivers Beshterek, Zuya, Burulcha, and 27 km from Sivash - Biyuk-Karasu. The Taigan and Belogorsk reservoirs were built on Biyuk-Karasu.

Population of Crimea
The population of Crimea is distributed unevenly across the territory. 50% of the republic's population lives on the coast. In 1991, 69% of the population lived in cities, and 31% of the population lived in rural areas. 43% of the Crimean population lives in four major cities: Sevastopol (371.4 thousand people in 1991), Simferopol (357 thousand people), Kerch (189.5 thousand people) and Evpatoria (113.3 thousand people).
Crimea is characterized by an increase in the number of cities and urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements. In recent years, cities such as Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, have appeared on the map of Crimea. The number of urban-type settlements is growing rapidly - more than 2 times since 1959.
The bulk of the Crimean population is made up of workers (about 60 percent), employees - 28, peasants - less than 11 percent.

Education
Crimea has always been distinguished not only by a high proportion of the urban population, but also by a high level of literacy and education of the inhabitants. For every thousand inhabitants in the cities there were 900, and in the villages 730 people with higher, secondary specialized and secondary education.
The training of highly qualified specialists is carried out by 6 state higher educational institutions (Simferopol State University, Crimean Medical Institute, Crimean Agricultural Institute, Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute. Crimean Institute of Environmental Protection and Resort Construction, Crimean State Industrial Pedagogical Institute), two branches of universities - Kyiv Economic University (in Simferopol) and the Kaliningrad Fish School (in Kerch), as well as several commercial universities.
Military specialists are being trained by the military institute in Sevastopol and the civil engineering school in Simferopol.
In recent years, colleges have been established on a commercial basis. 30 secondary specialized educational institutions are engaged in the training of specialists. Vocational schools train personnel in 120 specialties.
Academic and cultural institutions operate in Crimea. There are several professional theaters and a philharmonic society, an art gallery in Feodosia. A large number of newspapers are published. There are a large number of museums in Crimea, many of which are connected with the fate of outstanding writers, artists, scientists who lived on the peninsula.

Economic appearance of Crimea
The economic appearance of the Crimea, the structure, the nature of the location of industries and the population evolved mainly in accordance with its natural and socio-economic conditions.
Until 1917, the republic's economy was predominantly agrarian. Gradually, it developed into an industrial-agrarian one.
Crimea stands out for its diversified agricultural and recreational economy, the production of soda ash, titanium dioxide, sulfuric acid, technological equipment for the food industry, televisions, ocean-going ships, fish and fish products. In addition to mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, agriculture and recreation, the food industry, which produces grape wines, canned fruits and vegetables, and essential oils, also belongs to the branches of specialization.
In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to the food industry, followed by mechanical engineering and metalworking, the chemical industry, and the building materials industry.
Crimean agriculture is specialized in grain and livestock breeding, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as in the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, rose, sage). The volumes of gross output of livestock and crop production are balanced.
Maritime transport is of great importance for the republic. Through the Crimean ports, export-import transportation of various cargoes is carried out. The most important ports are Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria. The largest port city is Sevastopol.

recreational economy is one of the leading branches of the republic. From Latin, recreation is translated as “recovery”, meaning the restoration of the physical and psychophysiological conditions of a person. The composition of the recreational economy includes; sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist hotels and camp sites, campsites, children's camps. The recreational economy works on beach, balneological and climatic resources, therapeutic mud, sea water, and landscape resources.

Sectors of social infrastructure of Crimea- public utilities, consumer services, public education, public catering, trade, health care, social security, culture, physical education, credit and insurance, science and scientific services - are distinguished by a high level of development.

Crimea today is the blessed land of the Crimean peninsula, washed by the Black and Azov Seas. In the north it stretches a plain, in the south - the Crimean mountains with a necklace near the coastal strip of seaside resort towns: Yalta, Miskhor, Alupka, Simeiz, Gurzuf, Alushta, Feodosia, Evpatoria and seaports- Kerch, Sevastopol.

Crimea is located within 44°23" (Cape Sarych) and 46°15" (Perekop ditch) of northern latitude, 32°30" (Cape Karamrun) and 36°40" (Cape Lantern) of eastern longitude The area of ​​the Crimean peninsula is 26.0 thousand km. the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.

