What part of Europe is Monaco in? Principality of Monaco, French Riviera - Travel Guide

Monaco - small principality located on the Mediterranean coast, in the southern region of France, the Cote d'Azur, 12 kilometers from the borders of Italy. The long coastline abounds with beautiful sandy beaches with crystal clear sea water, and thanks to the abundance of sun and the absence of cold winds, Monaco is one of the most popular resorts in the Mediterranean. Such highly profitable industries as pharmaceuticals, electrical engineering, instrument making, the manufacture of majolica, building materials, ceramics and faience, as well as a huge network of the entertainment industry, helped the country to become a leader in world tourism.

Trade plays an important role in the country's economy. Government revenue comes from taxes resort areas, hotels, hotels and casinos. A loyal tax policy has contributed to the fact that many large international companies and banks conduct financial transactions in the principality.

With an area of ​​only 2 square kilometers and a population of about 35,000 people, the state is one of the smallest and most densely populated in the world. At the same time, there are about 5,000 indigenous people (Monegasques), while the rest of the population is represented by foreigners (Italians, French, Belgians, British), attracted by a preferential taxation system.

The geographical position of the principality is very favorable - on a rocky coast, which is a continuation of the southern part of the Alpes-Maritimes, protected by mountain ranges, northern and eastern sides, sheltering the territory from cold air masses and gusty winds.

• Capital: Monaco;
• Largest cities: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine, Fontvieille;
• Area: 2 km²;
• Timezone: UTC+1;
• Currency: euro;
• Population: 37,900.

Political structure

According to the Constitution adopted in 2002, Monaco is a principality with a form of government - a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The head of state is the prince, who exercises legislative power together with the National Council, 18 members of which are elected every 5 years. The status of a deputy of the National Council can only be obtained by a Monegasque born in Monaco, over 25 years old.

According to an agreement concluded with France in 1918, Monaco has the status of an autonomous state under the protection of France. The Principality has a police service and a royal guard, consisting of 65 people. However, there is no own army, and all defense issues are within the competence of France.

The official language in Monaco is French, but the local population often uses the Monegasque dialect, which is a mixture of French and Italian colloquial speech.

Catholicism is the state religion. About 5% of the inhabitants are adherents of Protestantism.

To visit Monaco, Russian tourists need a Schengen visa issued by the French Embassy, ​​which has representative offices in major cities of our country. To obtain a visa, a standard package of documents is required, while it is important that at least 3 blank pages are present in the passport.

Climatic features

The climate in the region is Mediterranean, characterized by mild winters and warm, sunny summers. Precipitation is scarce and most of it occurs in autumn. The minimum temperature in January is +7°C, in July-August the air warms up to +25…+28°C. At the height of the beach season, coastal waters warm up to +25°C.

The Alpes-Maritimes provided the region with protection from gusts north wind, and the light sea breeze is perfectly refreshing and, even at the height of summer, the heat is almost not felt.

Transport

There is no own airport in the principality. You can get to Monaco through air harbors France. Nearest international Airport located in Nice, 30 kilometers from the state border. Upon arrival, you can get to the principality by a direct bus. From the Nice station to Monaco, trains depart regularly from Paris through the cities of Avignon, Toulon, Cannes and Nice.

If you purchased package tour, then a personal transfer will be sent for you from the hotel or inn where you stayed.

Public transport is represented by buses and taxis. If you wish, you can rent a car, but keep in mind that the areas of the historical center are exclusively a pedestrian zone, and some streets are intended only for the passage of vehicles with state numbers of France and Monaco.

Compilation low-cost airline tickets through Aviadiscounter (search as Aviasales + selection of promotions and sales of airlines).

