Portugal in the 15th and 16th century was a maritime superpower, but began to lose its position from 1755, when a powerful earthquake destroyed the city of Lisbon. The Napoleonic Wars and the declaration of independence by Brazil in 1822 were a factor in the loss of superpower status. In 1910, a revolution in Portugal destroyed the monarchy. Before 1974, all governments were repressive, and only a military coup opened the way to democracy. Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a NATO member and joined the EC (now the EU) in 1986.

Geography of Portugal

Location:

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, located west of Spain

Geographical coordinates:

39 30 N, 800 W

Territory :

Total area: 92,090 sq. km

Place of the country in the world

land: 91,470 sq. km

water: 620 sq. km

note: includes Madeira Islands and Azores

Land borders:

Total length: 1,214 km

border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline:

1,793 km

Climate:

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in the north, warmer and drier in the south

Landscape:

mountainous north, plains south

Critical points:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

the most high point: Mount Pico (port. Ponta do Pico) in the Azores 2,351 m.

Natural resources:

fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydroelectricity

Land use:

arable land: 17.29%

permanent crops: 7.84%

other: 74.87% (2005)

Irrigated land:

6 500 sq. km (2003)

Freshwater renewable resources:

73.6 km3 (2005)

Freshwater (domestic/industrial/agricultural) use:

total: 11.09 cu. km / respectively (10% / 12% / 78%)

per capita: 1,056 cubic meters m./ (1998)

Natural hazards:

Azores hit by major earthquakes

Geography - note:

Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along the western sea approaches to the Strait of Gibraltar

Demographics of Portugal

Population :

10,707,924 (July 2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 76

Age structure:

0-14 years old: 16.3% (male 912,147/ female 834,941)

15-64 years old: 66.1% (male 3,525,717/ female 3,554,513)

65 years and older: 17.6% (male 772,413/ female 1,108,193) (2009 est.)

Average age:

From total: 39.4 years

men: 37.3 years

women: 41.6 years (2009 est.)

Population growth rate :

0.275% (2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 178

Fertility rate:

10.29 births/1,000 (2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 191

Population migration:

3.14 migrants /1,000 (2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 28

Urbanization:

urban population: 59% of the total population (2008)

urbanization growth: 1.4% annual change (2005)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.07 men/woman

less than 15 years old: 1.09 men/woman

15-64 years old: 0.99 male/female

65 years and older: 0.7 male/female

total population: 0.95 male)/female (2009 est.)

Lifespan :

From the total population: 78.21 years

Place of the country in the world: 47

men: 74.95 years

women: 81.69 years (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence:

0.5% (2007 estimate)

Place of the country in the world: 74

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

34,000 (2007 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 69

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 500 (2007 estimate)

Place of the country in the world: 89

Religions:

Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)

Languages:

Portuguese (official), Mirendese (official - but locally)

Education spending:

4.4% of GDP (2008)

Place of the country in the world: 93

State structure of Portugal

The name of the country: Republic of Portugal

Government type:

republic; parliamentary democracy

Capital: Lisbon

geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W

Administrative districts :

18 districts

1. Aveiro,
2. Beja,
3. Braga,
4. Braganca,
5. Viseu,
6. Viana do Castelo,
7. Vila Real,
8. guarda,
9. Castelo Branco,
10. Coimbra,
11. Leiria,
12. Lisbon,
13. Portalegre,
14. Porto,
15. Santarém,
16. Setubal,
17. faro,
18. Evora

Independence:

1143 (Kingdom of Portugal formed); October 5, 1910 (Republic formed)

National holiday:

Constitution:

note: the revision of the constitution declared that the military was under strict civilian control, curtailed the powers of the president, and laid the foundation for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; he took into account the privatization of nationalized firms and the media, state-owned communications

Executive Power:

head of state: President Anibal CAVECO SILVA (since March 9, 2006)

head of the government : Prime Minister José SOCRATES Carvalho Pento de Susa (since 12 March 2005)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister

elections:president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible to be elected to a second term); elections last held 22 January 2006 (next in January 2011); after legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president

Legislature:

unicameral Assembly of the Republic (230 seats; deputies elected by popular vote for four-year terms)

elections:last held 27 September 2009 (next in 2013)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; judges appointed for life

Economy of Portugal

Economics - at a glance:

Portugal joined the EEC in 1986. It entered the Eurozone in 2002.