A narrow eight-kilometer strip of land to the north (Perekop Isthmus) connects Crimea from the mainland, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the east (the length of the strait is about 41 km) - separates it from the Taman Peninsula. The total length of the borders of Crimea exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme sinuosity of the coastline of the northeast). On the whole, the coasts of Crimea are little indented, the Black Sea forms three large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; The Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov also formed three bays: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

The physical and geographical position of the Crimea as a whole is distinguished by the following most characteristic features. Firstly, the location of the peninsula at 45° north latitude determines its equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a sufficiently large amount of incoming solar energy and a large number of hours of sunshine. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. This is connected, on the one hand, with a large number of endemics (plant species that are not found anywhere except in a given area) and endemics (similar animal species); on the other hand, this explains the significant depletion of the Crimean fauna; in addition, the climate and other components of nature are significantly influenced by the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, which leads to the predominance of westerly winds in Crimea, is of particular importance. Crimea occupies a border position between the temperate and subtropical geographical zones.

Features of the transport and geographical position of the Crimea in the past determined the nature of the population of the peninsula and the specifics of its economy. In the Middle Ages, Crimea was a kind of dead end on the way of many nomadic tribes. Many settled here and adopted the local languages, culture and religion.

The maritime environment of the Crimea determined not only the peculiarities of external economic relations, but also the development of coastal recreation. Through the Danube and Dnieper rivers, Crimea has access to the ports of the countries of Central Europe, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and through the Don and the canal system of European Russia - to the Baltic and White Seas, the Caspian states.

A favorable feature of the economic and geographical position of the Crimea is its proximity to the economically developed Kherson and Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation.

The natural museum is called the nature of the Crimea. There are few places in the world where diverse, comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be so originally combined. In many ways, they are due to the peculiarity of the geographical location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Large - northern - is located in the extreme south of the temperate zone, southern - the Crimean sub-Mediterranean - belongs to the northern outskirts of the subtropical zone.

The flora of Crimea is especially rich and interesting. Only wild-growing higher plants account for more than 65% of the flora of the entire European part of the Commonwealth countries. Along with this, about 1000 species of alien plants are cultivated here. Almost the entire flora of Crimea is concentrated in its southern mountainous part. This is truly a museum wealth of flora.

The climate of most of the Crimea is the climate of the temperate zone: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, typical for broad-leaved forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and shrubs.

Crimea, especially its mountainous part, due to the comfortable climate, the saturation of clean air, toned with phytoncides, sea salts, and the pleasant aroma of plants, also has great healing power. The earth's interior also contains healing mud and mineral waters.

The Crimean peninsula is provided with a large amount of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January, 8-10 times more heat per unit of the earth's surface per day is received here than, for example, in St. Petersburg. Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring here is cooler than autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm.

True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people who are not quite healthy. In the Crimea, which is well supplied with heat, the biological productivity of plants, including agricultural crops, and the resistance of landscapes to loads largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly growing both among the local population and the national economy, primarily rural and resort. So the water in the Crimea is the true engine of life and culture.

A relatively small amount of atmospheric precipitation, a long dry summer, and the spread of karst rocks in the mountains have led to the poverty of Crimea in surface waters.

Crimea is divided into two parts: a flat steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountainous forest with a relatively dense river network. There are no large fresh lakes here. In the seaside strip of the flat Crimea there are about 50 lake limans with a total area of ​​5.3 thousand km2.

In Crimea, there are 1657 rivers and temporary streams with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km long. Only the Salgir River has a length of more than 200 km. The river network is developed on the peninsula extremely unevenly.

Depending on the direction of surface water runoff, the division of the Crimean rivers into three groups is accepted: the rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean mountains, the rivers of the southern coast of Crimea, the rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean mountains.

All rivers of the northwestern slopes flow almost parallel to each other. Approximately up to the middle of their course, they look like typical mountain streams. The largest of them are Alma, Kacha, Belbek and Chernaya.

The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep slopes of the channels, and a stormy temper in floods.

In the west, in addition to the usually dry ravines and the Khastabash stream, the largest is the Uchan-Su river. Rapidly running to the sea, it forms waterfalls in four places. The highest and largest of them is Wuchang-Su (Flying Water).

The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains are distinguished by the fact that outside the mountains they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash - the lagoon of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. In the upper reaches of the river there is always water, and within the plains in summer their channels are often dry.

