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Introduction

Good afternoon, dear tourists. Today I will be your guide to the world of the history of the medieval Crimea. My name is Vladislav Andreevich Ermolaev. In the future, you can simply call "Vladislav." I also want to introduce a person without whom the first part of our tour is impossible: the driver of our bus, Sergey Vladimirovich.

We begin the tour "Leafing through the Chronicle of the Ages". During our tour, we will get more closely acquainted with the main stages of the history of the medieval Crimea. We will drive along the old streets of the city of Simferopol, visit the site of the founding of Bakhchisaray, visit the Assumption Monastery and walk through the cave city of Chufut-Kale. Our guided tour lasts about 8 hours. We will arrive back at about 16:00 - 20:00. We will drive 30 km from Simferopol to Bakhchisaray. along the Sevastopol highway and the pedestrian part of the length of 3 km. During the tour, please follow some safety rules: (rules)

Our journey begins. On the right you can see a red fence with an openwork lattice, and behind it is the building of the Taurida National University. V. I. Vernadsky is the oldest and leading higher educational and scientific institution of the Crimea, founded in 1918. During the Civil War, many prominent Russian figures fled to the Crimea and the university, which combined all this color of Russian science. Immediately behind the university begins the territory of the park "Salgirka" - one of the largest parks in Simferopol. The name comes from the name of the Salgir River, on the banks of which the park was originally laid out. The park was founded in 1795 by a native of Germany, a well-known academic naturalist P. S. Pallas. In the past, the territory of the future park housed: a school of horticulture, horticulture and viticulture, a pomological station, and a dendrological nursery. Today, the main attractions of the park are:

1. Vorontsovsky house - a house of original architecture, with an outbuilding in imitation of the Bakhchisaray Khan's Palace, built in 1823-1826. Governor D. V. Naryshkin, presumably designed by the architect Prince M. S. Vorontsov. Now this house houses the Crimean branch of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the House of Science of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

2. A monument on the site of Steven's house - until about the 1970s, a one-story house belonged to X. X. Steven, a botanist, the founder of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, stood on this site. The building was demolished in 1977.

3. The grave of G. F. Morozov - the grave of one of the founders of Russian forestry, G. F. Morozov.

4. Manor Pallas - a residential building in the style of Russian classicism, built in 1797.

And now a little about the history of the founding of the city of Simferopol. The area where Simferopol is located in the Salgir Valley has always attracted people with its favorable geographical location and favorable natural conditions. The Salgir valley is located between two ridges of the Crimean mountains - Inner and Outer. On the territory of the city there are monuments of history and culture of different centuries. In 1927, on the left bank of the Salgir, in the Chokchura cave (the eastern outskirts of the city, on the left bank of the Maly Salgir River), a site of ancient people from the Paleolithic era was discovered, scientists found that a person lived in this cave more than 50 thousand years ago. Also in Simferopol there are sites of the Mesolithic era (Simferopol reservoir), Neolithic, Eneolithic, Bronze Age (in Zavodskoye), etc. Monuments of the Taurus era are scattered throughout the Crimea, in Simferopol, the remains of Taurus settlements that appeared in the vicinity of the city from the 9th century BC have been preserved. To the left, above Vorovsky Street, you can see the rocks of the steep valley of the Salgir River. This plateau is interesting in world archeology because in the II century. BC. - IV century. AD in the south-eastern part of present-day Simferopol was the capital of the late Scythian state - Naples, translated as "New City". The dawn of the city, as well as the entire Scythian state, fell on the 1st - 2nd centuries. BC, under the kings Skilur and his son Palak. Excavations have established that Scythian Naples, occupied an area of 20 hectares, and was well fortified. At one time, Scythian Naples was a fairly large trade and craft center for those times. In II - IV centuries. Scythian Naples was subjected to devastating raids by nomads - Goths, Alans, Huns - and was destroyed. Centuries passed... Waves of new conquerors - Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Mongols - rolled along the plains of the northern Black Sea region and overwhelmed the Crimea. The emergence of the Ak-Mosque, which translates as "white mosque", is connected with the medieval, rather turbulent period of Crimean history. Look to your left and you will see that this is a really beautiful white building. The first information about it dates back to the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries, and the location of the town, or rather, its earliest buildings, near Scythian Naples, eloquently indicates that these places were chosen by man not by chance. Ak-Mosque was an important administrative center, and, in addition, the residence of the Kalgi Sultan, who was the second person after the Crimean Khan. It was the kalge-sultan who owned the entire flowering Salgir valley to the very source. According to the description of the Crimea, compiled in 1783, in Ak-Mechet there were 331 houses and 7 mosques at that time. This was the city - the predecessor of Simferopol in the year of annexation of the Crimea to Russia. On February 2, 1784, Catherine II signed a decree on the formation of the Tauride region. An important role in the organization of the region was played by the Governor-General of Novorossia G.A. Potemkin. On February 7, 1784, he submitted to the Empress a draft of the administrative structure of the region, the center of which was to be a new city, named Simferopol at the suggestion of the scientist and public figure Yevgeny Bulgaris. "This name means the city of benefit, and therefore the coat of arms is a beehive with bees, which has the inscription at the top: "Useful." and Ukraine.Soldiers dismissed from the Russian army and serfs taken out by the landowners - these were the first settlers.The suburbs of the city were also settled.October 8, 1802, Simferopol became the center of the newly formed Taurida province.Road construction contributed to its development.The capital of Taurida received access to the all-Russian market and soon became a major craft and trade center of the region.By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about two hundred streets and lanes in Simferopol.For more than half a century, Simferopol streets had no official names, and only in March 1830 was the name of 23 main streets and 4 lanes approved. The streets were named after the location of the churches: Alexander Nevsky, Spasskaya Troitskaya, lanes C upholstered, minaret. Some were called by the names of the kings and their entourage: Ekaterininskaya, Potemkinskaya, Vorontsovskaya, Dolgorukovskaya. There were streets that reflected in their name the location of any noticeable object: Governor's, Police, Prison, Bannaya, Hospital, Melnichny, Postal, Teatralny alleys. Some streets were named after the nationalities of the inhabitants of the city: Armenian, Greek, Karaite, Estonian, lanes Armenian, Jewish, Krymchak, Gypsy.