The State of Monaco (Principality of Monaco) is an independent sovereign city-state, which is located on the coast of the Ligurian Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea) at the foot of the Alps, covering an area equal to 2 to 3 square kilometers, bordering France on three sides and mediterranean sea, 20 km from the Italian border.
Monaco belongs to the small "dwarf states", these also include: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, San Marino and the Vatican.
Capital- Monaco
Administrative division - Principalities.
Compound - four administrative districts-cities: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine (port part) and Fontvieille (business part).
The border of the principality passes with the French cities of the department of La Turbie: Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Cap d "Ail, Beausoleil, etc.
The state has two seaports: in the district of Fontvieille, the port of Hercules (Hercules) - small ships stop here and the port of Bay d "Hercule (Hercules) where they stop cruise ships, it is located in the center of the Condamine district.
In ancient times, the rock of Monaco was a haven for primitive tribes. The history of Monaco dates back to the 13th century, in June, namely from June 10, 1215.
On this day, the first stone of the castle was laid by the Gibelins family, which is currently the Prince's Palace. To attract new residents here, favorable conditions were created: territorial concessions, the abolition of duties, people were exempted from taxes, so far the inhabitants of Monaco do not pay taxes.
The centuries-old history of Monaco is closely connected with the Grimaldi dynasty, whose 700th anniversary was celebrated in 1997 - the anniversary of the reign of the Principality of Monaco.
The official language is French, spoken - Monegasque dialect, however, Italian and English are widely used. The traditional language "Le Monegù", spoken by the older generation, is taught in all local schools.
Currency Euro, but only with the sign of Monaco, the state is part of the Schengen zone, but is a member of the European Union.
Native people- Monegasques.
"Deo Juvante", which means "With God's Help" is the motto of Monaco and its princes. Catholicism was elevated to the rank of state religion. However, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution and several religions are represented in the Principality. Obtaining citizenship here is not so easy: you either need to be born here in a Monegasque family or marry (marry) a citizen (citizen) of this small state.
November 19 is considered a national holiday. The telephone code of Monaco is "377", telecommunications are very convenient and affordable. Monaco prints its own stamps.
Based on the last official census, the Principality of Monaco has 35,646 inhabitants, of which 7,634 live in Monaco, with a composition of 10,029 French and 6,596 Italians. In total, more than 125 nationalities are represented. Monaco and neighboring French cities make up approximately 95515 people.
Due to its geographical position, the Principality of Monaco has very mild winters and surprisingly sunny summers, which are generally not very scorching. In fact, the results of the last 60 years of research show that average temperature is 16°C, it rains on average 87 days a year and the sun shines 7 hours a day. Sea water temperature ranges from 11°C in winter to 26°C in summer. Thanks to its Mediterranean climate, Monaco is a pleasant place to live all year round. In addition, it is worth noting that ski resorts The Alps are only an hour away from the coast.
Entry into the Principality of Russians is carried out on a visa basis.
The main source of income for the Principality of Monaco is the receipt of tax from the casino located in Monte Carlo. Residents of the state are exempt from paying taxes, but they themselves are prohibited from visiting the casino, including the princely family.
Rent or buy a home living in Monaco is quite an expensive pleasure, which has its own characteristics. Prices start from 1 million euros for a studio apartment. Rent costs from several thousand euros and payment is taken not monthly, but at least for six months, you will still have to pay an agency fee and a deposit. The average salary is 2.5 thousand euros, in France the average salary is about 1800 euros.
Prices in the chain of shops of the same name in Monaco is lower than in France and this is due to the absence of taxes, which is a pleasant surprise for travelers. The price of food in restaurants is overpriced "over-price", therefore, in order to eat deliciously, it's easier to roll up to Italy and enjoy both taste and price.

How to get to Monaco

The state does not have its own airport, there was simply no place, and therefore you will have to travel in transit. Fly by plane to Nice (Cote d'Azur is the nearest airport), then transfer to suburban train(nearest station Gare Nice-Saint-Augustin) and by rail we reach in 25 minutes, by bus (red-orange, first departure at about 8-45 and last at 21 o'clock, fare 22 euros, the ticket must be printed out) , travel time 45 minutes, of course, if there are no traffic jams. A taxi ride will cost you 60-70 euros.
Travel time from Paris 5 hours by TGV, from Milan 4 hours 30 minutes, www.monaco-gare.com
A branch of the Marseille-Saint-Charles railway line to Ventimiglia (Italy). The railway station (Gare de Monaco-Monte-Carlo) of the principality is located in the rock, the northern outskirts of the principality.
By sea through the port of Monaco.
You can travel around the country - the principality by bus, for example, route number 2, it passes through the entire state. You can walk around Monaco in 45 minutes. The Principality is stretched for two kilometers on the coast of the Ligurian Sea.

Underground station in Monaco. Monte Carlo, Cote d'Azur. The Formula 1 circuit runs along this street. Oceanographic Museum. Monument to the yellow submarine Jacques-Yves Cousteau. On the way, it’s good to make a stop where, as a souvenir, leave yourself a mandatory photo against the backdrop of an incredibly beautiful view of Monaco and the bay from a bird’s eye view of the harbor on the Cote d'Azur, with magnificent white yachts.
What to visit in Monaco?
Monaco-Ville ancient capital Principality of Monaco, which was built on the very top of a cliff, at an altitude of 60 meters above sea level, it is called the "Old Town" or La Roche, from the French word "Rock".
Once in Monaco, try to visit the Prince's Palace, the Museum wax figures, Oceanographic Museum, where fish from all the seas of the world are collected in 7 aquariums, in front of the building there is a yellow bathyscaphe Jacques-Yves Cousteau - he was the director of the museum from 1958 to 1988. Cathedral Monaco. On the northeastern edge of the rock of Monaco is Fort Antoine. Picturesque gardens of Saint Martin. Chapel of the Chapelle de la Misericord. Museum of Napoleon.