Salgir is the longest river in Crimea. Together with the Biyuk-Karasu tributary, it represents the largest water system in the Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir are formed from the confluence of the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. Near the village of Zarechnoye, a large tributary of the Ayan flows into the Salgir.

Salgir fills the large Simferopol reservoir, built in 1951-1955. Below Simferopol, the river receives right tributaries - the rivers Beshterek, Zuya, Burulcha, and 27 km from Sivash - Biyuk-Karasu. The Taigan and Belogorsk reservoirs were built on Biyuk-Karasu.

The population of Crimea is distributed unevenly across the territory. 50% of the republic's population lives on the coast. In 1991, 69% of the population lived in cities, and 31% of the population lived in rural areas. 43% of the Crimean population lives in four large cities: Sevastopol (371.4 thousand people in 1991), Simferopol (357 thousand people), Kerch (189.5 thousand people) and Evpatoria (113.3 thousand people).

Crimea is characterized by an increase in the number of cities and urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements. In recent years, such cities as Sudak, Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, Shelkino have appeared on the map of Crimea. The number of urban-type settlements is growing rapidly, more than doubling since 1959.

The main part of the Crimean population is made up of workers (about 60 percent), employees - 28, peasants - less than 11 percent.

Crimea has always been distinguished not only by a high proportion of the urban population, but also by a high level of literacy and education of the inhabitants. For every thousand inhabitants in the cities there were 900, and in the villages 730 people with higher, secondary specialized and secondary education.

The training of highly qualified specialists is carried out by 6 state higher educational institutions (Simferopol State University, Crimean Medical Institute, Crimean Agricultural Institute. Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute, Crimean Institute of Environmental and Resort Construction. Crimean State Industrial Pedagogical Institute), two branches of universities - Kyiv Economic University (in Simferopol) and the Kaliningrad Fish School (in Kerch), as well as several commercial universities.

Military specialists are being trained by the military institute in Sevastopol and the civil engineering school in Simferopol.

In recent years, colleges have been established on a commercial basis. 30 secondary specialized educational institutions are engaged in the training of specialists. Vocational schools train personnel in 120 specialties.

Academic and cultural institutions operate in Crimea. In Simferopol, there is the Crimean branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the production association "Efirmaslo", "KrymNIIproekt", in the village of Nauchny - the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and others.

There are several professional theaters and a philharmonic society, an art gallery in Feodosia. A large number of newspapers are published. There are publishing houses "Tavrida", "Tavria", "Krymuchpedgiz" and others. There are a large number of museums in Crimea, many of which are connected with the fate of outstanding writers, artists, scientists who lived on the peninsula.

The economic appearance of the Crimea, the structure, the nature of the location of industries and the population evolved mainly in accordance with its natural and socio-economic conditions.

Until 1917, the republic's economy was predominantly agrarian. Gradually, it developed into an industrial-agrarian one.

Crimea stands out for its diversified agricultural and recreational economy, the production of soda ash, titanium dioxide, sulfuric acid, technological equipment for the food industry, televisions, ocean-going ships, fish and fish products. In addition to mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, agriculture and recreation, the food industry, which produces grape wines, canned fruits and vegetables, and essential oils, also belongs to the branches of specialization.

In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to the food industry, followed by machine building and metalworking, the chemical industry, and the building materials industry.

Crimean agriculture is specialized in grain and livestock breeding, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as in the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, rose, sage). The volumes of gross output of livestock and crop production are balanced.

Maritime transport is of great importance for the republic. Through the Crimean ports, export-import transportation of various cargoes is carried out. The most important ports are Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria. The largest port city is Sevastopol.

By air transport, Crimea is connected with all CIS countries and many far-abroad countries.

Recreational economy is one of the leading branches of the republic. From the Latin language, recreation is translated as “recovery”, meaning the restoration of the physical and psycho-physiological conditions of a person. The structure of the recreational economy includes: sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist hotels and camp sites, campsites, children's camps. The recreational economy works on beach, balneological and climatic resources, therapeutic mud, sea water, and landscape resources.

Crimea - the golden mean of the earth

This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas of the globe.
K. Paustovsky.

We each have the inalienable right to love our own motherland and to assert that there is no land more beautiful, more fertile, more unique. Only a fool will argue, but a wise person will agree, although he will add: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful ...”

