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Roman Concrete book. Chapter Ⅲ Benefit, strength and beauty.

Water supply in ancient Rome.

Construction of aqueducts in ancient Rome.

Aqueducts are the main evidence of the greatness of the Roman Empire.

These words belong to Sextus Julius Frontinus (late I - early II century AD), a major statesman ancient rome, who was twice consul, successfully fought in Britain and, in his old age, received the title of "water keeper". Having taken such a high post, Frontin, who thoroughly studied all the technical and economic issues related to the construction and operation of water pipes, wrote the book "Water Pipes of the City of Rome"! which was of great importance not only in the era of the Roman Empire, but also in subsequent centuries. Many building elements in Roman aqueducts were made of concrete.

Water among the Greeks and Romans, as well as among many more ancient peoples. It was considered something divine, one of the main elements of the universe. Probably, this belief came from the Middle East, where fresh water has always been of great value. In the same place in the Middle East, long before the emergence of the ancient Roman state, dams, dams and stone conduits were built to collect water. In the 7th century BC e. near ancient Nineveh, a large water conduit 40 km long was built. To transfer it across the river valley, the Assyrians built a stone bridge (aqueduct) with five vaulted arches, each with a span of 2.74 m. For 900 m, it was an open channel laid in an artificial stone bed, about 2.3 m wide. Perhaps it was one of the first aqueducts built by humans.

In ancient Rome, water pipes began to be built at the end of the 6th century. BC e. The first great aqueduct in Rome was built by Appius Claudius, the famous builder of the Appian Way. This event took place in 312 BC. e., in the same year with the opening of the first strategic road. The relatively short water pipeline, 16.5 km long, mostly ran underground, starting outside the city from a spring in quarries and ending at the Tiber, next to the harbor, where brisk contractors brought marble and granite blocks from Egypt. That's what they called him - Appian.

Most water pipelines, as well as temples, theaters, roads and other responsible and unique structures, got their name from their builders, or rather the people who financed the construction and were responsible for it. They were usually high-ranking state censors, praetors, aediles, and often consuls and the emperors themselves.

In 272 BC. e. a second aqueduct was laid in Rome, which was completed two years later. He supplied the capital with water from the Anio River, located 70 km from the city.

The water supply of Rome was difficult due to the rugged terrain, as the city is located on seven hills surrounded by the flat territory of Campania. Water supply was carried out with the help of water conduits, which within the city were located on aqueducts - special structures in the form of bridges (Fig. 24). The conduit passed over the top of the aqueduct and was a channel in the form of a gutter, made of stone, brick or concrete. When the water pipeline approached the city, water towers were built, which, according to the principle of operation, resembled modern water structures, although they differed from them in distribution systems for water.

The third aqueduct in Rome - Aqua Marcia - was built in 44 BC. e. This hydrotechnical structure, unique for that time, served as a model for later Roman construction. In the books of ancient Roman authors, the aqueduct of Marcius is mentioned as a significant milestone in the great days of the Republic. Especially on the route of the water supply, a grandiose aqueduct stood out, rising almost 60 m above the level of the Tiber. The total length of the water pipeline reached 91.3 km, of which the aboveground part was 11.82 km, and the daily flow rate of the supplied water was 200 thousand m 3. It was built from beautiful natural stone by the hands of slaves - captive Greeks and Carthaginians.

Rice. 24. Aqueducts near Rome, crossing the Via Latina, reconstruction

Its culvert bed had a width of 1.37-1.68 m and a height of 2.44-2.75 m. rebuilt. So, 17 years after the completion of construction, the Tepula aqueduct was laid along it, and another 100 years later, the Julia aqueduct, where brick and concrete were already used as building materials.

During the time of Emperor Augustus, when great construction work began in the country, they were led by the emperor's friend and son-in-law, the commander Mark Vipsanius Agrippa. He is credited with the construction of many structures, including temples, baths and water pipes.