The city originally occupied the left bank of the Salgir River. Please note that the city garden descended to the right of the highway to the river, where a monument to Catherine II was erected on the 100th anniversary of the annexation of Crimea to Russia. on the other side, there is also a two-story yellow building with a black cast-iron balcony, remarkable against the background of modern buildings. This is the house of the Taurida governor, one of the oldest buildings in Simferopol. Further, Peter - Pavlovsk Cathedral, with a dark dome, in all its grandeur and beauty. The cathedral was built under the reigning Bishop of the Tauride Diocese, Archbishop Guria (Karpov), who is now glorified as a saint. St. Guriy, managing the Tauride cathedra in 1867-1882, repeatedly performed divine services in this cathedral. In Soviet times, the cathedral was in disrepair, lost the bell tower, crosses, fence. The restoration of the Peter and Paul Cathedral, moving away from unconsciousness, bitterness and oblivion of faith, the authorities took up in the late 1980s. Thanks to the extensive research work carried out by S. L. Belova in the archives of the Synod, it was possible to find projects that restored the bell tower and the dome of the temple. The author of the restoration project was the architect O. I. Sergeeva. Near the Peter and Paul Cathedral is the Trinity Convent. On the right you see its sky blue dome. Odessa Street, on which the Holy Trinity Monastery rises, has had its current name since 1946. Prior to that, it was called Greek, since on it and around it has long lived a large number of Greeks. The first wooden Greek Holy Trinity Church was built on the site of the current monastery in 1796. Since 1826, a Greek gymnasium has been located at the temple. In 1868, the church was dismantled, and in its place, according to the project of the architect I. F. Kolodin, a spacious Holy Trinity Cathedral was built. It is a cruciform temple with an octagonal light drum rising in the middle and a low bell tower above the entrance. In February 1933, the Trinity Church was closed and it began to be rebuilt into a boarding school for children. But the community decided to fight by all possible means, defending its rights. Despite the terrible time of complete lawlessness, the Orthodox managed to come out with a petition for the Greek mission in Moscow. Earlier, on the advice of Fr. Nikolai Mezentsev, turning to the Greek consul, they were able to defend the bell ringing, which had already been banned by that time. It also helped that many members of the community were Greek subjects. In 1934 the temple reopened. In the Holy Trinity Cathedral are kept revered throughout the Crimea shrines, which parishioners come to see not only from all over Ukraine, but also from other countries of the world. These are the relics of St. Luke, who performed miraculous healings during his lifetime, and continues to perform them after death. If you pay attention to the left, you can see a two-story gray house with a chapel, St. Luke lived here. Karaimskaya Street is a conditional border between the Ak - Mosque and Simferopol, the two parts of the city have long been connected. On the left is an old Karaite kenesa. By the 80s of the 19th century, the Karaite society of Simferopol had become much stronger, became richer financially, it became possible to acquire a new plot of land and begin the construction of the kenasse building. Eclectic architectural styles were observed in the building of erected Karaite kenasses. It traced the features of the Gothic, Moorish and Byzantine style. After the advent of Soviet power, the Karaite kenasses in Simferopol were closed, and the building was nationalized. In the 1930s, the kenasse building was significantly rebuilt and stripped of many elements of decor and iconic decoration. The building of the Karaite kenasses was given to the State Television and Radio Company "Crimea", which is located there to this day. Today, the Karaite religious community of Crimea is trying to get this religious building returned to it.