Crimeans behave only in this way and not otherwise: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, the Crimeans agree that somewhere else there are blessed corners of the earth. They do not ask: “Why did you come to us, and not we to you?” Undoubtedly, the Crimeans are wise people, they say in such cases: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is also beautiful, let me tell you about it.”

Let's open the map and orient ourselves on the terrain. The most south point Crimea (44 ° 23 ") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46 ° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at the 45th latitude, in the middle between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone else has some thoughts on this, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At the 45th latitude, by the way, are the geographical center of France, such European cities like Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, the Canadian city of Montreal, the American cities of Minneapolis and Portland. They're fine with latitude, but longitude...

The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the easternmost (36°39") is Cape Lantern on the Kerch Peninsula. So, the Crimea is located near 30 ° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open the map of the world, do not be lazy. At what longitude is it folded in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30 "East longitude. St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, the highest point in Africa - Mount Kilimanjaro, the North and South Poles are approximately at this longitude. They were lucky with the longitude, but here's a good one latitude fell only to the Crimea.

If you look at the sky, then it will point to the Crimea. The Milky Way is called the Chumatsky Way in Ukrainian. The south-pointing nebula seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who traveled to the Crimea for salt.

Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What does Crimea look like? Of course, in the heart. A heart shaken by the Creator's Intention. A heart admiring the incomprehensible wisdom and infinite beauty of Nature. Crimea still looks like arms outstretched for hugs and a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. Cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all Crimea looks like a flower dropped by the Creator on the Earth.

Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but my Crimea is also beautiful! Let me tell you a little more about him.

The area of ​​the Crimean peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes, it is smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta, and 165 (!) times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. We will not compare Crimea with such small states as San Marino.

In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, and in Crimea there are two of them: Black and Azov. The Black Sea forms three large bays off the coast of the peninsula: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; There are also three large bays near the Sea of ​​Azov: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Isthmus of Perekop. The Kerch Strait, which is 4-5 km wide, separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula - the western tip of the Krasnodar Territory of Russia. The total length of the borders of the peninsula exceeds 2500 km, the coasts are not very indented, except for the very winding coastline of the part of the peninsula near Sevastopol. There are 50 lakes-estuaries with a total area of ​​53,000 km2 in the seaside strip of the plain Crimea. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but the Crimean lakes are valuable because they are filled with brine, a concentrated salt solution that has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.

At the beginning of the XX century. about 40% of table salt was mined in Crimea Russian Empire. It is well known that D. I. Mendeleev said that using oil as a fuel is tantamount to burning banknotes. Paraphrasing the words of the great chemist, we can say that using Crimean salt as a table salt is like salting soup with gold. The environmentally chaste chemical industry of the peninsula at the Saki and Krasnoperekop chemical plants produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, bromine from lake and Sivash salt. However, the therapeutic use of the Crimean estuaries is much more famous, but this will be a separate discussion.

Once on the South Coast of Crimea, palaces were erected by monarchs and their entourage. It was here that the ruler of the next historical period invited Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to divide the post-war world. Why did the distinguished guests of Crimea prefer it to all other places on Earth? Yes, because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose undeniable advantages are due to several reasons.

The first is the aforementioned equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which determines the long duration of the summer day, and not the miserable 12 hours in the tropics, and a sufficient amount of beneficial warmth - namely heat, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.

The second is the union of the sea and mountains. On hot sunny days of summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the evening, cool hours, it is replaced by warm air from the mountains.

The third is the unique position of the peninsula relative to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the predominance of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of the sweltering heat that air flows from Africa carry, and, of course, the minimal impact of cold air masses from north, from which the mountains serve as an additional barrier.

The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create south coast paradise of the subtropics, without erecting at the same time an insurmountable barrier between warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.

Perhaps, in some other place on Earth, the expression "golden mountains" is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in the Crimea. Crimean marls serve as a raw material for the production of cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, beautiful white buildings have been built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesos to the present day. Due to their high strength, richness of color shades and good polishing qualities, diabases of igneous origin are used in the manufacture of monuments and facing plates. On Karadag and in other places there are such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, brocade jasper.

Yes, there are gems! Even clay in Crimea is precious. Formed from volcanic ash, Crimean bentonite, popularly called keel, soapy earth or mountain soap, has very unusual properties. Formerly used for wine clarification, soap making, washing and bleaching, today it is used in high technology.

