Nature oceania presentation. Presentation "Oceania" in geography - project, report

Europe

Oceania is the world's largest cluster of islands located in the western and central Pacific Ocean. When all land is divided into parts of the world, Oceania is usually combined with Australia into a single part of the world, Australia and Oceania. The islands of Oceania are washed by numerous seas of the Pacific (Coral Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Koro Sea, Solomon Sea, New Guinea Sea, Philippine Sea) and Indian Oceans(Arafura Sea). total area islands is 1.26 million km² (together with Australia 8.52 million km²), the population is about 10.7 million people. (together with Australia 32.6 million people). Geographically, Oceania is subdivided into Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia; sometimes isolated New Zealand

Melanesia MicronesiaPolynesia New Guinea, Solomon, New Hebrides, Fiji, New Caledonia Mariana, Caroline, Marshal, Gilbert New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Societies, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Easter, Hawaiian "Melas" - in Greek "black", "pump "- "island", they are inhabited by Negroid tribes with black skin. The area of \u200b\u200bvery small islands "micro" - "small" Everything else belongs to this group a large number of islands "poly" - "many" - "islands"

Countries of Oceania The modern political map of Oceania has been forming for a long time. Many islands still remain the possessions of the USA (Hawaiian Islands), Great Britain, France, Australia. Until the early 60s of the 20th century there was one independent state - New Zealand, and now there are more than 10. The smallest is Nauru (one island), and Kiribati - 30 islands.

Natural features The islands of volcanic origin have a mountainous relief. coral islands(atolls) are in the form of a continuous or broken ring. In the center of the island is a shallow lagoon. On some islands, copper, coal, phosphorites, oil are mined. natural gas. Most of the islands lie in the equatorial and tropical zones, so there are high temperatures and a large amount of precipitation. In the past, the islands of Oceania were a single land, but as a result of the rise in the level of the World Ocean, a significant part of the surface was under water. The relief of these islands is mountainous and strongly dissected. For example, highest mountains Oceania, including Mount Jaya (5029 m), are located on the island of New Guinea. Mount Jaya in Western New Guinea (Indonesia) highest point Oceania.

Minerals of the islands On most of the islands of Oceania, there are no minerals, only the largest of them are being developed: nickel (New Caledonia), oil and gas (New Guinea, New Zealand), copper (Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea), gold ( New Guinea, Fiji), phosphates (on most of the islands, the deposits are almost or have already been developed, for example, in Nauru, on the islands of Banaba, Makatea). In the past, many of the region's islands were heavily mined for guano, the decomposed dung of seabirds, which was used as a nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. On the ocean floor of the exclusive economic zone of a number of countries there are large accumulations of ferromanganese nodules, as well as cobalt, but at the moment no development is being carried out due to economic inexpediency.

Economy of Oceania The main industry is tropical agriculture. Coconut palms are grown on plantations. Tea coffee. Bananas, sugarcane, pineapples. Especially prized is copra, the dried flesh of the coconut, from which coconut oil is obtained. The indigenous population raises goats and pigs. The traditional occupation is fishing and other types of marine crafts. New Zealand is the only country in Oceania with a well-developed economy.

vegetable and animal world The organic world is endemic and has a poor species composition. Coral islands are poor in wildlife, because there is little fresh water. There are many birds, echidnas, tree kangaroo, wingless kiwi bird, tuatara prima lizard live in New Guinea. There are no mammal predators. Vegetable world not rich: palms, casuarina, tree ferns, creepers and coconut palms.