Photographs of the streets of Monaco. Rock. Principality of Monaco. Oceanographic Museum, a monument in front of the museum represents the fragility of the earth. Museum (fr. Musée océanographique de Monaco) - united the museum itself and the oceanographic institute, the museum was founded in 1889, the oceanographic institute opened in 1906. For a long time, the director of the museum was Jacques Yves Cousteau. The Oceanographic Museum sometimes holds promotions for visitors: the opportunity to visit its walls in the late evening: from 19:00 to midnight for half the price.
Monument to Albert I, the founder of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. Church of Saint Devota. In the photo, the police in Monaco.
Monaco and Monte Carlo have long been synonymous with casinos, luxury, villas, wealth, presentability, sea, sun, pleasure!

On the walk of fame of champions - football stars, in Monaco we meet prints of various celebrities.

Transport

There is no airport in the Principality of Monaco. The nearest airport is in Nice - France. The airport in Nice is the third largest airport in France. The airport has two terminals, between which free buses run.
Transport in Monaco is represented by public bus routes running from 6 am to 9 pm, they converge at Place d'Armes, city routes (there are six of them) are laid to tourist attractions. The main six transport routes.
The mode of transport is free escalators that take you to higher streets, there are 7 of them in Monaco.
There is a regular helicopter service between Monaco and Nice airport, flight time Nice / Monaco is approximately 6 - 7 minutes, cost 75 euros per person.
Taxi
Tourist transport is represented by a train with red carriages.
Car rent.
Water transport: water bus (Bateau Bus) and taxi, the cost of the trip is 2 euros.
The Fontvieille district is an industrial part of Monaco, here, in addition to factories, commercial firms, various institutions and tourist infrastructure are located.

The cost of the trip is 2 euros, including a transfer within 30 minutes. Ticket price for 1 day 5 euros. Children under the age of 7 travel free.

Communication in Monaco

Airport information - 0836-695-555.
Taxi phone number, round-the-clock - 93-150-101.
Information about lost things - 93-153-015.
Police - 17 or 93-153-015.
For the convenience of residents, round-the-clock telephones for calling a taxi are installed on the streets.
Security and law and order
There is practically no crime in the Principality, it is the lowest in Europe. The police meet, but the video cameras installed in large numbers and the police serving in civilian uniforms are doing their positive work.
Tourist program usually includes:
During the walking part of the tour, the program includes free visits to the main attractions of the Principality: the Oceanographic Museum, the palace of Prince Albert I of Monaco with its magnificent gardens, the Cathedral of St. Nicholas. Then the tour continues to Monte Carlo, where you will get to know the two main attractions:
a chic "millionaire's casino" where fortunes are easily acquired and lost, and part of the unique Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix circuit, which runs right through the streets of the city.

Photo on the way to Monaco. A fee is charged at the entrance, the cost of finding a tourist bus is 145 euros for 12 hours, then we pass the post and move along the streets to a special bus stop located next to the oceanographic museum, from there the journey around the principality begins. After arrival, tourists go up to the Museum of Oceanography, but their path passes through souvenir shops and here the guide gives time to clean up before a tour of Monaco.

Video visit to Monaco

Video tour of Monaco.

View of Monaco from above, panorama, click to enlarge the image.

Monaco is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican. It has been run by the Grimaldi family for over 700 years. The seafront principality has a colorful past but is now a quiet haven for the rich and famous who enjoy tax-free status.

The picturesque coastal country attracts tourists all year round. Guests of Monaco alternate between relaxing on the beach with international races in sports, and spend the evenings at the Place du Casino. This gambling center has made Monte Carlo famous as a place for extravagant displays of one's wealth. Wealthy people willing to spend millions and ordinary tourists all find common ground in Monaco. More detailed information about the country is provided below.

History of the Principality of Monaco

This secluded harbor was originally inhabited by Greeks in 6 BC. e. Legend has it that Hercules once passed through Monaco and the temple of Monoikos was built in his honor. Historically, this country was part of France, but in 1215 it became a colony of Genoa by decree of the emperor Grimaldi settled here in 1297, and the family's ancestors control the principality to this day.

In 1419, the Grimaldi family acquired Monaco from France. Since then, the principality has been under the protection of Spain, Italy and Sardinia. In 1793 French revolutionary troops captured Monaco and held it until 1814. Today, the country has a constitutional monarchy, but the principality is under the protectorate of France.

Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly

In 1949, Prince Rainier III ascended the throne of Monaco. In 1956 he married the beautiful American actress Grace Kelly. This event was a turning point not only in her professional career, but also in the life of the entire principality. The famous actress at the peak of her popularity left the cinema for the sake of marriage. This news shook not only Hollywood, but the rest of the world. This event brought fame to the principality. Previously, it was only talked about as the place where the Monaco Grand Prix in the Formula 1 championship is held. Now the eyes of the rich and famous, riveted on Grace Kelly, turned to a small principality. Having received the title of princess, the actress invested her strength in the promotion of the arts. This brought charm to the small country and contributed to its economic and cultural development. They had three children together: Caroline, Albert and Stephanie.