Now we are passing the western outskirts of the city, where the main production is concentrated.

Simferopol at the beginning of the 20th century was small, but quite developed. Its development was facilitated by the road construction of the highway to Alushta, and then to Yalta, and the railway. The capital of Taurida gained access to the all-Russian market and became a major craft and especially trade center of the province. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about two hundred streets and lanes in Simferopol. On January 1, 1911, 66,452 people (37,491 men and 28,961 women) lived in Simferopol, of which 22,616 were bourgeois and 20,346 were peasants. Nobles, hereditary and personal, there were 3772. Many burghers (the class of burghers included artisans, craftsmen, small merchants, employees) built their houses on the outskirts of the city in suburbs. This is how Kazanskaya, Salgirnaya, Shesterikovskaya, Zheleznodorozhnaya, later Gypsy, Gendarmerie arose. The very concept of "sloboda" went in Russia from the first settlements formed near cities by free people, free from serfdom. Since trade prevailed in the economy, there were 148 merchants in the city, including 8 - very rich, "first guild", 140 - "second guild". Trading establishments grew like mushrooms after the rain. If in 1899 there were 776 of them, then in 1910 there were more than 1300. Manufactory, haberdashery, groceries, fruits, wine, and tobacco were widely traded. "Reference book on the city of Simferopol for 1911" names 25 industrial enterprises: 5 canning, 4 tobacco, 2 carpentry, 1 mechanical plant, 4 mills. Industry developed rapidly in the city, and in 1867 there were already 11 plants and factories in Simferopol, new ones continue to appear. In 1871, the construction of the Lozovo-Sevastopol railway began, and on October 14, 1874, the first passenger train arrived in Simferopol. Since that time, large industrial enterprises began to appear in the city: a branch of the Moscow candy factory "Einem", the factory of A. I. Abrikosov, their products were canned fruit, jam, jelly, the benefit of raw materials - there were enough berries and fruits, Simferopol was surrounded by orchards. Later, tobacco factories appeared and in 1916, the Anatra aircraft plant. During the years of the five-year plans, the city was actively built and during the pre-war years Simferopol became a major industrial center. Here, factories were opened for dressing leather and sewing shoes, mechanical engineering, they thoroughly rebuilt and reequipped the cannery named after. May 1. The streets of the city were decorated with new buildings, greenery of parks and squares. Simferopol became the administrative, cultural and scientific center of the Crimea. On the eve of World War II, Simferopol produced more than a third of the Crimean industrial output. The main industrial sectors are machine building, food processing and light industry. In general, seventy large enterprises are located in Simferopol. These are the Foton plant, where TV is produced, the Pnevmatika plant, Krymprodmash, the Santekhprom plant, the Fiolent plant, which produces household appliances, the SELMA electric machine building plant, the sewing and leather goods factories, Efirmaslo, etc. .d. In addition, there are 2 canning factories, a confectionery factory, household chemicals and plastics factories, a pasta factory, etc. operating in the city. All roads in Crimea lead to Simferopol. Simferopol has a railway station, a bus station, three bus stations, two airports (one of international class, and the other of local importance). The airport of local airlines "Zavodskoye" is located on the western outskirts of the city. In 1914, urban electric transport appeared for the first time in Simferopol. On July 31, the grand opening of the tram service took place. The first line connected the city center with the Railway Station. By October 1914, 3 tram route. Today, the longest trolleybus line in the world connects Simferopol, Alushta and Yalta. And now Sevastopolskaya street turns into the Sevastopol highway, another 30 kilometers to Bakhchisaray. This is the road along which ancient caravan routes once passed; monuments of archeology and history have been preserved on this road. This mound is one of such monuments.

(STOP #1 AT THE MOUNDROOM FOR 2-3 MINUTES TO SEE THE SECURITY SIGN.)