In Oceania, both the indigenous population and immigrants from Europe live. Asia, America, The indigenous inhabitants of the islands of Melanesia, the Papuans, belong to the equatorial race, and the Polynesians (Maori) represent a special group of peoples. The indigenous population carefully preserves its original culture. In New Zealand, the Anglo-New Zealand nation was formed. Population of Oceania

slide 1

slide 2

I. Physical and geographical position and composition of Oceania This is a cluster of islands in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean, which stretched from north to south, from Hawaiian Islands to New Zealand, and from east to west, from Easter Island to New Guinea. Number - more than 10,000 islands Area - 1.3 million km²

slide 3

The islands of Oceania are grouped into three large groups Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia New Guinea, Solomons, New Hebrides, Fiji, New Caledonia Marianas, Carolins, Marshals, Gilberts New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Societies, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Easter, Hawaiian "Melas" - in Greek "black", " nesos" - "island", they are inhabited by Negroid tribes with black skin The area of very small islands "micro" - "small" This group includes the rest of the large number of islands "poly" - "many" - "islands"

slide 4

II. Discovery and Exploration of Oceania The island of New Guinea and the nearby islands of Melanesia were presumably settled by people from South-East Asia who sailed by canoe about 30-50 thousand years ago. About 2-4 thousand years ago, most of Micronesia and Polynesia were settled. The process of colonization ended around 1200 AD. After gaining independence, most countries in Oceania still have serious economic, political and social problems, which they are trying to solve with the help of the world community (including the UN) and through regional cooperation.

slide 5

III. Features of the nature of Oceania Types of origin of the islands Continental Volcanic Coral New Guinea New Zealand Hawaiian New Caledonia New Hebrides Fiji Samoa Great Barrier Reef

slide 6

The relief of the islands The relief and geological structure of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean in the region of Oceania has a complex structure. From the Alaska Peninsula (part of North America) to New Zealand there are a large number of basins of marginal seas, deep ocean trenches (Tonga, Kermadec, Bougainville), which form a geosynclinal belt characterized by active volcanism, seismicity and contrasting relief.

Slide 7

Minerals of the islands Most of the islands of Oceania lack minerals, only the largest of them are being developed: nickel (New Caledonia), oil and gas (New Guinea, New Zealand), copper (Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea), gold (New Guinea, Fiji), phosphates (on most of the islands, the deposits are almost or have already been developed, for example, in Nauru, on the islands of Banaba, Makatea). In the past, many of the region's islands were heavily mined for guano, the decomposed dung of seabirds, which was used as a nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. On the ocean floor of the exclusive economic zone of a number of countries there are large accumulations of iron-manganese nodules, as well as cobalt, but at the moment no development is being carried out due to economic inexpediency.

Slide 8

The climate of the islands of Oceania Oceania is located within several climatic zones: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate. Most of the islands have a tropical climate. The climate of the islands of Oceania is determined mainly by the trade winds, so most of them experience heavy rainfall. The average annual rainfall varies from 1500 to 4000 mm, although on some islands (due to topography and on the lee side in particular) the climate may be drier or wetter. One of the wettest places on the planet is located in Oceania: on the eastern slope of Mount Waialeale on the island of Kauai, up to 11,430 mm of precipitation falls annually (the absolute maximum was reached in 1982: then 16,916 mm fell). close to the tropics average temperature is about 23 °C, at the equator - 27 °C, with little difference between the hottest and coldest months.

Slide 9

The climate of the islands of Oceania Most of the islands of Oceania are subject to the detrimental effects of natural disasters: volcanic eruptions(Hawaiian Islands, New Hebrides), earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones accompanied by typhoons and heavy rains, droughts. On the south island New Zealand and the island of New Guinea have glaciers high in the mountains, but due to the process of global warming, their area is gradually shrinking.

slide 10

Features of the flora and fauna of Oceania Among the most widespread plants of Oceania, the coconut palm and breadfruit that play an important role in life local residents: fruits are used for food, wood is a source of heat, a building material, copra is produced from the oily endosperm of coconut palm nuts, which is the main export of the countries of this region. On the small islands of Oceania, primarily atolls, mammals are almost never found: many of them are inhabited only by the small rat. But the local avifauna is very rich. Most of the atolls have bird markets where seabirds nest. Of the representatives of the fauna of New Zealand, the most famous are the kiwi birds, which have become the national symbol of the country. Other endemics of the country are kea, kakapo, takahe. All the islands of Oceania are inhabited by a large number of lizards, snakes and insects.