The term "aqueduct" came to us from the Latin language (aguae ductus) and in translation means "leading water" (agua - water, duco - I lead). What is an aqueduct in the modern Russian sense? This is a structure for passing water flows at a considerable height through rough terrain, including barriers of natural and man-made origin.

The aqueduct is used to provide water to settlements, industrial production or agricultural land from a remote source of water located on a hill. The principle of operation of the aqueduct is the free supply of water through a gutter, ditch, pipe under a slight slope. In this way, physical laws are used that allow, without additional effort, to move huge flows of water through artificially created channels.

From the history of aqueducts

The history of the emergence of aqueducts originates from the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, who learned to build conduits to supply their homes with water, observing the natural flow of rivers - from a hill to a lower area.

Back in the 7th century BC. The Assyrians erected a limestone aqueduct to provide water to their capital, Nineveh. The spring was separated from the capital by a wide valley. The length of the conduit was 80 kilometers, and its three hundred meter section above the valley reached a height of ten meters.

History has preserved information about the aqueducts that were built by the Mayan tribes and the ancient Greeks. The ancient Greek traveler, geographer and historian Herodotus sang the aqueduct on the island of Samos as one of the wonders of the world.

The aqueducts built by the ancient Romans differed significantly from the first structures in terms of their technology, already at that time such waterproof materials as pozzolanic concrete were used for their construction.

The best architects took part in the construction of aqueducts, making complex accurate calculations. For example, the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Provence had a height difference of only 17 meters between the source and the end point. At the same time, its total length was 50 kilometers, and for each kilometer the slope was only 34 centimeters. Such accuracy and the best construction technologies provided the Roman aqueducts with centuries of successful use - even a thousand years after the collapse of the Roman Empire, the aqueducts have not lost their technological significance.

In some cases, during the construction of aqueducts, the surface difference was over 50 meters. In order to ensure the free passage of the water flow, the builders created an additional pressure conduit (siphon). These technologies are still used today when laying water pipelines has to cross places with significant depressions.

Modern use of aqueducts

In the modern sense, the definition of what an aqueduct is is a description of a structure designed to move large streams of water overhead. Given the high cost of building and maintaining aqueducts compared to underground water pipelines, today their construction is justified only in densely populated mountainous countries, mainly where laying an underground water conduit is associated with certain difficulties.

However, in a number of countries aqueducts are operated, designed to pass ships over the riverbed or over the valley. These bridge structures make it possible to connect canal systems through which small vessels can pass. Their construction began in the 17th century, and some of them are still successfully operating today.

The most famous modern water bridges for shipping are:

Magdeburg navigable aqueduct (Germany, 2003) 918 meters long, laid above the surface of the earth across the Elbe River and connecting the Elbe-Havel and Mitteland canals.

Pontkysillte Aqueduct, Wrexham (Great Britain, 1795-1805). A water bridge was built in the valley of the River Dee to connect the collieries of Denbighshire with the national navigable canals via the Ellesmere Canal.

Swivel water bridge, Barton (UK). It was built on the River Irwell and is intended to carry the Bridgewater Canal through the Manchester Ship. The rotary aqueduct was built in 1894 and has no analogues in the whole world.

An aqueduct (from the Latin - “to carry water”) is an irrigation structure that performs several functions. First of all, it is a pipeline through which water is supplied to settlements. Then there is a complex irrigation system that allows you to bring water to dry fields with crops growing on them.

The first aqueducts appeared several millennia ago in the Middle East. It is known for certain that already in the 7th century BC, lime irrigation systems were present in the Assyrian lands, through the valleys of which they carried countless waters to the country's capital, Nineveh. The total length of the aqueduct was more than eighty kilometers.

Irrigation of ancient Rome was intended to saturate cities and places of industrial development with water. Local aqueducts were built on the territory of the Roman state for centuries: eleven water supply systems led to the capital alone, more than three hundred and fifty kilometers long.