The sudden death of Grace Kelly in a car accident in 1982 was a shock that reverberated around the world. Films have been made and books written about her life, and her death is still shrouded in mystery around which conspiracy theories are built. Prince Rainier III continued to govern Monaco after her death and was a respected monarch. He never remarried and died in 2005, leaving the throne to his son, Prince Albert II.

Modern status

The capital of the Principality of Monaco is the city of the same name. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The economy is based on tourism, gambling and banking services. The absence of income tax attracts many wealthy residents. The banking industry and money management generate 16% of revenues and play an important role in the economy. In addition, it is famous for its casinos, whose visitors come from all over the world to play in elite establishments. Tourism accounts for about 25% of income and the country prides itself on its hospitality and excellent cuisine. The wonderful Mediterranean climate attracts travelers who want to enjoy the sea of ​​Monaco.

Climate

Monaco is located on the Mediterranean Sea and is surrounded by France on three sides. Nice is the closest major city, approximately 18 km away. The area is quite rocky, located on steep hills that descend to the sea. The climate is mild all year round, with temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 degrees Celsius.

Monaco is divided into four quarters:

• Monaco-Ville - Old city, which is located on a rocky cape.
• La Condamine is a port area.
• Monte Carlo is the main resort, residential and tourist area.
• Fontvieille is a new site built on alluvial land.

Population of Monaco

More than a quarter of the country's population are French citizens. Smaller but significant numbers are Italians, Swiss and Belgians. One fifth - Monegasques, representatives of the indigenous population,

Monegasques are proud of the unique history and position of their country in the world. It is believed that the name Monaco comes from the word "monoikos", associated with both the ancient Greeks and the Ligurians. Ligurians settled in mediterranean coast before the era of the Roman Empire. The coastal road used by the Ligurians later became known as the "Hercules Road". In Greek, Hercules was often referred to as "Hercules Monoikos" or "Hercules". Monegasques have managed to maintain their traditions and dialect over the centuries, despite the influence of their much larger neighbours. They are featured in many local festivals and are part of Monaco's world fame. However, only a small part of the citizens can call themselves Monegasques. The rest are people of different nationalities.

Languages ​​of Monaco

There are more and more tourists who want to visit this country every year. They are probably interested in what language they speak in Monaco. This is a multinational country, but France has had the greatest influence on it. Therefore, it is not surprising that French has become the official language of Monaco. It is the language of management, business, education and the media.

The native speaks Monegasque, and it is he who is considered traditional. It is similar to Italian in many ways. Only about 21.6% of the population, who are mostly ethnic Monegasques, speak the language. And although the authorities are trying their best to preserve their native dialect, its use is declining every year. By the 1970s, the language was on the verge of extinction, but several projects started by the Monegasque government helped raise its status. Currently, this language is taught in schools, and street signs are made in two versions: in French and Monegasque. The other traditional language of Monaco is Occitan. It is currently spoken by only a small part of the country's population.

In addition to the above languages, Italian and English are popular here. This is not surprising, because Italians make up about 19% of the country's population. For some time, Italian was even the official language of Monaco (between 1815 and 1861), when the Principality was under the protectorate of Sardinia. Some members of the princely family speak Italian. English language mainly used by citizens of the UK, USA and Canada, permanently residing in the country. The official language of Monaco is French, but English remains the most popular among tourists here.

culture

Throughout history, Monaco's neighbors (France, Italy and Spain) have had a huge impact on the Principality. Therefore, elements of their cultures can be traced in art. The constitution allows for religious freedom, but most of population consider themselves supporters of the Roman Catholic Church (about 78% of citizens).

The ruling Grimaldi family was instrumental in promoting culture and the arts in Monaco. The city boasts exquisite architecture. Visitors will find an amazing array of world-class galleries where they can attend musical performances throughout the year. Many of them are supported by members of the princely family themselves. In addition, the Grimaldis have created many charities, including the Princess Grace Foundation (who also supports the Dance Academy), Prince Pierre (funding culture and the arts), and Prince Albert II (environmental protection).

Cuisine of Monaco

Access to fresh vegetables, fruits and seafood has defined the features local cuisine. In addition, the country's Mediterranean heritage is reflected in the food, and influences from French and Italian cuisine can be found in many of the recipes.

Each of the many restaurants serves gourmet seafood dishes. Among them, cod and anchovies dominate. The warm climate allows fish to be supplemented with local vegetables. Separately, it is worth highlighting onions, garlic and olives (or olive oil), which are included in many dishes. As a rule, breakfast is very small, but lunch and dinner are often served with several courses - this tradition has taken root in Monaco. Reviews about restaurants are purely positive, because the owners, afraid of losing rich customers, maintain the service at the highest level.

What to visit in Monaco?