slide 11

IV. Population. Features of the settlement of Oceania The indigenous inhabitants of Oceania are Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians and Papuans. Many languages of Oceania are on the verge of extinction. In everyday life, they are increasingly being replaced by English and French. AT recent times in the countries of Oceania, the proportion of immigrants from Asia (mainly Chinese and Filipinos) is increasing. For example, in the North Mariana Islands the share of Filipinos is 26.2%, and the Chinese - 22.1%. The population of Oceania is mainly Christian, adhering to either the Protestant or Catholic branches.

slide 12

Economy Most countries in Oceania have a very weak economy, which is due to several reasons: natural resources, remoteness from world markets for products, a shortage of highly qualified specialists. Many states depend on financial assistance from other countries. The basis of the economy of most countries in Oceania is agriculture (the production of copra and palm oil) and fishing. Among the most important agricultural crops stand out the coconut palm, bananas, breadfruit. Possessing huge exclusive economic zones and not having a large fishing fleet, the governments of the countries of Oceania issue licenses for the right to catch fish to vessels of other states (mainly Japan, Taiwan, the USA), which significantly replenishes the state budget. The mining industry is most developed in Papua New Guinea, Nauru, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Recently, measures have been taken to develop the tourism sector of the economy.

What is Oceania? Oceania is the largest cluster of islands in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean - S = 1.3 million km 2 Archipelagos: Hawaii, Fiji, Tuamotu 85% S New Guinea New Guinea, New Zealand

Melanesia MicronesiaPolynesia New Guinea, Solomon, New Hebrides, Fiji, New Caledonia Mariana, Caroline, Marshal, Gilbert New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Societies, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Easter, Hawaiian "Melas" - in Greek "black", "pump "- "island", they are inhabited by Negroid tribes with black skin. The area of \u200b\u200bvery small islands "micro" - "small" This group includes the rest of the large number of islands "poly" - "many" - "islands"

Mount Jaya in Western New Guinea (Indonesia) is the highest point in Oceania. In the past, the islands of Oceania were a single land, but as a result of the rise in the level of the World Ocean, a significant part of the surface was under water. The relief of these islands is mountainous and strongly dissected. For example, the highest mountains of Oceania, including Mount Jaya (5029 m), are located on the island of New Guinea.

Task 4. Using the material from the school textbook, atlas maps and information from this presentation, compose brief description leading sectors of the economy of the countries of Oceania. What groups and why can the countries of Oceania be divided according to their economic specialization?

Minerals of the islands On most of the islands of Oceania, there are no minerals, only the largest of them are being developed: nickel (New Caledonia), oil and gas (New Guinea, New Zealand), copper (Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea), gold ( New Guinea, Fiji), phosphates (on most of the islands, the deposits are almost or have already been developed, for example, in Nauru, on the islands of Banaba, Makatea). In the past, many of the region's islands were heavily mined for guano, the decomposed dung of seabirds, which was used as a nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. On the ocean floor of the exclusive economic zone of a number of countries there are large accumulations of iron-manganese nodules, as well as cobalt, but at the moment no development is being carried out due to economic inexpediency.

Kiwi - a symbol of New Zealand On the small islands of Oceania, primarily atolls, mammals are almost never found: many of them are inhabited only by the Polynesian rat. New Zealand and New Guinea are distinguished by the greatest diversity of fauna. Of the representatives of the fauna of New Zealand, the most famous are the kiwi birds, which have become the national symbol of the country. Other birds that live there are kea, kakapo (or owl parrot), takahe (or wingless sultan). All the islands of Oceania are inhabited by a large number of lizards, snakes and insects.

Economy Most of the countries of Oceania have a very weak economy, which is due to several reasons: limited natural resources, remoteness from world markets for products, and a shortage of highly qualified specialists. Many states depend on financial assistance from other countries. The basis of the economy of most countries in Oceania is agriculture (the production of copra and palm oil) and fishing. Among the most important agricultural crops stand out the coconut palm, bananas, breadfruit. Possessing huge exclusive economic zones and not having a large fishing fleet, the governments of the countries of Oceania issue licenses for the right to catch fish to vessels of other states (mainly Japan, Taiwan, the USA), which significantly replenishes the state budget. The mining industry is most developed in Papua New Guinea, Nauru, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Recently, measures have been taken to develop the tourism sector of the economy. 57

Solve crossword 7. One of the archipelagos of Oceania A large cluster of islands in pacific ocean 2. The fruit of the most common plant in Oceania 3. A Russian scientist who studied the population of New Guinea 4, 6. One of the species economic activity 5. Indigenous people of New Guinea

Lukina Olga Vyacheslavovna

Librarian, geography teacher

MOU Vesyegonskaya secondary school

Oceania is a geographical region of the world, consisting mainly of hundreds of small islands and atolls in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean.