In ancient times, aqueducts were known to all civilizations without exception - they were equally well used by both the Mayans and the ancient Greeks. In the Middle Ages, the Roman experience in building surface water pipes was lost, and until the end of the 19th century, irrigation systems gradually came to naught. The most famous aqueduct in Russia was built on the border of the XVIII-XIX centuries in the area of ​​modern Moscow Mytishchi.

10 ancient aqueducts.

1. Tambomachay, Peru

Tambomachay (translated into Russian - “resort” or “resting place”) is one of the most ancient aqueducts that at one time performed a cultural and religious rather than a practical function. The Peruvian aqueduct was built to irrigate the royal gardens, where the rulers of the Inca civilization liked to relax. For a long time, Tambochay itself was a sacred relic of Peru - this building was dedicated to the cult of water. In its structure, the aqueduct was a complex system of canals and water cascades flowing gracefully over gray rocks.

2. Aqueduct Park in Rome (Aqueduct Park), Italy

The Roman Aqueduct Park is a grandiose monument of ancient culture, consisting of seven (out of eleven) irrigation systems that have survived to this day. passing by picturesque valley, stretching between the New Appian Way and Tuscolana, they, like many centuries ago, keep their way to the side. Thanks to them, the capital of the ancient Empire has remained for centuries as one of the cleanest and most enlightened capitals in the world. Roman aqueducts saturated the city to such an extent that free citizens already in those distant times could afford to take baths, drain latrines and enjoy the beauty of numerous fountains.

3. Aqueducts in Caesarea (Caesarea Aqueduct), Israel

Aqueducts in Caesarea began to be built under the notorious Herod the Great. During his reign, in the newly built Mediterranean city, the first aqueduct was carried out from Mount Carmel, with a total length of ten kilometers. The second "water supply" was made during the time of the emperor Hadrian, who considered that the overgrown Caesarea was desperately lacking drinking water. Both aqueducts ran parallel to each other and had the same length. A special channel was cut in the rock to supply water to them. The channels of the aqueducts were cement, plastered, both on the outer and inner side of the channel, walls.

4. Underground aqueducts Nazca (Nazca Aqueducts or Cantalloc Aqueduct), Peru

The underground Nazca aqueducts were built by South Peruvian Indians to provide their agricultural land with sufficient irrigation moisture. They had a complex system internal device and were so large that a person of average height could easily enter them. The walls of the underground channels were reinforced with massive stone blocks, and the ceilings were covered with mesquite beams. The underground nature of the aqueducts made it possible to prevent the evaporation of moisture in the hot Peruvian climate. At the same time, along the entire route of the water pipeline, there were special openings through which it was possible to descend into the aqueduct to clean it. Through them, excess moisture was removed from the Indian irrigation system to the earth's surface.

5. Aqueducts and canals in Hampi (Hampi Aqueducts), India

In the history of India, Hampi is known as the capital of the ancient, powerful Vijayanagar Empire. From the city built in the 14th century, many majestic architectural and communication structures, including various aqueducts, have survived to this day. In those distant times, Indian water pipes were used to irrigate banana plantations. By the way, both work quite well in Hampi today. In addition to irrigation, aqueducts and canals in Hampi, taking water from the surrounding mountains, were also used to fill special stone baths-pools intended for ablution.

6. Merida Aqueduct (Acueducto de los Milagros), Spain

The Spanish aqueduct in Merida is known as Los Milagros, which means "Aqueduct of Miracles" in Russian. Built from three ultra-strong materials - granite, concrete and brick - it had a length of two hundred and twenty-seven meters and towered twenty-five meters above the ground. Los Milagros has reached our days in a dilapidated state, which, however, does not prevent us from appreciating its architectural attractiveness. The granite pillars of the aqueduct contained red brick inserts. The semicircles of the arches of the irrigation structure were laid out last. There is a version that such an architectural concept formed the basis of the Arab Mosque of Cordoba.