The main attraction of the Principality is the Monte Carlo Casino, which is a huge entertainment complex located in the area of ​​the same name. It includes a casino and an opera house. The famous French architect Carl Garnier built the casino in 1878. The atrium, laid in marble, is surrounded by 28 Ionic columns. It leads to the auditorium of the Salle Garnier, decorated with a large number of bas-reliefs, frescoes and sculptures. It has hosted outstanding international performances as well as operas, ballets and concerts for more than a century. The "game rooms" include a series of numerous rooms with stained glass windows, delightful decorations and sculptures, allegorical paintings and bronze lamps.

Oceanographic Museum, whose director was the legendary explorer water depths Jacques-Yves Cousteau. This exceptional museum is dedicated to oceanography. His collections of marine life, collected by Prince Albert I, are priceless and unique. The museum's latest major acquisition is a giant 450 cubic meter pool that shows the diversity and unusual coloration of the coral reef and the creatures that inhabit it.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral serves as the tomb of past rulers of Monaco, including Prince Rainier and Princess Grace. Services are held during great liturgical celebrations accompanied by organ music.

The Princely Palace of Monaco is today home to Prince Rainier's son and successor, Prince Albert II. The State Halls are open to the public during the summer. Since 1960, the palace courtyard has become a venue for concerts under open sky presented by the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra. It also opens for important events, for example, to celebrate weddings or birthdays in the Grimaldi family. The assembled citizens of Monaco turn to the prince from the gallery of Hercules, overlooking the square. The yard is also used for the annual children's party. Thanks to such events, the palace continued to play a central role in the life of the prince and his subjects for 700 years.

Fort Antoine is a fortress built at the beginning of the 18th century. Now it is used as a wonderful outdoor theater that can accommodate about 350 spectators. This charming setting hosts numerous performances during the summer season. The military architecture of this watchtower is what gives it a unique and special charm.

Numerous attractions of the Principality of Monaco will impress even the most demanding tourist.

In addition to hosting the famous Grand Prix and having a luxurious Monte Carlo casino, there are no less Interesting Facts about this country, which not everyone knows about:

1. Monaco is often called the tax haven of Europe. For decades, the country lived solely on income from its casinos. Nowadays, thanks to the efforts of the government, tourism has become the main source of income.
2. If you want to go to the city of Monaco, then you can get there by train, your own helicopter or yacht, but not by private jet. There are no airports here, and the nearest one is in Nice. Luckily, Monaco and France are within 30 minutes of each other.
3. The descendants of François Grimaldi, the Genoese leader of the Guelphs, have ruled Monaco for over 712 years. This explains why the majority of citizens are Catholics.
4. Monaco is open to tourists at any time of the year - every month something happens here. From exclusive outdoor concerts by the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic to sporting events such as the famous Formula 1 Grand Prix.
5. The elegant façade and interiors of Monte Carlo Casino have been the setting for three James Bond films, namely Casino Royale, Goldeneye and Never Say Never Again.
6. The crime rate in Monaco is very low. This is mainly due to the fact that there are more police officers per person than in any other country. In addition, the principality has a large number of CCTV cameras to prevent criminal activity.
7. There is almost zero unemployment here. There is also no poverty in the country.
8. Don't be surprised if you find out that Monegasque citizens are not allowed to gamble or even go to casinos. The rule is set by the government of a country that doesn't want its citizens to waste their money. The casino is a source of income for the country and provides work for its residents.
9. The Formula 1 Grand Prix is ​​one of the main events that the country holds every year.
10. In 2014, almost 30% of Monaco's population were millionaires - the same as in Zurich or Geneva.

State flag of Monaco.

Monaco is a principality in the south of France, one of the smallest countries in the world. The area of ​​1.95 square kilometers is 200 hectares, and 40 hectares were reclaimed from the sea. The population is 32.6 thousand people, of which only 5.5 thousand are citizens of Monaco (Monegasques). In terms of population density, Monaco ranks first in the world. The preferential tax regime that exists in Monaco attracts many wealthy people here. However, obtaining Monegasque citizenship is very difficult, so the vast majority of the country's inhabitants are foreigners (French, Italians, British, Belgians). The native inhabitants of Monaco, Monegasques, are French by origin, partly mixed with Italians. The official language of Monaco is French, spoken - the so-called Monegasque dialect (a mixture of French and Italian). Most of the local population professes Catholicism.

natural conditions

The Principality of Monaco is located in the south of Europe, on a high, rocky shore of the Ligurian Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea), protected from the north and east by the Alps. Length owned by Monaco coastline- 3.5 km. On land, the country is surrounded by French territory. (French department of Alpes-Maritimes). At a distance of 12 km from Monaco is the border of France with Italy.

Monaco is located on the southern periphery of the limestone Alpes-Maritimes. The climate is Mediterranean with moderately warm winters (average January temperature +8-10 °С) and dry, warm and sunny summers (average temperature July and August +24 °С). There are up to 300 sunny days a year, and rainy days - about 60. The average annual rainfall is 1300 mm. They fall out mainly in autumn.