When all land is divided into parts of the world, Oceania is usually combined with Australia into a single part of the world, Australia and Oceania.

The total area of the islands is 1.26 million km² (together with Australia 8.52 million km²), the population is about 10.7 million people. (together with Australia 32.6 million people).

Geographically, Oceania is subdivided into Melanesia, micronesia and Polynesia, sometimes isolated New Zealand.

micronesia

Polynesia

Melanesia

Geology

Oceania is not a continent: only Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, New Guinea and Tasmania have continental origin. In the past, these islands were a single land, but as a result of raising the level oceans a significant part of the surface was under water. The relief of these islands is mountainous and strongly dissected. For example, the highest mountains of Oceania, including Mt. Jaya(5029 m), located on the island New Guinea.

Most of the islands of Oceania are of volcanic origin: some of them are the tops of large underwater volcanoes, some of which still show high volcanic activity (for example, the Hawaiian Islands).

Other islands have coral origin, being atolls, which were formed as a result of the formation of coral structures around submerged volcanoes. A distinctive feature of these islands are large lagoons, which are surrounded by numerous islets, the average height of which does not exceed three meters. An atoll is located in Oceania, with the largest lagoon in the world - Kwajalein in the archipelago Marshall Islands.

Space image of Kwajalein Atoll.

atoll coast Caroline (Line Islands, Kiribati)

Oceania is located within several climatic zones: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, moderate. Most of the islands have a tropical climate.

The climate of the islands of Oceania is determined mainly trade winds therefore, most of them receive heavy rainfall. The average annual rainfall is from 1500 to 4000 mm.

Most of the islands of Oceania are subject to the destructive effects of natural disasters: volcanic eruptions (Hawaiian Islands, New Hebrides), earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones accompanied by typhoons and heavy rains, droughts.

Many of them lead to significant material and human losses. For example, as a result of the tsunami in Papua New Guinea in July 1999 2,200 people died.

Large rivers are only Southern and north island New Zealand, as well as on the island New Guinea on which the largest rivers of Oceania are located, Sepik(1126 km) and Fly(1050 km). Largest river in New Zealand Waikato(425 km). The rivers are mainly fed by rain, as well as water from melting glaciers and snow. On the atolls rivers are completely absent due to the high porosity of the soils.

The largest number of lakes, including thermal ones, is located in New Zealand, where there are also geysers. On other islands of Oceania, lakes are a rarity.

Rivers and lakes

Stream on the island Efate (Vanuatu).

Flora and fauna

Among the most widely distributed plants in Oceania are coconut palm and breadfruit, which play an important role in the life of local residents: the fruits are used for food, wood is a source of heat, a building material.

The islands also have a large number of ferns, orchids th. Largest number endemics registered in New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands.

New Zealand and New Guinea are distinguished by the greatest diversity of fauna. On the small islands of Oceania, primarily atolls, mammals almost never occur: many of them are inhabited only by polynesian rat. But the locals are very rich. avifauna. Of the representatives of the fauna of New Zealand, the most famous are birds. kiwi which have become the national symbol of the country. Other endemics of the country - kea, kakapo (owl parrot), takahe (wingless sultan). All the islands of Oceania are inhabited by a large number of lizards, snakes and insects.

The region has a large number of protected areas, many of which occupy large areas. For example, Phoenix Islands in the Republic of Kiribati c 28 January 2008 are the world's largest marine nature reserve(area is 410,500 km²)

ferns

breadfruit

Population

Portrait of an indigenous woman

New Zealand - Maori.