7. Aqueduct de las Ferreres (Les Ferreres Aqueduct), Spain

The aqueduct de las Ferreres, or "Devil's Bridge", was built from stone blocks in the 1st century BC to provide water to the ancient Roman city of Taracco. Water was supplied to it from two rivers - Gaia and Francoli. Collected in the Rowrey area, it was distributed through smaller canals and aqueducts leading to de las Ferreres. The Spanish "Devil's Bridge" is architectural structure, with a total length of two hundred and seventeen and a height of twenty-six meters. The structure of two arches (eleven at the bottom and twenty-five at the top) contained the plumbing on its upper tier. The Aqueduct de las Ferreres is one of the most complete European aqueducts that have come down to us.

The Turkish aqueduct of Valens was built in the 4th century AD from stones that previously formed the basis of the famous ancient Greek city - Chalcedon. Located between two hills, it provided water to Constantinople, now known as Istanbul. The total length of Valens was a thousand meters, the height of the aqueduct at its maximum point was twenty-six meters. Valenta was the operating water supply system of Istanbul until the 19th century. Today, the Valens Aqueduct is an important cultural attraction in Istanbul. It is located in the old part of the city, above Ataturk Boulevard.

The aqueduct in Segovia is known as the longest Western European aqueduct that has survived to this day. Its total length is eight hundred and eighteen, and its height is highest point- twenty nine meters. More than twenty thousand granite slabs were involved in the construction of the aqueduct. At the same time, the structure itself is just a ground component of a much more complex and long (multi-kilometer) water supply system. The exact date of construction of the aqueduct is unknown, but historians believe that it was erected during the reign of Emperor Vespasian or Nerva, in the 1st century BC. In 1985, the aqueduct in Segovia was included in.

The Pont du Gard aqueduct or the "Bridge over the Gard" is known as the highest of all ancient Roman aqueducts that have survived to this day. At its highest point, it reaches a height of forty-seven meters, which is twice the average classical height of ancient European aqueducts. The Pont du Gard was built in the 1st century AD to supply water to the city of Neem. The architectural design of the aqueduct consists of three tiers: at the bottom of the structure there are six large ones, in the middle - eleven medium ones and at the top - thirty-five small arches.

Definition 1

An aqueduct is a conduit designed to supply water to settlements, as well as to hydropower and irrigation systems from those sources that are located above.

In a narrower sense, an aqueduct is a part of a water supply in the form of a bridge, which is located above a river, road or ravine.

If the aqueduct is wide enough, then ships can pass under it like under an ordinary bridge. It is similar in design to a viaduct. However, the main difference is that it is used to carry water instead of organizing a road.

Ancient Roman aqueducts: history of occurrence

Ancient Roman aqueducts were designed to supply water to the population. Irrigation systems and hydropower systems were also fed by them.

Ancient Roman aqueducts were made of brick, stone, reinforced concrete and steel. At the base of the aqueducts, the architects of Ancient Rome used pillars made of stone, brick or cast iron, as well as a bank abutment, on which cuvettes or pipes were placed. In order for the structure to be as stable as possible, the supports were connected by stone arches.

Despite the fact that the ancient Romans were proud of such engineering structures, for the first time aqueducts were invented in Ancient Egypt. Aqueducts were then built using limestone, and the dimensions of the structures were much more modest. The aqueduct, through which the city of Nineveh was supplied with water, had a length of 80 km. It was 300 meters wide and 10 meters high.

Figure 3. Limestone aqueducts. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Already in the 7th century BC, water conduits first appeared, which were made in the Roman style. About 11 aqueducts with a total length of more than 350 km were intended to supply life-giving moisture to Rome.

Remark 1

The longest aqueduct is located in Carthage (modern Tunisia), its length reaches 141 km.

However, the main part of the aqueducts then was located underground. An example is the Eifel aqueduct, which is located in Germany. This building can still be seen in Cologne, to which water was delivered through an underground conduit.