$21,800 (est. 2009)

Place of the country in the world: 57

$22,500 (est. 2008)

$22,600 (est. 2007)

GDP - composition of sectors:

agriculture: 2.9%

industry: 24.4%

services: 72.8% (2009 est.)

Work force :

5.58 million (2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 67

Labor force - by composition of sectors:

agriculture: 10%

industry: 30%

services: 60% (2007 estimate)

revenue: $91.89 billion

spending: $106.8 billion (2009 est.)

State debt:

75.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

Place of the country in the world: 19

66.4% of GDP (2008 est.)

Rising inflation (retail prices):

0.9% (2009 estimate)

Place of the country in the world: 6

2.6% (est. 2008)

The lowest interest rate on a commercial bank loan:

Place of the country in the world: 116

slide 2

The name of the country comes from the name of the Roman settlement of Portus Cale at the mouth of the Douro River.

slide 3

Capital - Lisbon The area, together with the islands, is 92 thousand square meters. km. Portugal includes the Azores and the Madeira archipelago

slide 4

From the south and west it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. It borders with Spain in the north and east

slide 5

Egp change over time

The advantageous position of Portugal at the crossroads of the most important sea routes played a particularly important role in the development of the country in the era of the great geographical discoveries. The borders of Portugal have not changed for more than eight centuries. Among European countries this is an absolute record. Today Portugal is a developed maritime state, known for its resorts and beaches.

slide 6

Form of government - republic Form of administrative-territorial structure: Portugal is divided into 22 districts Population - 10,707,924 people. Official language - Portuguese

Slide 7

Population

90% are Portuguese. Per 1000 inhabitants, the birth rate is about 11 and the death rate is 10. Natural population growth is partly offset by emigration Type of reproduction modern

Slide 8

Lisbon and Porto are the largest agglomerations of Portugal

Slide 9

About 70% of the country's population is concentrated in the coastal zone. The urban population predominates. Most typical of Portugal small towns with a population of no more than 10 thousand people

Slide 10

The main flow of immigrants from Brazil, from the Cape Verde Islands, Ukraine, etc. The flow of emigrants to European countries (France, Germany, etc.), the USA, Canada Gender composition: 924 women per 1000 men

slide 11

Natural resources

Uranium, pyrite, copper, tungsten and cork oak are the main natural resources of Portugal

slide 12

Iron ore tungsten

slide 13

forest resources

play a significant role in the Portuguese economy. Valuable species are pine and cork oak. Portugal annually produces more raw cork oak than the rest of the world. Eucalyptus trees, imported from Australia, are the main source of raw materials for pulp production.

Slide 14

natural conditions

Portugal is located in the subtropical zone. However, since it occupies the westernmost edge of the Iberian Peninsula, its Mediterranean climate is noticeably moderated by the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.

slide 15

Water resources

The hydropower potential is not very large. Extensive coastline. Fisheries are highly developed.

slide 16

Agro-climatic conditions

Portugal is located in the subtropical zone. The soils of Portugal are mostly sandy, acidic, formed on volcanic rocks.

Slide 17

Recreational resources

Tourism is developed. The main tourism regions are Lisbon, Algarve and Madeira

Slide 18

Slide 19

Industry

The basis of the Portuguese industry is the manufacturing industry. Most of it is concentrated in the mountainous regions of Northern Portugal. Tin ores are processed in the northeast of the country. The main area for the extraction of uranium ores is concentrated near the city of Viseu.

Slide 20

mechanical engineering textiles

- 83.24 Kb

Portugal is a country with low tension and a moderate water reserve.

HTC \u003d 1.3 - sufficient moisture

Agro-climatic resources.