The indigenous inhabitants of Oceania are Polynesians, micronesians, Melanesians and Papuans.

economy

Modern inhabitants of Oceania are engaged in agriculture, grow coconut palms, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane. The traditional occupation is fishing in the ocean. On the islands, non-ferrous metal ores, coal are mined, and phosphorite deposits are developed.

Consequences of human activity

Valuable tree species have been cut down.
The coastal waters of many islands are polluted.
Some atolls have been turned into testing grounds for atomic weapons, and as a result, a number of atolls have been destroyed.

Homework

Notebook entries

http://www.bugaga.ru/uploads/posts/2009-10/1255810564_island_ocean.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F#.D0.93.D0.B5. D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Oceanias_Regions.png

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Oceania_rus.svg http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Puncakjaya.jpg http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Kwajalein_Atoll.png http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:CarolinePic-Kepler-South.jpg

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:A_stream_on_Efate,_Vanuatu.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:TeTuatahianui.jpg

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hinepare.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kea.jpg/250px-Kea.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?rpt=simage&img_url=www.sciencenewsblog.com%2Fpics%2Fkakapo.gif&ed=1&text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF %D0%BE&p=17

http://www.flowersandcruises.com/images/pictures/Arieal_Bora_Bora_Larger.jpg http://900igr.net/datas/geografija/Priroda-Afriki/0068-068-Priroda-Afriki.jpg http://www.uwomen.ru/images/stories/photossite/health/bananovoe-derevo.jpg http://www.ekskurzii.com/images/stories/world/great-barrier-reef/great-barrier-reef-ekskurzii.jpg http://rusdods.ya1.ru/uploads/posts/2011-10/thumbs/1319252255_477px-castle_romeo.jpg http://www.e-drofa.ru/materials/bio11/atoll1.jpg http://www.happyho.ru/files/imagecache/preview/images/2010/08/tailand-khlebnoe-derevo-9042.jpg http://nepom.ru/travel/files/rf_paporotnik.jpg

Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V. Geography of continents and oceans Grade 7 - M.: DROFA, 2010.

Information sources.

Research objectives:

Find out where the islands are.
Who first discovered these islands?
Define natural features(origin, relief, climate, flora and fauna).
Are all the islands uninhabited, who lives on them and what do they do?

Oceania is the world's largest cluster of islands located in the southwestern and central Pacific Ocean.

More than 7 thousand islands.

Geographic division

micronesia

Polynesia

Melanesia

Received worldwide recognition for the sea voyages he led in 1642 - 1644 .
The first among the famous European explorers reached the shores New Zealand , Tonga and Fiji .
The data collected during his expeditions helped to prove the fact that Australia is a separate continent.

Abel Janszon Tasman

1603-1659

Dutch navigator, explorer and merchant.

Louis Antoine, Comte de Bougainville (1729 - 1811 ) - French navigator, leader of the 1st French round the world expedition 1766-1768

Attends Samoa and Hebrides, New Brittany (now the Bismarck Islands), New Guinea and Mauritius. Having passed cape Good Hope he returns two and a half years later

Cook James (1728-1779), English navigator, leader of three round-the-world expeditions.

From 1768 to 1779

Discovered and explored: New Zealand, East Coast Australia, crossed the Antarctic Circle, visited Easter Island, Marquesas, Tahiti, Friendship Islands, discovered New Caledonia, South Georgia, discovered Christmas Island, Hawaiian Islands. The ships bypassed the western part of North America, reached Alaska. After crossing the North polar circle, hit the Chukchi Sea

Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

(1773 - 1837) - Russian navigator and explorer.

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" in 1803-1806. made the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Lisyansky commanded the Neva and discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands, named after him ( Lisyansky Island).

Lisyansky was the first to describe Hawaii in his book Journey Around the World (1812).

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay

(1846 - 1888) - Russian ethnographer, anthropologist , biologist and a traveler who studied the indigenous population South-East Asia , australia and Oceania ( 1870 - 1880s ) , including Papuans northeast coast New Guinea called the Maclay Coast.