The Alpes-Maritimes protect Monaco from the cold northern winds. In summer, sea breezes have a cooling effect on the coast. Thanks to soft climatic conditions Monaco is a popular Mediterranean resort.

Political structure

Monaco consists of three merged administrative districts-cities - Monaco (capital, old town), La Condamine (business center and port) and, the industrial district of Fontvieille is separately distinguished. Monaco is a principality, a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The current constitution was adopted on December 17, 1962. The head of state, the prince, exercises legislative power jointly with the National Council (of 18 members), elected for 5 years. A member of the National Council can only be a Monegasque born in Monaco and not younger than 25 years old.

Since 2005, Prince Albert II Grimaldi, a representative of the oldest dynasty in Europe, has been on the throne (in 1997, its 700th anniversary was celebrated). In accordance with the treaty concluded with France in 1918, Monaco is an autonomous state under the protectorate of France. Monaco has a police force, but no army of its own, except for the Royal Guard, which consists of 65 people. Defense matters are in the competence of France.

Economy

Monaco is one of the world centers of tourism and the best resorts Côte d'Azur (Riviera), which is internationally famous. The country is visited annually by up to a million tourists. In Monaco, highly profitable industries have developed - electronic, electrical, chemical, pharmaceutical, precision instrumentation, building materials, faience, ceramics and majolica. An important place is occupied by trade, servicing tourists and making souvenirs. The country has a high level of employment and living standards. There is a state monopoly on the sale of tobacco products, the operation of the telephone network and postal services.

Monaco. Port.

Thanks to the preferential tax regime, hundreds of international companies (including large ones) and dozens of banks widely use the territory of Monaco for financial transactions. State revenues consist of taxes from banks, hotels, resorts, casinos, tourism receipts, the sale of postage stamps, which are highly valued by philatelists all over the world, etc. g. - under the control of the government). Contrary to popular belief, the casinos in Monte Carlo account for only about 3% of the Principality's income. Monetary unit - euro.

Story

In the 10-1 centuries. BC e. on the territory of modern Monaco, there was first a Phoenician and then a Greek colony. A temple dedicated to the mythological hero Melkart was erected here (among the ancient Greeks - Hercules, among the Romans - Hercules). In the 1st century BC e. this territory became part of the Roman Empire, later it was captured by the Arabs. In the 7th century n. e. these lands were part of the Lombard kingdom, and later - the kingdom of Arelat.

In the second half of the 11th c. n. e. the territory was taken over by the Genoese. On the site of modern Monaco in 1215, the Genoese built a fortress. In 1419, the Genoese family of Grimaldi finally established itself in Monaco. Monaco became an independent principality (under the protectorate of Genoa). Initially, the Principality belonged, outside its current possessions, to Menton and Roquebrune.

Since 1524, it was under the rule of the Spanish monarchy while maintaining formal autonomy; in 1605, Spanish troops occupied the territory of the principality. Agostino Grimaldi entered into an alliance with Emperor Charles V in the wars against the French king Francis I. Later, the Monegasque prince Honore I helped Spain in the defense of Malta from the Turks and in the naval battle of Lepanto in 1570. In 1641, the population of Monaco opposed Spanish domination, and the principality passed under the protectorate of France, while maintaining internal self-government. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 confirmed the sovereign status of the Principality of Monaco. In 1731, the princely power passed through the female line of Goyon to Matignon, who took the surname Grimaldi.

Monaco. Prince's Palace.

As a result of the French Revolution, the princely power in Monaco was overthrown, in 1793 its territory was annexed to France. The Treaty of Paris in 1814 restored the principality of Monaco, the princely throne was returned to Honore IV. By decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, Monaco was transferred under the protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1848, as a result of the revolution in Monaco, Prince Florestan I was overthrown, arrested and imprisoned, and the princely government was abolished. In 1849, Florestan I was restored to the throne, but the Sardinian protectorate was terminated. In 1856, two cities - Menton and Roquebrune declared their independence. In 1861, Prince Charles III sold his formal rights to the cities of Menton and Roquebrune to France and agreed to the establishment of a French protectorate in Monaco.

Monte Carlo. Casino.

In 1861, the Frenchman Maurice Blanc was granted a concession to open a gambling house in Monaco. The international joint stock Society of Sea Bathing, which owned the gambling house, built a casino complex in Monte Carlo (1861-1910, French architect Ch. Garnier). After completion of construction railway Between France and Monaco (1868), the casino in Monte Carlo gained worldwide fame and became one of the main sources of income for Monaco. In 1865, Monaco entered into a customs union with France. In 1899, the Oceanographic Museum was founded, which became an international center for oceanographic research. In 1911, the first constitution was enacted, which provided for the formation of an elected National Council (Parliament). Relations with France are regulated by a number of agreements. In 1951, Monaco and France signed a convention on mutual assistance in the field of customs duties, taxes, mail, and television.