We are on a small hill to the right across the new building roads, and directly next to us is a small hill. this is a mound, that is, a grave burial of the Eneolithic era.

The Eneolithic is an epoch in the development of mankind, a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. During the Eneolithic, copper tools were common, but copper tools were also used. In 1957, Academician Shchepinsky near Belogorsk, under the mound of the barrow, discovered burials made in wooden and stone boxes with painted walls. Very soon similar burials were discovered in various places. And as a result, they began to treat the Kemi-Oba culture as a barrow.

Some researchers believe that representatives of this culture came to the Crimea from the North Caucasus through the Kerch Strait.

Kemi - Obinsky tribes of the dead were buried in rectangular, often quite large (up to 2.2 x 2.0 m) pits, which were covered with planks, boards or poles, sometimes stone slabs, and in one case even an anthropomorphic stele. Some graves were with ledges (shoulders) around the entire perimeter and were supplied with a double overlap.

The dead, richly sprinkled with ocher, lay on their backs with their legs bent at the knees, their heads mostly to the east or northeast. In the graves there are bones of small ruminants, an imprint of fabric is noted, Vessels are ovoid or with a small flat bottom, with a cylindrical neck, sometimes with a vertical handle or protrusions in the upper part - the ornament is rope and incised, banded smoothing is found on the surface.

Everything that the deceased could “need” in the next world was placed in the burial chamber. After that, the burial chamber was covered with stone slabs or wooden blocks and carefully smeared with clay. An earth mound was made over the burial, which was often lined with stones.

If the Kemiobians wanted to mark a certain person, a vertical unhewn stone - a menhir - was installed on the mound.

Many of these stones can be seen in the valley.

The fertile lands of the Central Crimea have long been an attractive place for settlement. Therefore, when in the III century. BC. the Scythians began to move to a settled way of life, they built several fortresses here. One of them was located 15 km west of Simferopol, in the valley of the Western Bulganak River. A high hill was chosen for the settlement, the steep slopes of which served as a natural fortification. On the south side, where there was no such protection, an earthen rampart was poured and, possibly, a stone wall was erected on it. In addition, a well-fortified acropolis was built in the northern part of the settlement, as evidenced by this barrow. The Scythians had a very interesting idea of the afterlife. Burials were made in large and deep pits. Together with the deceased, they put his weapons, clothes, food, expensive jewelry. The grave was closed with a log rolling and a mound was poured over it, trying to make it as high as possible. Of course, you know that in ancient times the Crimea was called Taurica, Tauris. Where did this name come from? There are several hypotheses. Some scientists say that the Greeks in ancient times called Crimean mountains Tafros. Therefore, the inhabitants of the mountains began to be called Tauris, and the country in which they lived - Taurica. But there is another assumption. Local residents of the mountainous Crimea were engaged in cattle breeding, bulls were of particular importance - in Greek, tavros. From here the locals got their name - Tauris, and their land was called Tavrika, Taurida.

Taurians have long lived in the mountains and foothills of the Crimea. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, "the Taurians sacrifice to the Virgin (goddess) shipwrecked and all Hellenes who are captured on the high seas ...".

Ancient authors write not only about the ferocious customs of the Taurians, but also about their courage in battle. So one of the historians reports that the Taurians, “having undertaken a war, always dig up roads in the rear; having made them impassable, they enter the battle; they do this so that, not being able to escape, it was necessary either to win or die.

The most specific information about the areas of residence of the Taurians is reported by Herodotus: "The country adjacent to the sea, mountainous and protruding into Pontus, is inhabited by the Tauri tribe, up to the so-called Rocky (Kerch) Peninsula."

Thus, in ancient times, the Taurians occupied the entire coastal and mountainous part of the Crimea, approximately from Evpatoria to Feodosia. Their neighbors in the steppe part, in the foothills and on the Kerch Peninsula were the Scythians. The oldest (about the 8th century BC) of the fortified settlements of the Tauris Uch-Bash known in the Crimea is located in Inkerman. The Early Taurus settlement near Balaklava dates back to approximately the same time. Not far away (probably near Cape Fiolent) was the sanctuary of the Taurus Virgin, about which ancient authors narrate. Apparently, in those days, one of the most developed Taurian tribes in terms of economy and culture lived in this area. This was facilitated by the fertility of the Inkerman Valley, proximity to the sea and rich in fish bays.

Other Taurus settlements and fortifications - also of early times - gravitated towards the river valleys in the middle reaches and the mouths of the Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma, Salgir, Zuya and other rivers flowing in the foothills of the Crimea.