The flat plateaus of the Crimean mountains connect the properties of the plains and mountains, representing another "golden mean" of the Crimea. Uncovered from the merciless sun, the yayles seem to the uninitiated as a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: lined with porous limestone, they absorb precipitation like a sponge in order to accumulate water drop by drop along with shady forests that feed the Crimean rivers.

Everything is in the Crimea, but in order not to jinx it, its inhabitants like to grumble just in case. And how to find a reason for grumbling in this paradise hard enough, they are habitually annoyed by the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1657 rivers on the peninsula and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of the watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the sources of the Argun, but somewhat less than the Nile.

However, it must be honestly said that the natural water resources of the peninsula were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We have heard a lot of bad things about global land reclamation projects, most likely it is so. Probably, the turn of the northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth with an ecological catastrophe, but the turn south river to the south, that is, the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many problems of the peninsula.

Crimean drinking water is generally weakly mineralized, which is beneficial for the human body, but if you are used to water enriched with sewage industrial giants, do not be upset prematurely. After all, in the Crimea there is everything, even black water. Water saturated with hydrogen sulfide mineral spring Aji-Su in the village of Kuibyshevo, Bakhchisaray district, forms a black precipitate from biologically active gummins and bitumens, healing in hot therapeutic baths. In total, more than a hundred healing sources have been explored in the Crimea. mineral waters, abounding in many trace elements - from fluorine to radium.

Geographical position, climate, steppe areas on the tops of mountains, transparent and black waters - we are everywhere talking about the combination of opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, you get a dirty gray color. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official clarification: Crimea is the Golden Mean, and not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.

Combining the steppe and subtropics, the Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements them with a zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe-half-mountain, but a unique natural phenomenon, which is difficult to find analogues. Combining different beginnings, Crimea retains their originality and supplements them with new, only inherent qualities. The natural sciences unanimously prove the island origin of the Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and give the arguments of scientists - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic species of plants and animals found only on the peninsula.

Man-made landscapes are scattered among the natural massifs of the Crimea in a bizarre mosaic: intertwining architectural styles many centuries and peoples of the city, town and village, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. Since 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in the Crimea. Almost 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in open and closed ground. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the boundaries of the Autonomous Republic.

Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Alushta, Sudak and the urban-type settlement of Nizhnegorsky produce rose, lavender and sage oils. One of the leading industries in the Crimea is food. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea was built in Sevastopol with refrigerators, canning and ship repair plants. However, the high level of development of the food industry of the peninsula is due not only to the highly commercial agriculture of the peninsula and the rich resources of the seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in the summer. Thus, the question of hospitable entertainment for guests is put in the Crimea on a grand scale.

Crimea is the unity of the sea, steppe and mountains. It is enough to remove a layer of soil from the surface of the earth in the steppe Crimea, and on the surface there will be a wonderful, easy-to-work building material - limestone-shell rock. Buildings with a layer of shell rock in their walls, like the sea, keep warm in winter and cool in summer.

One should not think, however, that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. The iron ores of the Kerch basin lie so shallow that their development is carried out by an open method. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so this element is added in a minimal amount or not at all when smelting alloyed steels.

Since the mid 60s. industrial development of deposits is underway natural gas on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in the Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. An extensive system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most of the settlements, transfer thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country's unified gas pipeline system.

The top of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high-tech industries: electronics, automotive, defense, construction of supertankers.

The comprehensive development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communications. There are two railway lines in Crimea. Sea transport carries out small coastal communication in the Azov-Black Sea basin and distant international flights. However, the main transport of the Autonomous Republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger traffic. In the early 60s. the mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta was put into operation, which makes it possible to connect the capital of the republic with the South Bank by convenient and inexpensive transport.

The environmental safety of the Crimean industry has a long tradition. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful power plant in Europe operating on wind power was built in Balaklava. The blades of the generator had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a solar power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was built in the Crimea. The total area of ​​mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several environmentally sound projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy, solar and geothermal energy to provide heat to residential buildings, sanatoriums and hotels.

Intercity trolleybus communication very clearly demonstrates the level of environmental requirements for the development of the Crimean industry.

One could talk about Crimean science for a very long time, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, marine physics, and helioseismology.