Monte Carlo. Oceanographic Museum.

In 1959 Prince Rainier III (reigned 1949-2005) dissolved the National Council and suspended the constitution. In December 1962 a new constitution was issued. In the spring of 1962, a conflict arose with France, during which the French authorities established a customs cordon on the border with Monaco. The main reason for the conflict is the refusal of Monaco to introduce some changes in the field of taxation in the principality. In 1963, a convention was signed between France and Monaco on the collection of income tax on the principles of French taxation. Only Monegasques, French people living in Monaco for at least five years, and companies with a Monegasque capital share of over 25% are exempt from taxes.

culture

This independent principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi family for 7 centuries. Prince Rainier III (1929-2005) ascended the throne in 1949. In 1956, he married American actress Grace Kelly. He has three children: Carolina, Albert and Stephanie. Princess Grace died in 1982 in a car accident. One of the most powerful medium-wave radio stations in Europe, Monte Carlo, is located in Monaco. The television company "Tele-Monte-Carlo" is functioning.

Monaco. Urban landscape.

Monaco is the center of many international organizations (International Hydrographic Office, International Academy of Tourism) and a venue for international meetings. The Oceanographic Museum, founded here in 1899, has become the largest center for the study of the World Ocean.

The Formula 1 Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Formule 1) takes place every year on the weekend closest to the Ascension Day (May June). The route is laid through the city.
The Monte-Carlo International Circus Festival (Festival International du Cirque de Monte-Carlo) takes place every year at the end of January. The most famous circus groups in the world are fighting for the title of the best. On the last day, the jury announces the winner of the prestigious Golden Clown (Clown d "Or) award.
Imagina takes place every year in February. One of the most significant European salons of multimedia art.
The Television Festival (Festival de Television de Monte-Carlo) takes place every year in February - showing the best examples of TV production.

Skillful diplomacy and jewelry maneuvering between the interests of big countries and great powers have allowed such miniature states as the Vatican, Luxembourg, San Marino, Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein to survive to this day. The Principality is called the same as the historical capital - Monaco. It should be noted that this state is the only one in the world where the number of employees in the army is 82 people, less than the musicians of the military orchestra, of which there are 85!

A small digression into history

Already in the Stone Age, the first people settled the territory of the modern Monegasque coast, but the warlike tribe of the Ligures destroyed around the 2nd century BC. e. their culture. Starting from the X century BC. e. Phoenicians and Greeks lived here, and then the Romans. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, Monaco was part of it, being part of the Alpes-Maritimes province. A fierce struggle between the Ghibellines - supporters of the German rulers, and the Guelphs - adherents of the power of the popes, was fought for the principality in the Middle Ages.

The history of Monaco, associated with the Grimaldi dynasty, began in January 1279, when the city was captured by the Genoese Guelphs under the leadership of François Grimaldi, nicknamed the Evil One. He got his nickname because, according to legend, he entered the fortress, dressed in the clothes of a Franciscan monk, and managed to open the gate to let his associates in. In memory of such an event, two Franciscan monks with drawn swords act as shield holders on the coat of arms of the principality.

For centuries, Monaco was under the protectorate of Spain, France and the Italian principalities. The principality became a sovereign state only in 1861 as a result of an agreement between Napoleon III and the Monegasque ruler Charles III, having lost most of its territory.

The rise of the economy in Monaco begins after the casinos were opened at the end of the 19th century. The tourism and resort industries are actively developing. The wonderful climate, European service, fashionable atmosphere of this resort attract wealthy tourists from all over the world to the principality. A soft tax policy and a high level of security attract many entrepreneurs to this country, and in recent years Monaco has successfully developed high-tech industries and the tourism and services sector.

Where is it located?

This small principality is very well located in the subtropical latitudes under the protection of the Maritime Alps, fencing it off from the northern cold winds, on the Mediterranean coast. On three sides, this sovereign city-state borders on France, and on its fourth border, on the Mediterranean Sea. The Principality is located on the hills of the Cote d'Azur. The total area of ​​Monaco is 2.02 km 2. About 37,000 people live on it, which is why it is considered the most densely populated in the world.

Political system

State power in the country is divided between the ruling head of state and parliament, and the executive is entrusted to the state minister heading the Government Council. The legislative branch of government is represented by the National Council. In 2002, the Constitution was adopted, according to which the Kingdom of Monaco is a hereditary and constitutional monarchy, headed by a prince. From 1949 until April 2005, the country was ruled by Rainier III Grimaldi, after whose death his son, Prince Albert II, ascended the throne. His son, Jacques Honore Rainier, born in 2014, is considered his heir, but his twin sister Gabriella Teresa Maria is next in line for the throne.

Today, the capital of Monaco is Monte Carlo, and before it, until 2007, Monaco-Ville.