Later, the Tauri settled on the northern slopes and spurs of the Main Ridge and the valleys in the mountainous upper reaches of the same rivers. It was a relatively closed mountainous territory where the most backward Taurian tribes lived. There are traces of their temporary camps. In the rocky sheds and grottoes - cave sanctuaries, numerous remains of settlements - and in some places primitive fortifications. Of particular interest to historians are Taurian burial grounds with stone boxes, cromlechs - fences of graves or sacred places, menhirs - vertically placed stone blocks. The Taurians also settled the coast (south and southeast) with valleys descending to the sea: Alushta, Sudak, Koktebel. Here were the largest Taurian settlements of the ancient era, their hidden shelters among the rocks, sometimes reinforced by "walls", more reminiscent of heaps of large stones. For these areas, as well as for the mountains, burial grounds with stone boxes - semi-dolmens are characteristic. On this, let me finish with the history of ancient times and move on to more modern events.

Now we are passing a village, the remarkable name of which, I think, is familiar to many of those present. This is a nice date. Regarding the name of the village, there is a legend that in this place Catherine II met with either Potemkin or the last Crimean Khan Shahin Gerai. Its survivability is facilitated by the presence of the Catherine Mile a few kilometers south along the Simferopol-Sevastopol road - stone pillar, which was established along the route of the Empress during her trip to the Crimea, but in the “Complete Geographical Description of Our Fatherland” of 1910, neither this episode nor the village itself is mentioned. The version about the existence of a tavern at this place during the Crimean War of 1853-1856 should be considered more correct. It allegedly met Russian officers traveling to and from the front, which gave the name to the tavern, and then to the village that arose on this site, especially since the tavern (still nameless) was first marked on the map of 1842, and in 1890 - already as "A pleasant date." In the "Statistical handbook of the Tauride province. Part 1 Statistical essay, issue six Simferopol district, 1915. in 1915, the presence in the Tav-Badraksky volost of the Simferopol district of the “Pleasant Date Farm” near the village of Kobazi, the owner of A. A. Tumanov and the estate of K. A. Tumanov, was recorded in 1915.

The accession of Crimea to Russia led to fundamental changes in the economy, culture, and social processes.

In 1784, the Tauride region was formed, which included the Crimea, Taman, and lands north of Perekop. In 1802, the Tauride region was transformed into a province. Instead of the former governorships, seven counties were created, of which five (Simferopol, Levkopol, and since 1787 - Feodosia, Evpatoria and Perekop) counties were located within the peninsula itself. In 1837, a new one stood out from the Simferopol district - the Yalta district, after which the administrative division of the region remained almost unchanged until the 1920s. 20th century

At the end of the XVIII century. in the Crimea, there were more than 100 thousand inhabitants.

Given the important military-strategic importance of the Crimea and the great influence of Turkey on the Tatar population of the peninsula, the tsarist government sought to win over new subjects. On February 22, 1784, the Crimean Tatar nobility was equated with the Russian nobility.

From September 18, 1796, the Crimean Tatars were exempted from recruitment duty and military posting, they were given the right to deal with mutual litigation from the ulema. The Muslim clergy were forever exempted from paying taxes. At the beginning of the XIX century. the personal freedom of the Crimean Tatar peasantry was confirmed. According to the decree of 1827, the Crimean Tatar population had, by law, the right of ownership to movable and immovable property.

To get acquainted with the new lands annexed to Russia by the Empress

Catherine II, in 1787, "a procession to the midday regions of Russia" was undertaken.

Preparations for the Empress's visit to Crimea began in 1784. Along the way, the empress put in order roads, repaired bridges, built temporary wooden "palaces" intended for rest and lodging, and even planted trees.

The ruler of the Tauride region Kokhovsky V.V. suggested that, in addition to milestones, on the route of the empress, stone pillars should be installed, indicating five or ten miles of the way.

G.A. Potemkin's Office Manager Popov V.S. The idea was liked and he reported it to the famous tsar Potemkin. In total, from Akmechet to Sevastopol, 66 were built.

Versts were triangular obelisks carved from wild stone. Unfortunately, none of them survived. Catherine's miles in the Crimea survived only five. Some of these monuments were destroyed by time, but most of them were destroyed during the Soviet era as "symbols of tsarism." The most interesting among the surviving signs "miles" is Catherine's mile, located in Bakhchisarai. It is located on a stone bridge near the northern entrance to the Khan's Palace. Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai was one of the main points of the royal journey to the Crimea.