People of many nationalities inhabit the Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called "Crimeans". Crimeans are hardworking, sharp-witted, hospitable and prone to fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and unusually beautiful. In a word, they are the same as the rest of the people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the inhabitants of the planet: they are more patient with the geographical boasting of visitors. The Crimeans listen carefully to the guests, treat them with amazing Crimean wines, feed them with dishes from ecologically clean Crimean products, take them to caves, reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea excursions ... Further - the entire content of the book.

The population of Crimea in summer and early autumn increases but many times. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. According to data for 1998, 363.8 thousand people lived in the capital of Crimea, Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, and 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Given the small number of the above-described endemic species, we propose to list it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) charms of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.

Alas, this is not always possible, because in holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their region in the coat of arms.

Emblem of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, the memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonese, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. Griffin is a symbol of the guardian and protector of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. Rising Sun at the top - a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.

In general, everything that was reflected in the words of the wise writer is embodied: “To each is rewarded according to his faith ...”

© Chapters from the book "All about Crimea. With love." publishing house "World of Information", 2002 (text - G. Dubovis, responsible for the issue A. Ganzha, R. Tsyupko, ed. T. Esadze)

The geographical position of the Crimea.
The Crimean peninsula is located in the extreme south of the European part of Russia and stretches from north to south for 195 km, from west to east - for 325 km. The area of ​​Crimea is 26 thousand square meters. km, population 1 million 600 thousand people.
The sea surrounds the peninsula from all sides, and only in the north is the narrow (up to 8 km) Perekop Isthmus connecting it with the mainland. From the west and south, Crimea is washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Sea of ​​Azov and the Kerch Strait.
The Crimean region was formed in June 1945. In February 1954, it became part of Ukraine. In 2014 Russian Federation. The administrative center of the region is the city of Simferopol. The administrative map of Russia shows the borders of the Crimean region, settlements, communication paths.

Geological past of the Crimea.
The geological map and the geological profile introduce the geological past of the Crimea and its constituent rocks. In the geological periods of the sea, remote from us millions of years, replacing each other, now covered, then exposed the territory of the present Crimea. The distribution of rocks in the Crimea is mainly connected with their existence.
In the local history museum of the Crimea, you can see sandstones, shales, limestones and other rocks. There is also a collection of fossils and prints of the inhabitants of the ancient seas: mollusks and fish, cetacean animal citoterium prescum, sea turtle, etc.
During millions of years of the Tertiary period in the Middle and Southern Europe it was warm and humid, and mastodons, hipparions, and antelopes lived here. The glaciation that occurred in the Quaternary period changed the landscape, flora and fauna.
The glacier did not reach the Crimea, but the climate here was very severe. At that time, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, giant and reindeer, cave bear, cave hyena were found in the Crimea.

Minerals in the Crimea.
About 200 deposits of various minerals, which are widely used in the national economy, have been discovered and studied in the Crimea. Kerch iron ores are of the most important industrial importance. Ores occur close to the surface and are mined in an open way, in quarries. Crimea is rich in chemical raw materials - salts of chlorine, sodium, potassium, bromine, magnesium, which are found in huge quantities in Sivash brine and numerous salt lakes. Gypsum, table salt, magnesium chloride, etc. are obtained from brine. The use of these salts opens great prospects for the development of the chemical industry.
A variety of building materials are mined on the territory of Crimea. Some of them are very important and almost never found elsewhere in Russia. Diorite and andesite are used in road construction, for lining monuments and large buildings, and ground trass is added to cement to improve its properties. Marble-like limestones are used in the construction industry, are used in metallurgical plants as a flux.
Some Crimean minerals - rock crystal, chalcedony, carnelian, jasper are used as ornamental stones and are valued for their rich colorful range. Crimea is rich in mineral water resources from hydrogen sulfide sources to Narzan and Borjomi.