Ancient Roman aqueducts were built with modern and waterproof materials, such as pozzolanic concrete. Despite the exact parameters that were incorporated into their design, the conduits were too complicated.

For example, the roll of the Pont du Gard aqueduct is 34 centimeters per 1 km, and its descent reaches 17 meters along the escarpment line. Its length reaches 50 km. Thanks to this design, the ancient Roman aqueducts remained modern even a thousand years later, when the Roman Empire had already fallen.

The reason for this longevity was a simple principle: water was delivered by gravity, and this was extremely efficient. Many of the rules and techniques of ancient Roman builders and architects are still used today. Unfortunately, most practical knowledge disappeared forever during the years of the Dark Wars. The construction of aqueducts was revived only in the 19th century.

History has preserved traces of the work of ancient Roman architects. Even today, travelers can be amazed at how jewel-like the outlines of some aqueducts can be. These structures are scattered around the world, today they can be found in many countries:

• aqueduct park, which is located in Italy;
• aqueduct of Caesarea, which is located in Israel;
• the Hampi aqueducts (located in India) and the Nazca aqueduct in Peru;
• aqueduct Les Ferreres, which is located in Spain;
• Valens aqueduct (location - Turkey);
• aqueduct of Segovia, in Spain.

Figure 5. The architecture of the ancient Roman aqueduct. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Roman aqueducts - masterpieces of architecture

Roman aqueducts are real masterpieces of hydrotechnical art, they have no analogues in the ancient world. Since water is a vital resource, the need for it has increased in the Mediterranean, especially during the hot summers. The growth of cities led to an increased demand for water, already from the 5th century BC, some big cities were supplied with water by aqueducts. The first Roman aqueduct was built in 312 BC.

If you believe the calculations, then ancient Rome had a large water supply per person. Aqueducts were then built not only to provide water supply to the population, but also for other purposes. Part of the water was used for irrigation of country gardens and for production needs. However, most of the water was still used for the needs of society: baths, circuses, city fountains.

Each element of the aqueduct, which is considered separately, is impressive. However, if we take into account the entire scale of the organization, as well as the practical implementation of architects and the ability of Roman engineers to solve the most complex problems of water supply, then we can agree with the opinion of the ancient authors Frontinus or Pliny the Elder that the ancient Roman aqueducts are one of greatest miracles ancient world.

How were the aqueducts of ancient Rome arranged?

Almost all ancient Roman aqueducts were the simplest gravity structures. The source was slightly higher than the city it served, and the water supply had a constant downward slope so that the water would flow down under the influence of gravity.

For the city, water was supplied through a rectangular trough, which was lined on the inside with a waterproof putty of crushed terracotta and lime. The top of the gutter was closed to keep the water clean, but it did not completely clog up like modern plumbing. The angle of inclination was small so that the water would not wash out the bottom of the gutter. But at the same time, he had to ensure the movement of the water flow.

If possible, the aqueduct's chute was buried in the ground, but in some places it was raised on a solid stone foundation to create an even angle of inclination when crossing depressions and small depressions. Periodically, short vertical sections were introduced to compensate for the steep slopes.

When approaching the city, the aqueduct went through arches, since many cities ancient world were built on hills, and the water channel had to be pulled up to such a height that water could easily enter the city. As a result of this, such impressive works of ancient Roman architecture as aqueducts appeared.

Aqueduct architecture: the world's most famous structures

Aqueducts are an important achievement of the engineers of Ancient Rome. Thanks to the construction of these structures, the Romans were able to establish an impeccable water supply system. major cities who needed in large numbers water.

According to the grandeur of architectural thought, the most famous and impressive were the aqueducts of Ancient Rome. On excursions, tourists can still see some water pipes, which are perfectly preserved in many European cities.

In the 6th century BC, the inhabitants of the millionth city of Rome felt the need to build an aqueduct to supply drinking water and technical water to the city. For the townspeople, water was supplied in sufficient volumes, since it was necessary for the organization of Roman saunas and thermal baths.