Unlike other countries of Southern Europe, Portugal is more strongly influenced by the Atlantic, so its Mediterranean climate has oceanic features. The cooling effect on the climate is exerted by the cold Canary Current, which runs from north to south along west coast countries. Humidified cool air from the Atlantic, brought by the prevailing winds, freely penetrates almost the entire territory of Portugal. In coastal regions, summer is 5-7° colder, and winter 1-2° warmer than in southern Italy and Greece at the same latitudes. There is usually no sweltering summer heat here, the average July air temperature in the plains varies from 19 ° in the north to 25 ° in the south, and in the mountains summers are 2-3 ° cooler. Winters are warm and mild with average January temperatures in the plains from 8° to 11°, and in the mountains up to 3-5°. Thus, the seasons of temperature changes are very small. South of the river Tagus has an almost continuous growing season, and frosts do not occur every year. Thermal conditions allow all major subtropical crops to ripen, and even palm trees grow in the southern regions.

In small redistributions, the temperature of oceanic waters also changes during the year - from 13-15 ° in winter to 17-18 ° in summer. The cool sea holds back the tourist and resort base from the west coast of northern Portugal, where bathing season lasts only 3 months. Therefore, despite the abundance of beautiful sandy beaches, there are few large resorts here. Water warms up more south coast away from the Canary Current. Here resort towns and villages are much more common.

Portugal is located in a hot climate zone. The sum of active temperatures is over 8000 0 C, the growing season is all year round.

Land resources.

In accordance with the differences in climatic conditions of Northern and Southern Portugal, the soil cover also changes. In the mountains and foothills in the north of the country, under conditions of sufficient or excessive moisture, mountain brown forest soils predominate, often stony or gravel, podzolized in places. In the drier central and southern regions leading role play brown-brown soil. Brown soils are also found in the driest regions of the south of the country. Alluvial soils stretch in strips along the river valleys. Alkaline and marshy soils are distributed in places along the sea coasts, and there are also areas of developed and semi-fixed sands. Significant areas of plains and foothills are plowed up. Brown forest and alluvial soils have the highest natural fertility, on which grapes, tobacco, etc., mainly subtropical crops, are grown. Brown-brown and brown soils give satisfactory yields of many agricultural crops, mainly cereals, under irrigation conditions. In mountainous regions with large surface slopes, thin skeletal soils are developed, the agricultural use of which is insignificant. Long-term economic development of the plains, deforestation on the slopes of the mountains and excessive pressure on the pasture contributed to degradation and accelerated erosion in many areas.

The vegetation cover of Portugal is dominated by Mediterranean evergreen forests and shrubs. In the north, they are mixed with deciduous, broad-leaved forests. Once almost the entire territory of Portugal was covered with forests. Now they are heavily exterminated.

The vegetation cover of the mountainous regions of Northern Portugal is characterized by altitudinal zonality up to 1000-1200 meters along the slopes, coniferous-deciduous forests rise, mainly from oak, beech, common pine and coastal pine. Higher up, the forest becomes oppressed, stunted, crooked forests and shrubs appear. Alpine-type meadows begin at altitudes of 1500-1600 m.

Forest resources.

Forests cover 1/5 of the territory of Portugal; almost half of them are coniferous, mostly pine. Approximately 607 thousand hectares are occupied by cork oak plantations. Portugal supplies half of the world's cork production. The area of ​​eucalyptus plantations, characterized by rapid growth, is rapidly expanding; it is the most important source of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. Forests are essential to the economy and foreign trade of Portugal.

Forest area - 3.3 million hectares

Forest cover: 2.79%

In southern Portugal, forests of evergreen holm and cork oaks are common. There are also evergreen kermes oaks and maquis - a community of evergreen hard-leaved thorny shrubs and low (up to 4-6 m) trees. Typical representatives of the Portuguese maquis are wild olive, tree heather, strawberry tree, cistus, myrtle, pistachio. On the western coast there are large plantations of long-coniferous (up to 20 cm) maritime pine, which helps to fix the dunes, there are also plantations of eucalyptus. For the southern parts of the coast, carob, gorse and heather are very characteristic. In the river valleys floodplain meadows are green.

The main value of the forests of Portugal is the cork oak. This tree can reach a height of 20 m, the cork cover protects it from excessive evaporation. Throughout the country there are plantations of olive trees. There are about a million of them here.