City Principality

Modern Monaco is a city-state formed by the merger of several previously separate settlements. The whole principality is divided into four districts - urban areas:

• Monaco-Ville (Monaco-Ville) - the historical center;
• Monte-Carlo (Monte Carlo) - the official capital of Monaco;
• La Condamin (La Condamine) - banking and office center of the country;
• Fontvieille (Fonvieille) - a new industrial area.

Let's get to know them better.

The resort and port area, the historical center of the principality and the "family nest" of the ruling Grimaldi dynasty. Monaco-Ville, also called local residents La Roche (in French, roche means "rock"), is colorfully located on a flat area of ​​a 60-meter cliff. It is here that the Prince's Palace (Palais de Monaco) is located, which was originally built as a castle in the 13th century. Only at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, under Prince Honore II, this defensive structure began to turn into a palace. All military equipment and battlements were preserved, but the inner chambers were made more comfortable for living. In the future, the princes of Grimaldi rebuilt and modernized their residence. The castle-palace acquired its current appearance in the 19th century. In addition to the private quarters of the princely family, in the south wing of the residence there is a historical archive, which contains not only historical documents, but also collections of coins and stamps issued by the state of Monaco since 1640. Nearby are the Napoleon Museum and the library. The palace itself is surrounded by a beautiful park with fountains, and not far from it there is an observation deck from which the surroundings and the sea are perfectly visible. In front of the Palais de Monaco is the main square of Monaco - the Palace, which attracts many tourists and travelers who want to see the daily changing of the guard of the princely guards, a colorful and unforgettable sight.

Historical heritage

In the northeast of the cliff is the fortress of Fort Antoine, which today operates an open-air theater. The southern slope of the rock of Monaco is a zoological garden, which contains representatives of African and tropical fauna.

Not far from the Prince's Palace there are several museums, themes of which are related to the history of Monaco. The capital country has rich history and many rare exhibits that can be seen at the Wax Museum or at the Musée du Vieux Monaco (Museum of Old Monaco). In the Monaco-Ville area, there is a functioning Cathedral, which is the burial place of all the princes and their family members. It is here that Grace Kelly, the wife of Prince Rainier III and the mother of the current reigning Albert II, is buried, a popular Hollywood actress in her time.

Monte Carlo

"Mount Charles" is the name of the most fashionable and expensive area of ​​Monaco, named after Prince Charles III Grimaldi. It was his decision to open a large casino and the permission to build it, issued by Francois Blanc, that saved the country's economy and led to the fact that the city of Monaco became the world capital of excitement and luxury.

This most important district of the principality is located just 18 km from Nice airport and borders on the south with La Condamine, and on the north with the French town of Tenao. Since 2007, the capital of Monaco has been located in Monte Carlo. However, in addition to the status of the capital, this region is known throughout the world as the most expensive, refined and prestigious resort in the world. He gained such fame thanks to the casino, beautiful beaches, the Monte Carlo Rally and the Grand Prix track in Formula 1 car racing.

The most important building here is the casino, the first building of which was opened in 1862. After the fire, only the game room remained, which, as a result of restoration work, turned into a lobby. The architect of the second building of the Casino was the architect Charles Garnier, the author of the building of the Parisian Grand Opera. In 1878, a beautiful complex was built, which, in addition to the casino, includes a cabaret and an opera house, more often called the Garnier Hall. Sarah Bernard herself opened an opera in Monaco in 1897.

The area surrounding the casino is called the "golden mile" not only because of the huge money left in gambling houses, but also because boutiques of the most famous and expensive world brands such as Hermes, Dior, Cartier and others are concentrated here.

La Condamine

This district is located between the rocks of Monte Carlo and Monaco, in a small bay. La Condamine is the principality's office and business center and is home to the majority of Monaco's population. The railway station and the main port of the country, the national library, as well as a shipyard are also located here. In addition, in this area there are flour mills and breweries, clothing and weaving factories, souvenir production and a printing house. The most famous sights of La Condamine are the Church of Saint Devota, the patroness of Monaco, pedestrianized street Rue Princess Caroline, Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology, Jardin Exotic Market and Park, which has a collection of more than 7,000 cacti of different species.

Fontvieille

The youngest region is located in the west of the principality, and its entire coastal part is a territory reclaimed from the sea, artificially reclaimed. In Fontvieille, there are enterprises of the most highly profitable industrial sectors: precision instrumentation and electronic, electrical and chemical; production of faience, majolica and ceramics. It is in this area that a giant sports center with an underground pool was built - the Prince Louis II Stadium.

Another modern attraction of Fontvieille is the large Commercial Center, where you can find everything from a pizzeria to antique cars. It is here that the collection of classic rare cars of the Prince of Monaco is exhibited. Not far from this center is Maritime Museum, which contains hundreds of models of various ships. A green oasis of Fontvieille is the landscape park, where the Princess Grace Rose Garden, laid out in 1984 in memory of her, has recently been restored and refurbished.