The first bridge, 16 km long, was Akvia Alia. After that, the Romans built the Claudius and Marcius aqueducts, which supplied the city with water without interruption.

Garda aqueduct. Until our time, it was the Garda aqueduct that was best preserved, which had a height of 275 meters. It is located in the French province near the city of Nimes. The architects left an inscription on the wall of the conduit, which indicates the exact time of construction and the original height of the bridge. Aqueduct Garda aqueduct was even higher than the Colosseum. The bridge with numerous arches was built using stone blocks, some of which weighed up to 6 tons. Despite the absence of decorative elements, the aqueduct is very simple and easy to use. The bridge architects could accurately calculate all the bearing parts and arrange the arches strictly symmetrically. The three-tiered aqueduct has several arched rows that are located one above the other. It was this ancient Roman aqueduct that was most often used as a highway. But due to wear and tear, it was closed for movement on the bridge. Vehicle. The highlight of this aqueduct is its method of construction: a huge number of stone blocks are held only by the jewelry fit of the stone. During the construction process, cement and other fastening materials were used. All stone blocks perfectly adjoin each other. On the second tier there is a block on which the name "Veranius" is carved - perhaps this is the name of the architect who developed the project of the Garda aqueduct.

Carthaginian aqueduct. Not less than famous aqueduct Ancient Rome is the Carthaginian aqueduct. Today, only ruins remain of it. When it was needed to supply water from the reservoirs of the Tunisian Atlas. Its length was 132 kilometers. Streams of water flowed naturally along the sloping terrain. The conduit itself was designed by the inhabitants of Carthage, and the Romans have already completed the construction. Several times the aqueduct was reconstructed and restored.

Figure 9. Carthaginian aqueduct. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Aqueduct in Segovia. An ancient Roman medieval bridge 30 meters high is located in the province of Spain, Segovia. Its duration is 17 kilometers. To date, only one span has survived, which can be seen in the city center. The flow of water that passed through the aqueduct was directed to huge cisterns, and after that the water went through the inner city canals. In the 11th century, the water conduit was destroyed by the Moors, but it was soon restored.

Aqueduct of Valens. The Romans, even in the northern lands of Africa, built the aqueducts of Ancient Rome. In the vicinity of Istanbul, you can now see the ruins that were once the famous and powerful Valens aqueduct. It has been reconstructed many times. The aqueduct was distinguished by a pronounced Roman style, it was decorated with arches. From one of the many arches begins the famous a tourist route- Ataturk Boulevard.

Underground storage room with 336 columns - Basilica Cistern. This building is located near the Temple of Sophia. The water storage has been under construction for almost a quarter of a century. The Basilica Cistern has been in use for thousands of years. Now it's a museum man-made miracles which attracts tourists from all over the world.

Aqueduct of the Temple of Artemis. This is an aqueduct located in Ephesus. At that time, not only baths, schools and theaters were built in the city, but also aqueducts to provide water supply. The plumbing was made of ceramic material. It passed both underground and on the surface of the earth. The water main consisted of pipe sections, which were attached to each other with a raster connector.

Story

Although most associated with the Romans, aqueducts were invented centuries earlier in the Middle East, where the Babylonians and Egyptians built elaborate irrigation systems. Roman-style aqueducts were in use as early as the 7th century BC. e. when the Assyrians built a limestone aqueduct 10 meters high and 300 meters long to carry water across the valley to their capital, Nineveh; the total length of the aqueduct was 80 kilometers.

Aqueducts of Ancient Rome

The Romans built numerous aqueducts to carry water to cities and industrial sites. In the city of Rome itself, water was supplied through 11 aqueducts, which were built over 500 years and had a total length of almost 350 kilometers. However, only 47 kilometers of these were unpaved: most were underground (the Eifel aqueduct in Germany is a very well-preserved example of this). The longest Roman aqueduct was built in the 2nd century AD to supply water to Carthage (now this place is located on the territory of modern Tunisia), its length was 141 kilometers.