Economy.

Currency.

currency parity. Since January 1, 2002, the Euro (Euro) has been introduced. There are 100 cents in one euro. Until the end of 2012, the national bank will exchange national banknotes for euros free of charge, until the end of 2002 all old banknotes and coins can also be exchanged at any exchange office (in most cases also free of charge). The exchange rate - 1 Euro = 200.482 Portuguese Escudos, is fixed and will not change. There are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.

The Euro exchange rate as of December 21, 2010 is 40.51 rubles.

Currency convertibility. Since January 1999, within the framework of the European Monetary Union, a new, single currency, the euro, has been introduced, which within a few years should replace the national currencies of the member countries of the union. Along with the US dollar, a new world currency is emerging. So far, it has been introduced only for non-cash payments, but from January 1, 2002, it will also have to appear in cash. The introduction of the euro is an unprecedented project that will lead to serious changes not only in the European but also in the world economy and will be one of the most important factors in the development of the economy of the whole world in the coming millennium.

The emergence of a common European currency is a logical continuation of the integration processes in Europe and in the world. As a result of negotiations that began in December 1991 in Maastricht (Netherlands), a decision was made on the gradual formation of the European Monetary Union, which should be based on a single European currency and the European Central Bank. The creation of the European Monetary Union and the introduction of the euro will solve many important tasks, including:

1. coordinate the monetary and financial policy of the EU countries;
2. ensure the financial stability of the European currency against the dollar, the Japanese yen and other currencies;
3. pursue a single monetary and foreign exchange policy in the interests of the EU countries.

A positive consequence of the introduction of the euro, subject to successful cooperation, will be the alleviation of the problems associated with the circulation of banknotes and coins in Europe. European and other banks, working together, will be able to reduce the cost of cash processing, smooth out the problems of supply and demand for cash in different periods. It will also be easier for banks with a characteristic excess or shortage of cash to work.

Opportunities will open up for firms that will organize and carry out a campaign to collect old coins in the countries of the euro area, as well as firms that provide cash transportation throughout Europe and beyond.

Through the standardization of requirements and laws across Europe, cash management will become more efficient and reliable.

According to the Central Bank of Russia, already now the funds of individuals and legal entities in the national currencies of the countries of the European Economic and Monetary Union on accounts in Russian banks can be converted into euros on a voluntary basis. Individuals can open euro accounts in Russian banks to deposit savings and use them for non-cash payments, in particular using payment cards. The purchase of euro banknotes and coins will become possible after their introduction into cash circulation - from January 1, 2002. The MICEX is already constantly trading with the participation of the euro.

GDP per capita.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Portugal was $110 billion. The per capita national income is $12,000 (70% of the EU average).

Industries.

The most important traditional industries are textiles (cotton and wool), clothing, winemaking, olive oil production, canned fish, cork processing (the leading place in the world). Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (shipbuilding and ship repair, car assembly, electrical engineering); the chemical, oil refining and petrochemical, cement, glass-ceramic (production of blue facing tiles) industries are developing. Farming dominates agriculture. About half of the cultivated land is arable; viticulture, fruit growing, olive plantations. In livestock breeding, cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding. Fishing (mainly sardines).

Developed branches of agriculture.

The main cereal crop in Portugal is wheat, followed by corn. Wheat is grown mainly in the south of the country, corn - in the north. In addition, legumes, oats, rye, barley and rice are of commercial importance. The potato is an important food crop.
Viticulture and winemaking play a huge role in agriculture. Portugal is one of the leading Western European wine exporting countries. The most important areas of viticulture are the valleys of the northern rivers Douro, Mondego and Lima. Vineyards are also located in the Algarve and on the Setúbal Peninsula, directly south of Lisbon. Portuguese dessert wines, especially port and muscat, as well as rosé table wines, are world famous.
The long coastline of Portugal and the wealth of fish resources in coastal waters have contributed to the development of fisheries. The composition of the catch is dominated by sardines, and sardines, anchovies, tuna are also fished off the coast of the country, and cod in the North Atlantic. The main fishing ports are Matosinhos, Setubal, Portimão.
Forestry plays a significant role in the economy of Portugal, a third of the country's territory is covered with forests. Commercially valuable species are pine and cork oak. Portugal annually produces more raw cork oak than the rest of the world. Eucalyptus trees, imported from Australia, are the main source of raw materials for pulp production.