In the early Middle Ages there is a rapid change ethnic composition population of Taurica. The beginning of this was laid by the "great migration of peoples" - the invasion of the peninsula by the Goths and the Huns.

In the 8th century the peoples of Taurica saw new conquerors - the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Khazars.

In the 7th century tribes create their own state - the Khazar Khaganate on the lands of the Lower Volga and the North Caucasus. From the end of the 7th century Khazars begin their advance to the Sea of Azov, capture the Northern Black Sea region and invade Taurica. The local population of the peninsula waged a desperate struggle with them, but the forces were unequal. The Khazars manage to capture a significant part of the region and even Sugdeya and Chersonese. True, soon Chersonesus managed to free himself.

Arriving in the Crimea, the Khazars were pagans, despite the fact that they already had a state. Their main deity was Tengri Khan, but there was no single deity. They "offered sacrifices to fire and water, worshiping some of the gods of the ways, also the moon, and all the creatures that seemed marvelous to them."

One of the Khazar rulers - Ali-Alitver - managed to convert some of his subjects to Christianity. But the new religion was introduced with great difficulty. And the Khazar rulers themselves did not show much perseverance in this. This fact, obviously, can be explained by the fact that the top of the Khazars did not want to spread the influence of Byzantium.

At the end of the VIII - beginning of the IX century. Khagan Obadiah accepts the Jewish faith. The top of the kaganate followed him. The common people were also reluctant to accept this religion.

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Introduction…………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ides of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methodology ...... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of teaching methods………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques of display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Receiving a demonstration of a visual aid………35

3.2Assimilation by the guide of methodological techniques………………………………………………………..39

4. Technique of conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique of conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………..51

Bibliographic list……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological methods for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

The tour is a methodically thought-out demonstration places of interest, monuments of history and culture, a display based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he understands and perceives what he sees and hears.

The guide, with his explanations, leads the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects that are in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge based on one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for the excursion, as well as the sum of the methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions. different types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The tour guide answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content about)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more than usual and, together with the effective merit of the goal of the excursion, to help the excursionists easier and more firmly to finally learn the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general receptions are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. It must be said that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people are accustomed to express themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's not a secret for anyone that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and concretize more effective methods of conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many people say, 1 object or a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and, finally, are used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, single techniques also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, to a certain time of the year or day.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects: as the basis of the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. This happens because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting excursions; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skill of the guide, the mechanism for supplying material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as storytelling and showing. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling in a guided tour, the methodology gives an unequivocal answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of the object to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological methods of conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, clarification and practical application of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques, with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of the subtopic tours. The head of the creative team unites and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e., the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on this topic), carried out by the creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing of factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological methods of showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide portfolio" is formed, and an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology should be used to effectively conduct the excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the "guide's portfolio" and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

An individual text is also a mandatory document, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. Correctly composed methodical development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

1. PROJECT SUMMARY

This business plan deals with a project to provide walking tours in a city with a population of more than 1 million people. The project is an expanded format for holding events in the format of “excursion + street performance”. The financial resources required to start the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. and will be used for the purchase of excursion equipment, the creation of presentation materials, the purchase of actors' costumes and stage attributes.

The projected amount of revenue per month for one excursion per week and the participation of 15 tourists in it will be 121.5 thousand rubles, net profit is 81.5 thousand rubles. The financial plan is designed for a three-year period of activity. After that, it is planned to expand the types of excursions and update the program of events. The project will require a preparatory phase for a period of 3 months, necessary for writing a script, conducting test tours and rehearsals, as well as creating advertising products and pre-filling social networks.

Table 1. Key indicators of the project

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

City walking tours are a growing type of tour that allows participants to delve deeper into the history of the streets, explore objects and imagine being part of past events. Unlike bus tours they allow for more agile routes and give competitors a logical and consistent line of sight. The length of such routes usually does not exceed 6 kilometers, while the duration is no more than 3 hours. From the point of view of organization, walking tours require much less financial and time costs, since there is no need to conclude an agreement with a transport company, coordinate the driving time with the driver and adjust the tour route to the rules traffic. At the same time creating walking route requires a more elaborate script. Display objects should be fairly close to each other. Tourists need physical readiness, and the guide needs the ability to keep pace and prompt those who lag behind the group in time. A feature of the excursion business in largest cities, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg is a high level of competition. In other million-plus cities and regional centers with a population of less than a million inhabitants, the competition is not so significant, but it is quite difficult to immediately stand out against the background of existing proposals.

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3. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

At the initial stage, two scenarios of excursions will be developed, each of which will include a small 30-minute street performance on the theme of the excursion. The duration of one of the events will be 3 hours, the other - 2 hours 30 minutes. The cost of participation will be divided for children and adults (see Table 1). The cost was determined taking into account the analysis of competitors' offers. So, the cost of the usual walking tour varies from 400 to 650 rubles, the cost of bus excursions or excursions with any additional services, including a quest, a “tasty break”, etc. ranged from 1100 to 1500 rubles. Thus, 800-950 rubles is, on the other hand, a more expensive option compared to ordinary excursions, but at the same time more profitable against the background of similar offers.

Table 2. Description of goods and services

We also note that at the start of the project it is planned to carry out two or three free tours to draw attention to the project, when the tourists themselves determine the level of remuneration for the guide. In addition, audio and photo materials offered by the guide during the tour, incentive prizes for activity during the tour (badges, souvenirs, key rings, etc.) will be available to the tourists free of charge.

4. SALES AND MARKETING

The target audience of the project will be, on the one hand, an age audience that is actively interested in the history of the city (mainly women aged 35-40 years), on the other hand, creative youth from 18 to 30 years old, as well as tourists and guests of the city. The process of organizing sales and advertising will require the implementation of several stages.

Preparatory stage. At this stage, two months before the start of sales, pages are created in social networks Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki and Instagram, which are planned to be used as main stream generators during the main period of work. Communities are filled with thematic content on the history of the city, a preliminary selection of the target audience is made, advertising messages are published about a set of trial free tours. A one-page site is being created with basic information about the cost, time of excursions, route and contacts for pre-booking. Templates are created and advertisements are printed.

First stage. Two or three free tours are held, during which photographs are taken, feedback from participants is collected, and gaps in the organization that have arisen along the way are eliminated. If possible, the attention of the Internet media and television is attracted. Further, advertising posts are published in popular groups of the city in social networks. There is an active distribution of advertisements in places visited by tourists.

Main stage. Current advertising activity using all available channels to reach the target audience. At the same time, contacts are being established with the heads of museums, cultural and entertainment institutions, anti-cafes, which can advertise on their own sites, and announcements are being distributed. As additional channels for the influx of customers can also be used:

own blog of the guide on the history of the city;

partnership with travel companies with the transfer of clients for a percentage;

partnership with information tourist centers(transfer of clients for a percentage, placement of advertisements or business cards).

Table 3 presents the approximate costs for advertising purposes in the main period of work. It is planned to organize filling the content of groups in social networks and updating information on the site on our own. Applications for participation in the tour will be accepted by phone, payment will be collected by the organizer before the start of the event.

5. PRODUCTION PLAN

At the initial stage, excursions-performances are planned to be organized once a week - on Saturdays or Sundays, in the daytime. To create performances, it will be necessary to hire actors from among the volunteers of the acting circle at one of the city's universities. The cast will include five regular cast members and three people who either play bit parts or are called in as replacements. To start the activity, you will need to purchase the necessary stage and excursion equipment. Expenses for these purposes will amount to about 39.2 thousand rubles.

Table 4. List of required equipment and inventory

When conducting one excursion per week, taking into account the participation of 10 adult tourists in it, with an average check of 900 rubles, the monthly revenue will be 81 thousand rubles. This plan is planned to be followed during the first year of operation. The plan for the second year of work will be 15 participants per tour, i.e. 121.5 thousand rubles per month In the future, with an increase in the number of participants and the organization of two excursions per week, the planned revenue can be increased by one and a half to two times.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

The project will require a preparatory period of 3 months, during which the tour route is created, the script for performances is created, rehearsals are organized, actors are selected, etc. Unlike many countries of the world in Russia, a license for the provision of excursion services is not required. In order for the activity to be carried out within the legal framework, only registration of an individual entrepreneur is necessary. Activity code for OKVED - 79.90.22 “Activities of independent guides and guides to provide excursion tourism services". The term for processing documents for registration of IP will be 3 days. State duty - 800 rubles. The most appropriate taxation system for this type of business is simplified, where the object of taxation is 6% income. Here is a list of documents required for conducting activities within the legal field:

a contract for the provision of services, which will indicate all offers of excursions, their obligations and those points for which the company is not responsible;

job description for staff. It describes in detail the job responsibilities for each position and the action plan in the event of an emergency situation;

contracts with employees. Not necessarily according to the Labor Code, but the contractual basis must be fixed;

for employees (preferably) - a document that confirms the status of a teacher of history / culture / philology, etc. or the right to engage in tourism business.

Additionally, it is necessary to draw up a memo for customers, rules for safe behavior on the route and a list of possible sources of danger that you may encounter. Also, in some cases, tour guides require accreditation. For example, to conduct excursions, foreigners need a special state-issued permit.

The project team will include two organizers and simultaneously performers of the project in the person of the guide and the head of the theater troupe, as well as the actors themselves.

Guide. This is a person with a historical or philological education, who knows English language, who is fond of local history and the history of the city, has a certificate of passing guide courses from a specialized training center that trains personnel for the tourism industry. Personal qualities: sociability, competent speech, delivered voice, creativity and resourcefulness, the talent of a teacher and psychologist, patience.

Theater troupe leader. He has experience as a director in a student theater, the talent of an organizer, advertiser, designer.

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Actors. A group of actors of eight people (five regular actors, three on a stand-in), participants in major theater competitions, city performances, a troupe at the student theater. Actors will be paid 500 rubles per performance. Based on the experience of similar projects, it is recommended to select a reserve troupe for all roles (in case of illness of the actors, absence from rehearsals/performance for family or other reasons, etc.)

7. FINANCIAL PLAN

The financial plan takes into account all the income and expenses of the project. Starting investments in the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. The expenses of the main period of work will include the remuneration of the actors - 22,500 rubles, the cost of advertising and promotion of the project. A detailed financial plan of the project, taking into account tax deductions, is given in Appendix 1.

Table 5. Investment costs of the project

Table 6. Expenses of the main period

8. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Thanks to minimal investment, the project is able to pay off already in the second month from the start of sales of excursions. The annual turnover of the project in the first year will be 972 thousand rubles, net profit - 521.8 thousand rubles. Profitability - 53%. Annual turnover in the second year - 1458 thousand rubles, net profit - 978.2 thousand rubles, profitability - 67%.

9. RISKS AND WARRANTY

The project will require minimal investment in the opening, there are no costs for rent and binding to any real estate and material values (the product is intellectual and acting work), in connection with which all financial risks are minimal. Most of the possible difficulties can be related to internal problems - mistakes in organization, incorrect promotion, incorrect presentation of information to excursionists, etc. These risks are prevented, firstly, through careful preparatory work, which should include writing a high-quality script for the excursion and the performance, and their test “running”. Secondly, a competent market analysis is important: monitoring of all current offers in the field, pricing and advertising policies of competitors, their methods of smoothing the seasonality factor, and so on. The key factor for the main period will be work on improving the quality of services, implementation feedback with clients and advertising.

There are also external risk factors - competition, an unfavorable situation in the country's economy, affecting the solvency of the population and forcing them to give up leisure, and so on. To minimize these factors, it is necessary to promote high-quality promotion from the first days of the project’s existence, and in the future, gaining status and recognition of the event as a significant cultural event of the city, which is attended by representatives of medium and large companies and which is actively advised to tourists and guests of the city.

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For several years now, I have had the warmest attitude towards excursions. I didn’t like them before - I was repulsed by the fact that it could be boring, and I don’t really want to spend money on time spent so-so ... So I would have thought if one day my life had not been turned over by real guides who were so “in their place 'that the question is how to do good tour came by itself. But now I have also been a tour guide and therefore I will gladly share my secrets with you;)

How to make a tour - factage

Such a simple word that journalists often use is one of the basics. The tour will not take place if you do not have proper information about locations and attractions.
Important! Take information only from reliable and reliable sources!
Important for the tour numbers, dates, people- everything has a past, and usually it needs to be revealed ... But within reason. Don't overdo it, give people as much information as they can handle.

An approach

When people decide to take a tour, they often follow the "trodden path" - the standard sights of the city, historical data, which, although interesting, are rather mundane. The tour should include well-known and important places, but also talk about those that come across along the way. Pause and do not be unfounded - rely on sources. The story itself should be comprehensive and not turn into a simple retelling of a memorized text.

After we managed to make the tour, we move to the preparation. Write plan and text excursions, drive him away until memorize the information you need, take a walk tour places in advance. It is better to have the text with you in order to discreetly use it in awkward situations, but it is better not to get carried away with it. The most important thing: love what you do. Love every word. Love the people you're talking to. As long as you are enthusiastic, others will enjoy the tour immensely.