The relief of the Crimea.
According to the nature of the surface, Crimea is divided into two parts: steppe and mountainous. In the north and in the central Crimea, a calm undulating plain extends. The steppe occupies about 2/3 of the entire area of ​​the peninsula. In the west, it gradually passes into the ridges and uplands of Tarkhankut. An interesting feature in the eastern part - the slightly hilly Kerch Peninsula - there are mud volcanoes that have nothing to do with volcanism and spewing cold mud, and troughs - bowl-shaped depressions filled with iron ore. In the southern part of Crimea there are mountains consisting of three parallel ridges separated by narrow valleys. The mountains stretch from the southwest to the northeast, bending in a weak arc to the north - their length is 150 km, their width is 50 km. The most significant peak of the Crimean Mountains - Roman-Kosh (1545), is located in the Main (southern) ridge, in the Babugan mountain range. The uplands of the Main Ridge consist of undulating plateau-yayl (pastures) - Ai-Petrinskaya, Nikitskaya, Karabi, etc. In the east of Crimea, the Kara-Dag mountain group closes the main ridge, interesting monument volcanic activity Jurassic geological epoch. The main ridge is largely composed of limestone, which, being exposed to atmospheric and groundwater, give vivid manifestations of karst processes (karst sinkholes, cavities and caves).

Flora of Crimea.
The flora of the Crimea is very rich, it is represented by more than two thousand plant species. The distribution of vegetation depends on the climate, topography and soils of the peninsula.
On the plain from north to south, zones of salt-tolerant vegetation inherent in the saline soils of the Sivash region (soleros, sarsazan, kermek and others), sagebrush and sagebrush-fescue steppes replace each other. Further to the south lie the feather grass steppes, and in the foothills there are also shrubby forb steppes with thyme (thyme), rocky alfalfa, and Tauric asphodelina. Currently, the virgin lands are plowed up. third mountain range(foothill zone) occupies the forest-steppe, where groves of low oaks, maples, ash trees, as well as thickets of blackthorn, hawthorn, wild rose, and skumpia are especially common. The slopes of the mountains of the middle and main ridges are covered with oak, beech and pine forests. Yayla are treeless, covered with herbaceous vegetation. Lonely pines and beeches are bizarrely twisted by the wind and give the landscape a peculiar harsh flavor. Of great interest is the flora of the southern slope of the Main Ridge. The natural vegetation here is predominantly forest: pine, juniper, fluffy oak and Mediterranean species: pistachio, strawberry, yellow jasmine. But the typical landscape of the South Shore is created by decorative garden and park vegetation. As a result of human creative activity, exotic plants have become a permanent element of the landscape: Himalayan and Lebanese cedars, cypresses, magnolias, sequoias, ivy, Chinese wisteria. There are also endemic (inherent only in this area) plants in Crimea: Steven's maple (in the forests of the northern slope of the mountains), Biberstein's sapling ("Crimean edel-weiss", on high-altitude plateaus and yayls), Stankevich's pine, on seaside rocks from Balaklava to the cape Aya and near Sudak).

Crimean climate.
The Crimean peninsula lies on the southern border of the temperate zone. The climate of Crimea is distinguished by some features associated with its geographic location: great softness and moisture, significant sunshine. But the variety of relief, the influence of the sea and mountains create great differences in the climate of the steppe, mountainous and southern coastal parts of the peninsula. The steppe Crimea has hot summers and relatively warm winters (July temperature 23-24°, February temperature 0.5-2°), annual precipitation is low. The mountainous Crimea is distinguished by more significant precipitation, less hot summers.
The southern coast gives the most favorable combination of climatic factors: mild winters, sunny hot summers ( average temperature February in Yalta 3.5 °, July 24 °), summer breezes that moderate the heat, fresh breath of forests and parks. Favorable climatic conditions the region of Evpatoria and the southeastern coast (Feodosia, Sudak, Planerskoye), as well as the mountainous Crimea (Stary Krym).

Waters in the Crimea.
The waters of Crimea are divided into surface (rivers, streams, lakes) and underground (ground, artesian, karst). The rivers originate in the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, they are short, shallow and characterized by a large uneven flow (they overflow in the spring and into downpours and dry up in the summer). The most significant river is the Salgir (length 232 km). The water problem in the Crimea is solved by the construction of artificial reservoirs and canals (reservoirs on Alma, Kacha, Salgir, Simferopol reservoir, which can hold up to 36 million cubic meters of water). Reservoirs are being built on the river. Belbek and laid through the main mountain range a tunnel about 7 km long to drain Belbek to Yalta.
The waters of the North Crimean Canal will water and irrigate the most arid regions of the Crimean steppe from Perekop to Kerch. The construction of this canal will make it possible to increase the yields of corn, wheat, rye, and tobacco, and to more intensively develop highly productive animal husbandry. The industrial centers and villages of the Crimea will be supplied with excellent Dnieper water.