Export Composition: textiles and clothing, food products, cork, ships, electrical equipment, chemical products, clothing and footwear, machinery, pulp and paper industry, cork, leather.
Export geography (2004): Spain 24.8%, France 14%, Germany 13.5%, UK 9.6%, USA 6%, Italy 4.3%, Belgium 4.1%.
Export volume (2001) $25.9 billion
Import composition: transport and engineering equipment, petroleum products, chemical industry products, textiles, food.
Import geography (2004): Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.4%, France 9.7%, Italy 6.1%, Netherlands 4.6%, UK 4.5%
Import volume (2001): $39 billion
External debt (1997): $13.1 billion

The international cooperation.

The main foreign trade partners are the countries of the European Community. (Spain, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium), USA.

International organizations :

NATO member (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (with 1949), United Nations (United Nations) (with 1955), OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (with

Environmental scandals continue to rock the region

There are serious problems with air quality in the Tomsk region and specifically in Tomsk - information about this was disseminated by the Ministry of Natural Resources. According to representatives of the department, high levels of air pollution are the main ecological problem Tomsk. It is caused primarily by industrial emissions and constant sources of stench.

Acting Head of Rosprirodnadzor of the Russian Federation Amiran Amirkhanov

Moreover, it is not so much biological waste that contributes to air pollution, but emissions from industrial enterprises. There are 102 oil fields, 20 oil and gas condensate fields and 8 gas condensate fields in the region. Also in the Tomsk region there are 26 deposits of solid minerals, two of which (Tuganskoye and Georgievskoye) are of federal importance. In addition, the ministry drew attention to the need to monitor facilities that are not included in the state register of waste disposal facilities. Acting head of Rosprirodnadzor of the Russian Federation Amiran Amirkhanov noted that there are as many as 154 of these in the region. These are manure storage facilities and ash and slag waste storage facilities.

Meanwhile, just last week, tons of biological waste were again found in the vicinity of Tomsk. Bones of cows and pigs were stored in the territories near Seversk. An inspection by the prosecutor's office showed that the remains were obtained after deboning the carcasses of Myastorg LLC, owned by a businessman from Togur. But that's not all...

According to the website of the prosecutor's office, four dumps of biological waste were found in the Seversk forest, the number of remains in them was large - several tons. The landfill became known from local residents. People felt the unpleasant smell of rotting meat and found huge dumps near the city, after which they wrote a complaint to the prosecutor's office. In order to establish who owns the waste, representatives of the prosecutor's office, together with the regional veterinary department, went to the site and checked all meat and meat products producers on the territory of the closed city. It turned out that the dump was arranged by employees of the Myastorg company from the Kolpashevsky district. The company revealed the absence of documents confirming the movement of biological waste for disposal with a total volume of more than three tons. All this was simply thrown out in the forest. Among the company's clients are large food processing plants in Seversk, schools, gymnasiums, kindergartens, and hospitals.

As a result of the audit, the prosecutor filed a lawsuit against the administration of Seversk with a demand to eliminate all illegal dumps near the city.

Similar unauthorized dumps with waste of biological origin near Tomsk and Seversk have been found more than once. For example, four years ago, while bypassing the water intake, employees of the Tomskvodokanal discovered many bags with animal remains about 100 meters from one of the water intake wells, they also exuded the corresponding “ambergris”. They contained sheep skins, heads and limbs of sheep. Employees of the Rosselkhoznadzor immediately went to the site with an inspection, but it was not possible to establish who threw the bags in the water protection zone. After that, the workers took out the waste and buried it in the Kislov cattle burial ground. Cleaning was carried out not by the culprit of the “utilization” of waste, but by the owner of the land plot represented by the administration of the Zorkaltsevsky rural settlement of the Tomsk region. The head of the settlement, it turns out, has personally visited the city water intake more than once and does not believe that the regulatory authorities will find the offender. At the same time, the regional veterinary department made a request to find out who was given the accompanying documents for slaughtering and selling meat, because someone bought a large batch of sheep or put about 30 carcasses on the market for sale. No details on this find were later given. Apparently, the one who threw the sheep's remains near the well was never found.

Portugal occupies the Portuguese geographical region of the Iberian Peninsula with some of its inherent features of landscape unity (Figure 1). Portugal occupies the western, lowered to Atlantic Ocean, the outskirts of the Mezeta, from the lower reaches of the Minho River in the north to the mouth of the Guadiana River and the Gulf of Cadiz in the south. It is elongated in the meridional direction for 550 km, with an average width of 175 km (an area of ​​89 thousand sq. km). This peripheral area contains the most extensive lowland area of ​​the peninsula, with a predominance of flat and hilly terrain (Portuguese lowland). In the northeast, it is closed by the mountains of the western high edge of the northern part of the Mezeta and is entirely turned to the ocean, being the most coastal country of the Iberian Peninsula.

Figure 1 - Map of continental Portugal (compiled from the source)

The coast of the ocean in Portugal is mainly formed by young faults and faults, along the lines of which a vast strip of land has sunk to the sea bottom, as evidenced by the presence of underwater valleys. This is a deep underwater canyon north of Cape Carvoeiro, where the lower reaches of the Tagus River used to pass, then deviated to the southwest due to the recent uplift of the coastline in the Serra de Sintra range. The coast of Portugal is an alternation of areas with a differentiated nature of vertical movements - ups and downs. These movements are often accompanied by seismic shaking. In the modern geological era, subsidence plays a predominant role in most of the coast, which in some places has led to the penetration of the sea into the mouths of river valleys. Thanks to this, Portugal has a number of convenient natural harbors in estuary bays, among which the harbor of Lisbon is especially remarkable.

A large line of faults and faults, sharply expressed in the relief, is limited within Portugal by a more elevated strip of the edge of the ancient Mezeta massif, composed of granites, gneisses, shales and quartzites. This is most clearly seen in the northern part of the country, from the Duro River to the Tagus River, where mountainous area the edge of the Mezeta rises above the low-lying or hilly coastline. Max Height in the mountainous region it reaches the Serra da Estrela granite range (up to 1990 m), which can be considered as the western tip of the Cordillera Central of Spain. From the place where this massif ends with a steep fault slope, the low Serra de Sintra ridge (up to 677 m) extends to the southwest, up to the seashore. This ridge is composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones, subjected to folding and faults, with outcrops of volcanic rocks and granites. Significant development of karst forms is typical for this region. The Setúbal Peninsula with the Serra de Arrábida, which closes the mouth of the Tagus, has a similar structure to the south of Lisbon.

Southern Portugal is lowland for most of its length, which is how it differs from the north of the country, with a predominance of mountainous terrain. To the south of the lower reaches of the Tagus stretch vast plains, composed of loose Miocene and Pliocene lagoonal and lacustrine deposits and crossed by the Sorraya and Sadu rivers. To the east of them stands the crystalline and Paleozoic peneplain of the Mezeta in the form of a low undulating plateau with separate ridges, distinguished by erosion along the strike of ancient folding (northwest - southeast).

In the extreme south, in the Algarve region, the area is entirely composed of coal shales and sandstones and is elevated in a shield-like manner, constituting the western extremity of the Spanish Sierra Morena zone. Here the Serra de Monchique ridge of the same rocks stretches in the latitudinal direction, with the main peaks of Foya (902 m) and Picota (774 m), which are laccoliths. The southern slope of Sera is limited by a fault, turning into a hilly zone south coast countries - Barrocal, composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones, marls and sandstones. At the foot of the hills stretches a strip of raised sandy ancient beach with dunes and lagoons. At present, the shore shows signs of subsidence here as well.

Thus, we can conclude that the relief of Portugal is very differentiated in different parts countries. It is also worth noting that in such a small country there is a great landscape diversity that attracts many tourists. The mountain landscape contributes to the development of sports, medical and ecological tourism.