The construction used advanced building materials - such as waterproof pozzolanic concrete.

Roman aqueducts were extremely complex structures, technologically they were not obsolete even 1000 years after the fall of the Roman Empire. They were built with remarkable precision: the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Provence had a slope of only 34 cm per kilometer (1:3000), descended only 17 meters vertically for its entire length of 50 kilometers.

The transportation of water by gravity alone was very efficient: 20,000 cubic meters of water per day passed through the Pont du Gard. Sometimes, when crossing surface depressions with a drop of more than 50 meters, pressure water pipelines were created - siphons (although almost always the insides of bridges were used for this purpose). Modern hydraulic engineering uses similar techniques to allow sewers and water pipes to cross various depressions.

Further development of the aqueduct system

Much of the expertise of Roman engineers was lost during the Dark Ages, and aqueduct construction in Europe virtually ceased until the 19th century. Water was often obtained by digging wells, although this could cause public health problems when the local water supply became contaminated.

One notable exception was the New River, an artificial waterway in England, opened in the year to supply London with fresh drinking water. Its length was 62 kilometers. Channel development has given new push in the construction of aqueducts. However, it was not until the 19th century that their construction resumed again on a large scale to supply water to rapidly growing cities and to industrial places in need of water. Developments in new materials (such as concrete and cast iron) and new technologies (such as the steam engine) have enabled many significant improvements. For example, cast iron allowed the construction of large siphons loaded with high pressure, and the creation of steam-powered pumps made it possible to significantly increase the speed and volume of the water flow.

In the 19th century, England became the leading power in the construction of aqueducts, providing water to its largest cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. The largest aqueducts were built in the United States to supply water to the largest cities in this country. The Catskill Aqueduct brought water to New York 190 kilometers away, but this achievement was eclipsed by aqueducts in the far west of the country, most notably the Colorado River Aqueduct, which supplied water to Los Angeles and the surrounding area from a distance of 400 kilometers to the east. Although such aqueducts are undoubtedly great technical achievements, the sheer volume of water they carried has resulted in severe environmental damage resulting from the depletion of the rivers.

Aqueducts in Russia

Rostokinsky aqueduct in Moscow

see also

Notes

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See what the "Roman aqueduct" is in other dictionaries:

Aqueduct- Aqueduct. (Rostokinsky in Moscow). AQUEDUCT (from the Latin aqua water and duco I lead), a structure in the form of a bridge or overpass with a conduit (pipe, tray, channel) supplying water to settlements, irrigation and other systems from those located above ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

aqueduct->,). /> Roman aqueduct in Caesarea (,). Roman aqueduct at Caesarea (,). aqueduct (“conducting water”) water supply system (,) for supplying settlements with water (, .). The most remarkable part of the conduit (), which was laid over ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"

This term has other meanings, see Aqueduct (meanings). Pont du Gard, France, an ancient Roman aqueduct that has survived to this day, one of the most visited places in France by tourists ... Wikipedia

- (lat., from aquae ductus, aqua water, and duco I lead). 1) plumbing, mostly ancient Roman. 2) in the technique of a bridge, which serves not for passage, but for the passage of water. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Map of the passage of the Eifel aqueduct (red line) The Eifel aqueduct is one of the most extended aqueducts of the Roman and ... Wikipedia

Aqueduct- (lat. Aquaeductus, from aqua - water and duco - I lead) a conduit (channel, pipe) for supplying water to settlements, irrigation and hydropower systems from their sources located above. An aqueduct is also called a part of a conduit in the form of ... ... Architectural Dictionary

- (Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, as the Roman emperor Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) younger son of Nero K. Drusus, stepson of Augustus; genus. in Lyon in 10 BC. Sickly and weak by nature, he received a careless upbringing ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron