Russian civil aviation. Russian civil aviation

CIVIL AVIATION, industry air transport, provides transportation of passengers, mail and cargo; used to protect agricultural plants from pests, for aerial photography of the area, exploration of minerals, protection of forests (including extinguishing fires), for medical and sanitary purposes, etc. G. a. has a fleet of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters), a network of air lines, airports, airfields with a system technical facilities, radio and meteorological stations, factories and repair and technical bases, research and educational institutions.

G. a. arose in the countries of Europe and America after the 1st World War. In France and Germany, as a mode of transport, it began to develop from 1920–21. In Russia, in November 1921, on the basis of the Decree "On Air Traffic" (dated 17.1.1921), a mixed Russian-German Air Communications Society ("Deruluft", "Deruluft") was formed. Regular flights on the first international postal and passenger line Moscow - Königsberg opened on May 1, 1922 (in 1926 the line was extended to Berlin). In the USSR, G. a. ("Aeroflot") began its development in 1923 (the Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet "Dobrolyot" was created). The peak of traffic in the country refers to con. 1980s, when Aeroflot carried more than 120 million passengers annually, approx. 3 million tons of cargo, St. 400 thousand tons of mail. The share of air transport accounted for up to 20% of the total passenger traffic, and on long-distance routes (4 thousand km or more) - St. 80%.

12/7/1944 as a result of the signing in Chicago of the Convention on International civil aviation created International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO), which is a specialized agency of the United Nations. On November 14, 1970, the USSR (the Russian Federation is the successor) joined ICAO. Growth in intensity air traffic, the operation of high-speed multi-seat aircraft and complex ground-based aviation equipment necessitated the implementation of comprehensive measures to ensure safety and increase the regularity of flights. In February 1973, the State Aviation Supervision Authority of the USSR and the State Aviation Register of the USSR were created under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, which were transformed in September 1986 into the State Commission for Supervision of Flight Safety under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In December 1991, on the basis of the Interstate Agreement on Civil Aviation and on the Use airspace between 12 states (Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ukraine) the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) was established. The Committee is called upon to maintain unified aviation rules, airworthiness standards, a unified certification system for aviation equipment and its production, international categorized airfields and their equipment, independent investigation of aviation accidents, coordination of civil aviation development issues and harmonization of national programs for the development of air traffic systems. Regulations on the IAC in July 1992 registered with the ICAO and the IAC is included in the list of intergovernmental organizations.

The types of aircraft that have become widespread in aviation are diverse: airplanes, airships, helicopters, gyroplanes, and others. the era of the airship begins. Since 1909, the German joint-stock company DELAG, on the basis of seven airships, has performed 1582 regular flights, 34,028 passengers were transported even before the 1st World War. On 24/8/1919 the company resumed regular flights on the airship LZ-120 between Berlin and Friedrichshafen. The airship LZ-127 served transatlantic flights with a range of up to 11,000 km for 10 years. Planes could not fly such a range yet. The UK used the R-100 and R-101 airships on the England-India-Australia route. The tragedy of the airship "LZ-129 Hindenburg" in 1937 questioned the advisability of using airships. The situation was aggravated by successes in the aircraft and helicopter industry. Return to airships (as well as seaplanes) in G. a. we tried many more times, but so far it is more of a transport and excursion task.

Helicopter construction since the 1950s firmly entered a separate page in G. a. both transport and passenger. In the helicopter industry, two interrelated lines of development have been identified: the first - in the direction of increasing load capacity, the second– in improving flight performance. For example, helicopters of the Mil Design Bureau: Mi-1 - 0.5 tons, Mi-4 - 1.67 tons, Mi-6 - 12 tons, Mi-12 - 25 tons; Helicopters manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation» : S-51 - 0.4 t, S-55 - 1.1 t, S-56 - 5 t, S-65 - 8.4 t; helicopters Boeing Vertol Co. » : PV-17 - 0.9 tons, V-44 - 1.8 tons, V-107 - 3 tons, V-114 - 5.8 tons. As a rule, an increase in carrying capacity was achieved by increasing the size of the main rotor and the power of the power plant . Helicopters are characterized by multifunctionality, up to the modular replacement of the cabin for the target load (for example, Mi-8 and Mi-17, Ka-15M and Ka-18, Ka-26, Ka-126). Helicopters played a big role in the development of Siberia and Far East, performing regular passenger and transport flights there.

Ekranoplanes, ekranolet and ships on air cushion also, although they were used in transport operations, they have not yet received proper development. Often, their affiliation with aviation is generally questioned.

A separate page G. a. is postal aviation. On February 18, 1911, 6,600 letters and 250 postcards were transported in India from Allahabad to Naini over a distance of 13 km. The letters were canceled with a special stamp (a biplane is depicted over the mountains of Asia), the cliche of which was destroyed immediately after the end of the flight. The first regular postal service in history began on March 31, 1918 on the route Vienna-Krakow-Lvov-Kyiv. And already in May 1918, a route was opened between Washington and New York. In 1924 a transcontinental route was opened from New York to San Francisco. In the 1920s and 30s. the famous writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery was a pilot of international airmail lines, including the French airline Aéropostale. In the 1st floor. 20th century seaplanes were used for postal aviation on transatlantic flights. AT modern world the mail aviation services market is popular. OK. 20 million parcels are transported around the world every day. 70% of them are accounted for by the largest carrier companies "FedEx" , UPS, DHL and TNT. Cargo aircraft of these postal companies form an essential segment of the logistics chain, where cars and ships are also involved in the express delivery of mail and cargo. For example,"Fedex" has a fleet of 663 aircraft and more than 90,000 vehicles, UPS– 229 jets and an additional 298 charter aircraft.

The main indicators of air transportation aircraft (AT) are passenger capacity, take-off weight, flight speed, and so on. According to their purpose, passenger aircraft of local airlines (IL) and main lines are distinguished. In Russia, depending on the takeoff weight, aircraft are divided into light - category AP-23 and the rest - AP-25. MVL are represented by light aircraft (An-2, L-410, An-28, etc.), as a rule, included in the AP-23 category; are characterized by the ability to take off from unpaved runways (up to 550 m long) and a flight range of up to 1000 km (for the Russian Federation, the network of such airports is more than 50%). Aviation complex long-haul aircraft includes short, medium and long-haul aircraft(respectively, BMS, SMS and DMS). BMS [for example, Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, Il-114, " Sukhoi Superjet 100"("Sukhoi Superjet 100" )] connect regional centers located in the European part of the Russian Federation and located at a distance of 500–1500 km from each other. SMS (Yak-42, Tu-154, Tu-104, Tu-214, A-320, A-319, B737, B757, etc.) with a flight range of up to 5000 km fly between remote regional centers of the Russian Federation, and also carry out inland flights. The DMS includes Tu-114, Il-62, Il-96, B-747, A-340, A-350 and others with a flight range of St. 5000 km (for example, Moscow - Khabarovsk). In accordance with the requirements for flight safety, intercontinental aircraft (modifications of LCA) are distinguished as an independent class, capable of performing non-stop flights up to 18,000 km (for example, London - Sydney), based in high-class airports in the world.

An analysis of the distribution of flights reveals three distinct flight zones. The first up to 3000 km corresponds to inland flights. The second in the range from 8,000 to 11,000 km is the transatlantic flight range (the B747 aircraft was designed for this range). The next frontier at 13,000 km is for the development of Asia-Pacific traffic from Europe and America (as a rule, an A-380 aircraft is used). Ultra-long non-stop flights are made over a distance of 17,000 km or more (as a rule, B747, A-380 aircraft are used). This is the so-called. Kangaroo Route (eng. "kangaroo path") - flights from Australia to Europe and America, for example, London - Sydney (16,994 km), or Melbourne (16,903 km), or Auckland, New Zealand(18,338 km). Modern airplanes G. a. capable of realizing the maximum possible flight ranges that theoretically can occur on Earth in the equatorial zone. For example, when flying from Buenos Aires to Shanghai (range 19,602 km), Auckland, New Zealand - Madrid (19,628 km), Taipei - Asuncion in an arc (19,918 km). But so far there are no such tasks on the main lines. There are experiments and PR. For example, on December 10, 2005, a Boeing 777-200LR made the longest flight from Hong Kong to London (flight from west to east) with a length of 21,602 km in 22 hours and 40 minutes (with a passenger capacity of 301 people, there were 27 people on board).

Of the long-haul flights, the most popular and massive flight is London - Sydney. Now it is performed with an intermediate landing. The first successful attempt at a non-stop flight from London to Sydney was made by the Australian company Qantas. in 1989 on the B747-400, flying 18,000 km in 20 hours 9 minutes without passengers and luggage.

From Russian companies, Aeroflot performs a long flight on the route Moscow - Cancun (Mexico; 9981 km in 14 hours and 10 minutes) on Airbus 330-200. Of the flights within one country, the longest Sochi - Khabarovsk (6889 km) and Moscow - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (6773 km), as a rule, are carried out on the Il-62 (flight range from 10 to 11 thousand km) and Il-96 (range flight from 9 to 13 thousand km).

Agricultural, medical, training, and other aircraft belong to general aviation (GA). Most of the MVL aircraft after completion (modification) can be used in the GA (An-2, An-28, Yak-40).

Transport aircraft G. a. (created, as a rule, on the basis of military transport aviation) in terms of carrying capacity are divided into light - up to 10 tons (An-26, An-32), medium - up to 50 tons (Il-76, An-70) and heavy - light . 50 tons (An-124, An-225). Sometimes modifications of mainline aircraft are used as transport (postal) aircraft (for example, Tu-214, Il-96).

As an independent division of G. a. firefighting aircraft An-2, An-26P, An-32P, Il-76P, Be-12P-200, Be-200, Bombardier 415 (Bombardier 415, Canada), Martin Mars (Martin Mars, USA) and Bell helicopters 212 (USA), S-64 (USA), Mi-14 PZh, Mi-6 PZH, Mi-26 TP.

The basis of G.'s development and. is the need for continuous cost reduction air transportation. The greater the number of passengers placed on the plane, the more economical it is. In G. a. airlines operate aircraft that can accommodate 350–550 passengers: B-747, B-747-200 (Boeing); Il-86, Il-96; L-1011 (Lockheed); DC-10 (McDonnell Douglas). Their appearance opened the era of wide-body jet passenger aircraft. It can be argued that the main trend in civil aircraft construction will be an increase in passenger capacity, as well as a transition to supersonic passenger aircraft(THX). The first generation of such aircraft has already been created - the Soviet Tu-144 aircraft, the Anglo-French Concorde aircraft ("Concord"). The operation of these aircraft did not give the expected results in reducing the cost of transportation due to low fuel efficiency, and also because of the unresolved problem of reducing the noise level during supersonic flight. Research aimed at solving these and other problems is being carried out by the leading aviation powers. We should expect the appearance of the 2nd generation SPS with a flight speed corresponding to the cruising number M = 2.2 - 2.5 (M - mach number ); with increased by 40-50% (compared to the SPS of the 1st generation) aerodynamic quality; with a 15–20% reduced dead weight of the aircraft and increased fuel efficiency by 1.5–2 times. It is promising to develop a variable cycle gas turbine ramjet engine, which is 20% or more economical than existing engines that provide supersonic flight. This will make it possible to create a 2nd generation SPS (velocities correspond to M = 4.5) with an intercontinental flight range. Such a task is posed in G. a. based on the flight London - Sydney for 4-5 hours (this is the time during which the passenger in a sitting position feels comfortable).

Industry research institutes in G. a. provide scientific and methodological development of the industry. The parent organization is the State Research Institute of Civil Aviation (GosNII GA). Established in 1930. During its work, the institute provided scientific and methodological support for the implementation of St. 100 types aircraft. The Institute has 13 scientific centers and one branch, covering a wide range of activities and research in the field of air transport: certification and special tests and the introduction of new aircraft and power plants; maintaining the airworthiness of aircraft and power plants during operation; ensuring flight safety and aviation security; development aviation market, the formation of requirements for new aviation technology and the development of programs for the development of aviation aviation; improvement of flight and technical operation, etc.

The State Design, Survey and Research Institute of Civil Aviation "Aeroproject" has designed almost all airports in Russia and the CIS countries and is responsible for the development of the ground infrastructure of aviation. throughout Russia. The history of the Aeroproject begins on 10/1/1934, when the Central Office for Research and Design of the Main Directorate of Civil Air Fleet was organized. The unified technical policy pursued by Aeroproject in the field of designing aviation infrastructure facilities, solving the problems of developing and reconstructing airports and their infrastructure in a comprehensive manner, promptly introduces scientific achievements into the domestic practice of airport construction.

During the period from 1955 to 1965 in the country, the total volume of air transportation in ton-kilometers increased by 9.5 times, and passenger traffic - by almost 13.6 times. For the operation of jet aircraft, the airports of Vnukovo, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Khabarovsk have been reconstructed. For the first time in domestic practice, from monolithic prestressed reinforced concrete, runways were designed and built at Domodedovo, Kirov, Tyumen airports. In the beginning. 1960s for the airports of the Far East and Siberia, a series of standard designs of air terminals for 200–400 passengers/h were developed using standard solutions. In 1964, the terminal complex of the international airport at Sheremetyevo with a capacity of 1,500 passengers per hour and the terminal complex of the airport at Domodedovo with a capacity of 3,000 passengers per hour were designed and built. In con. 1970s–80s new-generation mainline aircraft Il-86, Yak-42, An-26 and An-28 entered the line, which required the modernization of the aviation infrastructure, which was successfully completed by Aeroproject. During 2009–15, Aeroproject specialists upgraded Vnukovo (Terminal A Kaplya), Sheremetyevo (Terminal D), Severny (Grozny), helipads on Russky Island (Vladivostok) and others in Russia and abroad.

Training for G. a. conducted industry educational establishments: Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (branches - in Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Troitsk), St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation (branches– in Vyborg, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk), Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation (Sasovo, Krasnokutsk and Omsk branches).

The main criterion for the effectiveness of G. a. 21st century - flight safety. The development of civil aircraft construction is aimed at reducing the takeoff weight of aircraft, increasing the aerodynamic quality, as well as reducing the specific fuel consumption.

In agriculture, oil and gas industry, construction, forest protection, expedition service, etc.;

Civil aviation is based on civilian airfields. The main functional and production unit of civil aviation is the airport.

There is an opinion that commercial civil aviation is currently the safest, this is explained by the absence of the threat of terrorist attacks, good technical equipment and careful operation, storage of VIP class aircraft in hangars, and not in the open air.

official interpretation

Excerpt from the Air Code Russian Federation dated 19.03.1997 No. 60-FZ (as amended on 06.12.2011) .

Chapter III, Article 21 Civil Aviation

• 1. Aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy refers to civil aviation.
• 2. Civil aviation used to provide services (to carry out air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail) and (or) perform aviation work, refers to commercial civil aviation.
• 3. Civil aviation, not used for commercial air transportation and performance of aviation work, refers to general aviation.

Higher educational institutions of civil aviation in Russia

• Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
• St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation
• Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation

Aviation technical colleges and schools of civil aviation of Russia

• Vyborg Aviation Technical School Marshal Zhavoronkov
• Egorievsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Irkutsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Kirsanov Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Krasnoyarsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Omsk Flight Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Rylsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• St. Petersburg Aviation and Transport College of Civil Aviation
• Buguruslan Aviation School
• Krasnokutsk Aviation School
• Sasovo Aviation School
• Yakut Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation

• In 1950, the civil aviation of the USSR carried 3.5 times more passengers than in 1940.
• Total civil aircraft in the Russian Federation in 2006 amounted to 5600, in 2008 - 5900.

operated by airlines in 2006 - 2705 units.

see also

Links

• V. Ershov "Thoughts of a sled dog" and other memoirs of the pilot

Notes

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See what "Civil Aviation" is in other dictionaries:

Monthly illustrated mass magazine. Founded in May 1931 as an organ of the All-Union Association of the Civil Air Fleet, since 1932 an organ of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. A break in publication from June 1941 to January 1955. From August 1964, the organ ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

civil Aviation- (English civil air fleet) according to the air legislation of the Russian Federation, aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy. G.a., used for air transportation of passengers, baggage ... Encyclopedia of Law

Used for the transport of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail; performance of aerial work in certain sectors of the economy (in agriculture, construction, for the protection of forests, servicing expeditions, etc.); medical care... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

civil Aviation- type of aviation in the Russian Federation. Civil aviation is used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy of the state in air transportation. Civil aviation, which implements air transportation of passengers, baggage ... Administrative law. Dictionary-reference

I Civil aviation is a branch of the national economy that serves the needs of the national economy and the population in air transportation; used for aeronautical protection c. X. plants from pests, aerial photography of the area, reconnaissance ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Filat. name series of postage, stamps of the USSR 1934 "On the 10th anniversary of the Civil Aviation of the USSR and the Soviet air mail" (No. 444 453). On fig. stamps of the ANT 9 aircraft series over various regions of the country. "Civil Aviation" … Big philatelic dictionary

civil Aviation- 3.4 civil aviation; GA: Aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Monthly mass production magazine, since 1931 (not published in 1941 54), Moscow. Founder (1998) Civil Aviation Edition LLC with the participation of the Federal Aviation Service of the Russian Federation, the Interstate Aviation Committee, the Main ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Not so long ago, the passenger turnover of air transport in our country exceeded that of rail transport. We have already talked about how the first trains appeared, now "Amateur"Together with Rostec, they will remember the history of civil aviation.

First Passenger

"Flyer 1" by the Wright Brothers

The Wright brothers lifted their own-designed Flyer 1 into the air for 59 seconds. Then, in 1903, they managed to fly 260 meters. In 1908, five years later, the brothers took on board the first passenger and part-time their good friend - Charlie Furnos. In the same year, Thomas Selfridge died, becoming the first person to die in a plane crash. Despite this, the US Administration signed a contract with the brothers for the supply of one aircraft, which cost the treasury 25 thousand dollars. However, the government played it safe, adding to the contract a column that the plane "should fly a distance of 160 kilometers without falling to the ground."

The Wright brothers lifted the Flyer 1 into the air for 59 seconds

First charter flight

LinerOlympicbecame the destination of the first charter flight

He turned out quite unusual. One of distinguished passengers The Olympic liner forgot his glasses and remembered this only when the ship had already left New York Harbor. The carrier Wanamaker was so fond of their customers that they specifically hired British aviator Tom Sopwith. Tom grabbed his glasses, took off in his plane, caught up with the liner and threw his glasses on the deck.

First airline

Aircraft company St. Petersburg Tampa Airboat

In 1914, 10 years after the flight of the Wright brothers, the first airline appeared, whose planes flew on schedule. The first flight schedule included two cities: St. Petersburg and Tampa. In fact, of course, a flight from Russia to America at that time was not possible. Saint Petersburg, or St. Petersburg, is a city in the state of Florida, on west coast. On the east is just the city of Tampa. Therefore, the first customers of the first airline St. Petersburg Tampa Airboat Line could only afford a short half-hour flight from one part of the peninsula to another.

In 1914, a company appeared whose planes flew on schedule

Million passenger and flight on autopilot

First airline to carry over a million passengers

Already in 1934, the oldest of the currently existing airlines, DeutscheLufthansa, opened in 1926, reached a symbolic mark of a million passengers transported.

The oldest airline in existence today is DeutscheLufthansa

First stewardess

Alyn Church - nurse and first flight attendant

American nurse Allyn Church in 1930 once and for all decided to connect her life with aviation. But since she was not destined to become a pilot, she began to serve passengers on board. There were 11 of them on her first flight.

United Airlines liked the idea so much that within two months they began recruiting flight attendants for all of their flights. At that time, by the way, they had quite a lot of work - a hot lunch on board the plane usually included a fruit cocktail, fried chicken, cookies and hot coffee.

Meanwhile in Russia

During the flight, passengers of the Ilya Muromets could walk along the promenade deck

It is hard to believe, but it was in our country that the world's first passenger aircraft was designed. While flights were still an experimental matter, the engineers of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works, under the leadership of Igor Sikorsky, already in 1913 designed the Ilya Muromets biplane. The following year, they conducted a demonstration flight: there were 16 people and one dog on board, sat at the helm Chief Engineer apparatus - Sikorsky. In various modifications, the Sikorsky aircraft took several world records for the length of flights, for altitude and flight time.

It was in Russia that the world's first passenger aircraft was designed.

In general, "Ilya Muromets" is a big breakthrough for aviation. Sikorsky proposed several innovations that are still used in the aircraft industry. So, for example, he was the first to separate the cabin and the cockpit, for the first time on the Ilya Muromets a toilet and sleeping rooms appeared. The salon was heated by gas heating, illuminated by electricity. At that time, no one could even imagine such comfort on board.

Situation today

Airliner model MS-21

Russian engineers continue to innovate in the aircraft industry today. One of the most ambitious projects is the Trunk Aircraft of the 21st Century, or simply MS-21. The first flights of the device are planned for 2016, mass production - for 2017. The uniqueness of the MS-21 is that it should become the first "electric aircraft" in Russia. Most of the on-board devices will be transferred to electric mechanisms, while the MS-21 will use auxiliary power sources that will ensure the operation of the engines in case they stop in the air. For the electrification of the aircraft, Rostec enterprises have already manufactured a number of equipment that is undergoing test tests.

MI-38 will be built at the Kazan Helicopter Plant

Not only airplanes, but also helicopters have become widespread in civil aviation. Since they are not designed for mass Passenger Transportation They are used in a wide variety of fields. For example, the Ansat light helicopter of the Russian Helicopters holding company is used in air ambulance: the medical version of this aircraft delivers patients to medical institutions, and also allows you to resuscitate the victim right on board. And the MI-38, which began to be produced in 2015, can generally turn from a civilian helicopter into a military one.

CIVIL AVIATION, the branch of transport that carries out air transportation. Civil aviation provides transportation of passengers, mail and cargo; used to protect agricultural plants from pests, for aerial photography of the area, exploration of minerals, protection of forests (including fire extinguishing), for medical and sanitary purposes, etc. Civil aviation has a fleet of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters), a network of air lines, airports, airfields with a system of technical facilities, radio and weather stations, factories and repair and technical bases, research and educational institutions.

Civil aviation arose in Europe and America after the 1st World War. In France and Germany, as a mode of transport, it began to develop from 1920-21. In Russia, in November 1921, on the basis of the Decree "On Air Traffic" (dated 17.1.1921), a mixed Russian-German Air Communications Society ("Deruluft", "Deruluft") was formed. Regular flights on the first international postal and passenger line Moscow - Koenigsberg opened on May 1, 1922 (in 1926 the line was extended to Berlin). In the USSR, civil aviation (Aeroflot) began its development in 1923 (the All-Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet Dobrolyot was created). The peak of transportation in the country dates back to the end of the 1980s, when Aeroflot annually transported more than 120 million passengers, about 3 million tons of cargo, over 400 thousand tons of mail. The share of air transport accounted for up to 20% of the total passenger traffic, and on long-distance routes (4 thousand km or more) - over 80%.

The main indicators of civil aviation aircraft engaged in air transportation (AP): passenger capacity, take-off weight, flight speed, etc. According to their purpose, passenger aircraft of local air lines (IL) and main ones are distinguished. In Russia, depending on the takeoff weight, aircraft are divided into light - category AP-23 and the rest - AP-25. MVL are represented by light aircraft (An-2, L-410, An-28, etc.), as a rule, included in the AP-23 category; are characterized by the ability to take off from unpaved runways (up to 550 m long) and a flight range of up to 1000 km (for the Russian Federation, the network of such airports is more than 50%). The aviation complex of long-haul aircraft includes short-haul, medium- and long-haul aircraft (Navy, SMS and DMS, respectively). Naval Forces (for example, Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, Il-114) connect regional centers located in the European part of the Russian Federation and located at a distance of 500-1500 km from each other. SMS (Yak-42, Tu-154, Tu-104, Tu-214, A-320, A-310, V-731, V-757, etc.), with a flight range of up to 5000 km, fly between remote regional centers Russian Federation, and also carry out intracontinental flights. The DMS includes Tu-114, Il-62, Il-96, V-747, A-340 and others with a flight range of over 5000 km (for example, Moscow - Khabarovsk). In accordance with the requirements for flight safety, intercontinental aircraft (modifications of the LCA) are distinguished as an independent class, capable of non-stop flights up to 18,000 km (for example, London - Sydney) based at high-class airports in the world.

Agricultural, medical, training and other aircraft belong to general aviation (GA). Most of the MVL aircraft after completion (modification) can be used in GA. Transport aircraft of civil aviation (created, as a rule, on the basis of military transport aviation) according to their carrying capacity are divided into light - up to 10 tons (An-26, An-32), medium - up to 50 tons (Il-76, An-70) and heavy - over 50 tons (An-124, An-225). Sometimes modifications of mainline aircraft are used as transport aircraft (for example, Tu-214, Il-96). Other types of aircraft, which are less common in aviation (airships, helicopters, ekranoplanes, gyroplanes, etc.), are classified similarly.

The basis for the development of civil aviation is the need to continuously reduce the cost of air transportation. The greater the number of passengers placed on the plane, the more economical it is. In civil aviation, airlines operate aircraft that can accommodate 350-550 passengers: B-747, B-747-200 (Boeing); Il-86, Il-96; L-1011 (Lockheed); DC-10 (McDonnell Douglas). Their appearance opened the era of wide-body jet passenger aircraft. It can be argued that the main trend in civil aircraft construction will be an increase in passenger capacity, as well as a transition to supersonic passenger aircraft (SPS). The first generation of such aircraft has already been created (the Soviet Tu-144 aircraft, the Anglo-French Concorde aircraft). The operation of these aircraft did not give the expected results in reducing the cost of transportation due to low fuel efficiency, and also because of the unresolved problem of reducing the noise level during supersonic flight. Research aimed at solving these and other problems is being carried out by the leading aviation powers. We should expect the appearance of the second generation SPS with a flight speed corresponding to the cruising number M = 2.2-2.5 (M - Mach number); with increased by 40-50% (compared to the first generation SPS) aerodynamic quality; with a 15-20% reduced dead weight of the aircraft and increased fuel efficiency by 1.5-2 times. It is promising to develop a variable cycle gas turbine ramjet engine, which is 20% or more economical than existing engines that provide supersonic flight. This will make it possible to create a second-generation SPS (velocities correspond to M = 4.5) with an intercontinental flight range.

The main criterion for the effectiveness of civil aviation in the 21st century is flight safety. The development of civil aircraft construction is aimed at reducing the takeoff weight of aircraft, increasing the aerodynamic quality, as well as reducing the specific fuel consumption.

Lit .: Eger S. M., Matveenko A. M., Shatalov I. A. Fundamentals of aviation technology. 3rd ed. M., 2003.

Russian civil aviation has come a long and glorious path. Originating in the early 20s of the last century, in the process of its development it has become an integral part of the global transport system. Many enterprises that are now part of the Rostec State Corporation took an active part in the development of Russian aviation.

This was reported to a hired correspondent in the press service of Rostec.

February 9, 1923 is considered the birthday of civil aviation in Russia. It was on this day that the civil air fleet officially appeared in our country.

And in March of the same year, the first air transport enterprise, Dobrolet, was created in the USSR and the first domestic airline, Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod, was opened. All the way from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod 420 km was overcome in three and a half hours.

For comparison, today it takes 50 minutes. The pilot flew the plane without any connection with the ground, oriented along the rivers and along railway. Of course, the flights were carried out only in good weather and by day.

The plane of the air transport enterprise - "Dobrolet" on the first domestic airline- Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod

Party slogan of the time Working people, build your air fleet!” had its effect. In just 5 years, by 1928, 400 aircraft were built with the funds raised by the people. Already by the mid-30s, Russia had its own aircraft factories, research institutes, design bureaus and educational institutions where aviation specialists were trained.

The first specialized plant for the production of semi-finished products from aluminum and magnesium alloys for aircraft and aircraft engines was created in the Soviet Union, which later grew into a modern titanium giant - VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation.

And the aircraft design teams headed by Andrei Tupolev, Nikolai Polikarpov and other prominent Russian scientists designed and built the first Soviet aircraft.

In the prewar years, domestic civil aviation crews made a number of record-breaking achievements and outstanding long-range flights, which brought world fame to both the domestic aircraft industry and our pilots.

So, in 1925, a flight was made through the Gobi Desert, in 1926 - a flight over the capitals Western Europe, and already in 1927 a distance record of that time was set - the flight Moscow - Tokyo - Moscow.

Already in 1929, Soviet pilots set a new record - the pilot Shestakov on the plane "Country of Soviets" (ANT-4) flew a distance of 21,242 km from Moscow to New York

A number of heavy multi-engine aircraft were built between 1930 and 1939. The most striking of them was the eight-engine giant ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky", which took on board 80 passengers, had top speed 280 km per hour and a flight range of 2000 km. At that time it was the largest aircraft in the world.

The Soviet Union successfully developed civil aviation, air transportation grew, but the Great Patriotic War began, and everything changed dramatically - civil aviation came to the aid of the military. Majority civil aircraft were transferred to military units, and the pilots went to the front. Something new appeared in the structure of civil aviation itself - the First Air Transport Division of the Civil Air Fleet was created.

She took an active part in the evacuation of residents from the besieged Leningrad and delivered goods to the city. Civil pilots made more than 46 thousand sorties during the Battle of Stalingrad, flew to the besieged Sevastopol, participated in the battles for Ukraine and the Baltic states. In addition, during the war they flew many times to the cities of Europe, to Africa and America, providing our country with communications with the allied states.

The act of capitulation of fascist Germany on May 9, 1945 was delivered to Moscow by Li-2 aircraft, created already during the war years by designer Lisunov on the basis of a civilian passenger aircraft. Air communication, disrupted by the war, began to recover quickly after its end.

Airports began to be re-equipped: instead of Li-2, Il-12 and Il-14 appeared, and by 1948 the volume of passenger and freight traffic has grown many times over. International airlines also began to develop: in just 10 years after the end of the war, the number of international relations of the USSR tripled, and in 1959 the first international Airport country - the famous Sheremetyevo.

IL-18 on a pedestal

In the late 1940s, the first jet aircraft and already in 1956 the world saw the Soviet Tu-104, which surprised everyone very much. Similar American, British and French aircraft appeared a few years later.

Russian jet planes were a great success, but there were also problems - jet engines needed a lot of fuel. Our designers worked quickly and in 1957 aircraft with turbojet engines appeared, which made it possible to significantly save fuel.

The first such aircraft was the Il-18, and it immediately began to be used for long-distance flights, not only to the North Pole, but also to Antarctica. For a long time, the IL-18 was the main passenger aircraft of Aeroflot, its production continued until 1969.

IL-18 in flight

For more long haul large cargoes, for intercontinental flights with a large number of passengers, aircraft were required greater load capacity. Therefore, A.N. Tupolev opted for a turboprop engine. The Tu-114 passenger aircraft, created in 1957, became such an ultra-long-range aircraft.

At that time, the Tu-114 was the largest aircraft in the world. In the usual version, with a takeoff weight of 175 tons and a flight range of 7000 km, he could take on board 170 passengers, and when working on shorter lines, up to 220 people.

The aircraft was equipped with the NK-12M engine, the developer of which is the Samara enterprise Kuznetsov. Until now, it is considered the most powerful turboprop engine in the world.

Tupolev Tu-114 flew to the USA for the first time

Tu-114 until 1967 was the flagship of Aeroflot, it set 32 ​​world records. Even Nikita Khrushchev first crossed Atlantic Ocean to arrive on a visit to the United States on this particular plane.

The head of the country needed something to impress the Americans, and with the help of the intercontinental Tu-114, which was created in deep secrecy, Khrushchev succeeded. Then there was the Tu-144 - the first and one of the two supersonic airliners in the world, which also surprised the world.

Aircraft Tu-144

But the Tu-154 became the most massive aircraft of domestic production, a long-lived aircraft. Since October 9, 1968, test pilot Yu.V. Sukhov first took off the Tu-154, this machine opened a whole era in the history of domestic aviation. And only in the late 1980s - early 1990s, the Tupolev Design Bureau developed the Tu-204 medium-haul passenger aircraft to replace the Tu-154 on airlines.

The Tu-204 was supposed to become as massive as its predecessor, the Tu-154. However, with the collapse of the USSR, funding for the aviation industry was sharply reduced, and the Tu-204 was replaced by used Western-made aircraft.

Since the early 2000s, a number of changes have been made to the design of the Tu-204/214. Aircraft began to be equipped with improved passenger seats and household equipment. The avionics have also been upgraded. The new aircraft are equipped with PS-90A engines manufactured by the Perm Motor Plant, which is part of the UEC. The same engines are also used on modern Il-96 aircraft.

At the beginning of 2014, the Tu-204/214 family aircraft form the basis of the aircraft fleet of the government squadron - 13 Tu-204 and Tu-214 aircraft of various modifications are operated in the Rossiya Arctic Ocean.

The deep modernization of the Tu-204 - the Tu-204SM aircraft - may well become a real competitor to the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. The maximum takeoff weight was increased, the avionics equipment was updated, which made it possible to reduce the crew to two people. Most of the new systems and units were manufactured at the enterprises of the Radioelectronic Technologies Concern (KRET), which is part of Rostec.

Today, the state continues to actively develop the civil aviation industry. In particular, in order to regain centralized control over the industry, aviation assets were merged into the United Aircraft Corporation (United Aircraft Corporation), prohibitive duties were introduced on the import of foreign aircraft, and funds were invested in the creation of the first civil aircraft since the times of the USSR - Sukhoi SuperJet-100.

NPO Saturn, which is part of Rostec, together with the French aerospace corporation Snecma, is involved in the development and production of engines for the new airliner.

Aircraft Sukhoi SuperJet-100

The second development of the domestic aviation industry is on the way - this is a medium-range aircraft of the future generation MS-21. At the aviation plant of the Irkut corporation, the installation of the first stations of the automatic assembly line for this aircraft has begun.

Many Rostec enterprises are working on a project to create a promising aircraft: KRET enterprises are creating avionics, Aviadvigatel, which is subsidiary UEC, developed the PD-14 engine for the aircraft.

The engine is produced by Perm engine plant and the Rybinsk enterprise "Saturn". At the enterprise of the RT-Chemcomposite holding, the production of large-sized stringer panels of the keel caissons for the MS-21 was organized.

Medium-haul aircraft of the future generation MS-21

The formation of domestic civil aviation is a clear embodiment of the achievements of science, engineering and technology. A huge merit in this belongs to our famous aircraft designers. Tupolev, Polikarpov, Ilyushin, Antonov, Mikulin are names that are known to the whole world.

The planes designed and built by them ushered in a new aerial era. Today Russia is reviving the traditions of domestic aviation.