Soils of the Crimea.
The nature of soils depends on soil-forming rocks, topography, climate, plant and animal organisms. The variety of physical and geographical conditions has created a very heterogeneous composition of soils in the regions. The predominant type are southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils occupying the central part of the steppe Crimea.
The soils of the foothill, mountainous Crimea and the Southern coast are varieties of chernozems: carbonate chernozems, brown mountain-forest soils, mountain-meadow subalpine chernozems, brown soils of forests and shrubs of the Southern coast. On these soils, tobacco, vegetables, ethereal plants, grapes, stone fruits, ornamental trees and shrubs are well cultivated. The main place in agriculture in the steppe Crimea belongs to grain crops, and of them - wheat and corn. In modern conditions, the progressive role of the tilled farming system, which significantly increases grain yields, is especially important.

Black Sea.
The Black Sea belongs to the so-called inland seas, since it is not directly connected to the ocean. In terms of its hydrobiological and hydrophysical properties, the Black Sea stands out sharply from other marine water bodies. Its feature is a sharp fluctuation in surface water temperatures (from one to twenty-eight degrees). The salinity of the Black Sea due to desalination by the waters of the Danube, Dniester and other rivers is relatively low: in the upper layers it is 17-18% (in 1 l - i 17-18 g of salt), at a depth it increases significantly, since the deep Bosphorus current brings masses of more salt water from the Sea of ​​Marmara. The greatest depth of the Black Sea is determined at 2243 m. Oxygen is contained in the upper horizons, “and at a depth of 200 m and below, oxygen disappears and saturation with hydrogen sulfide increases.
The Black Sea is a source of fish wealth. The history of the formation of the Black Sea basin has several tens of millions of years, during which its outlines and hydrological regime have repeatedly changed. That is why the composition of its animal world is diverse. Three groups of fish are distinguished in the Black Sea: relict (residual, these include herring, sturgeon, many types of gobies), freshwater - in estuaries and estuaries (perch, perch, ram), Mediterranean invaders (anchovy, sprat, mullet, horse mackerel , mackerel, bonito, tuna and others, in total over 100 species of fish). Tuna is the largest commercial fish, its length can reach three meters, and its weight is five hundred kilograms.

Animal world of Crimea.
The fauna of the Crimea is distinguished by a number of features and has the so-called island character. Many species of animals living in the territories close to the Crimea are absent in Crimea, but endemic (local) forms of animals are found, the appearance of which is associated with a peculiar geological history of the peninsula (the geological age of the mountainous Crimea is older than the steppe part of the peninsula, and its fauna was formed much earlier and under other conditions). Steppe Crimea belongs to the European-Siberian zoogeographic subregion, and the mountainous one to the Mediterranean. On the territory of the peninsula, these subregions border along the line of foothills.
Crimean scorpion (poisonous), found in rock crevices on the southern coast, Crimean gecko, Crimean owl, black and long-tailed tit, goldfinch, linnet, mountain bunting and some others. The Mediterranean forms of animals are distinguished: phalanx, scolopendra, leopard snake, yellow belly (legless lizard, very useful, as it destroys harmful rodents). In the same showcase there is a rock lizard, a water snake, a marsh turtle; of amphibians, the crested newt, found in small mountain reservoirs, tree frog - an inhabitant of tree plantations near fresh water, as well as shrews, water shrews, bats, a protected beech forest with protected animals: Crimean deer, roe deer and mouflon. For many centuries, the Crimean forests and animals were mercilessly exterminated. Only after the Great October Socialist Revolution was an end put to the predatory extermination of the forests and animals of the Crimea.
For the protection of nature and its restoration in the central mountainous part of Crimea, the State Reserve was created in 1923, reorganized in 1957 into the Crimean State Reserve and Hunting Economy. The flora and fauna of the Crimean mountains on the territory of the economy has been largely restored. Many birds fly over the Crimea on their way to warm countries: the snail, the golden plover, the garnish, the white heron, the kite, the night heron, the golden eagle and others. These birds rest in the Crimea before their flight across the Black Sea, the birds that fly to the Crimea for wintering: tap dances, bullfinches, waxwings, siskins, bramblings, larks, Siberian buzzard and others.