Deputy head of the Federal Air Transport Agency Vedernikov became a victim of developers' lobbyism? Mineralnye Vody International Airport named after Lermontov.

Relevance of the research topic. The historical experience of protecting the personal security of leading political figures in Russia in the selected chronological framework of 1985-1999. is not only of obvious practical interest for modern special services, but also of exclusively scientific and historical interest in connection with the analysis of the dynamics of threats to political stability in the country. In the first place in modern Russia is the terrorist threat, which in recent years has acquired a global scale. Security officers pay no less attention to counterintelligence work, which is also an important element in ensuring the safety of state leaders. Finally, in recent years, the range of domestic threats to the security of Russia's political elite has significantly expanded, and an effective fight against it is impossible without relying on historical experience.

The author also connects the relevance of the study with the need to involve in scientific circulation a number of new documents that were previously inaccessible to researchers, mainly from the current archive of the Federal Security Service (FSO). The emergence of new archival materials can significantly expand the understanding of researchers about the "epoch of transition" in the life of the country, as well as about some features of the interaction of protected persons, mainly Presidents M.S. Gorbachev and B.N. Yeltsin with their employees and subordinates.

The degree of scientific development of the problem of ensuring the protection of the state leaders of Russia cannot be considered satisfactory, which indicates the need for its additional in-depth systematic study and generalization. Despite the presence of some printed materials on this subject, mainly journalistic, this area of ​​historical knowledge seems to be practically undeveloped.

From the mid 1980s. under the conditions of perestroika, despite partial changes in the field of state ideology, the problem of ensuring the personal security of members of the government, due to historical inertia, remained closed. However, already at that time, separate works appeared that indirectly touched on this topic.1 Serious gaps at this stage in the development of historiography were mainly due to the lack of a full-fledged source base for research. It is also impossible not to note the traditional psychological barrier that prevented the study of topics closed for many years.2

See: Always on duty. Tula, 1985; Gerasimov A.P. Organizational structures of internal affairs bodies. M., 1984; Nekrasov V.F. On guard of the interests of the Soviet state. The history of the construction of the troops of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MVD. M., 1983; The fight continues. Irkutsk, 1982; Budarin M.E. Chekists. Omsk, 1987.

2 See: Soviet militia: History and modernity. 1917-1985. M., 1987; Viktorov B.L. Unmarked secret. Notes of the military prosecutor. M., 1990, etc.

A noticeable historiographical breakthrough, mainly quantitative, was observed during the first half of the 1990s, which was associated with the rapid processes of democratization and the associated mass denunciations of the work of the KGB and other power structures of the USSR.3 Among the publications of this time, the works of V. AT. Bakatin, one of the most prominent leaders of the Soviet special services.4 Despite the well-known ideological emancipation of historical science in the 1990s, the emergence of special memoirs and the expansion of the source base of research, the work of the government guards still remained a “blank spot” in post-Soviet historiography. An exception against this background was the publication of the memoirs of V.T. Medvedev - head of security L.I. Brezhnev and M.S. Gorbachev, in which, for the first time after many years of silence, the principles of ensuring the security of the first persons of the Soviet state were revealed, the features of the staffing of government guards and the tasks of its employees were shown.5

An integral part of historiography is the work of a general political plan, which affects the daily work of the protected Presidents (M.S. Gorbachev, B.N. Yeltsin)

3 See: Albats E.M. Time bomb (Political portrait of the KGB). M., 1992; The KGB reveals secrets. Collection. M., 1992.

4 See: Bakatin V.V. Getting rid of the KGB. M., 1992; Bakatin V.V. Road in the past tense. M., 1999.

5 Medvedev V.T. The man behind his back: (Memoirs of the head of the guard L.I. Brezhnev and M.S. Gorbachev). M., 1994. and leading political figures of Russia, the schedule of their meetings, foreign visits and official receptions 6 In the mid-1990s. interest in the topic led to the emergence of semi-publicistic works, a striking example of which are the books of B.C. Kraskova.7 At the same time, historiography is replenished with quite scientific works that affect the history of the KGB and individual special services.8 A more detailed study of this issue took place within the framework of all-Russian scientific conferences.9 Expanding the spectrum

6 See: Popov G.Kh. Selected works in VIII vol. M., 1996; Political parties of Russia: history and modernity. M., 2000; Efimov V.I. Power in Russia. M.: RAGS, 1996; Sogrin V. Political history of modern Russia, 1985-1994: From Gorbachev to Yeltsin. M.: Progress-Academy, 1994; Sulemov V.A. The mechanism of staffing the public service. M., 1997; Potapov S.E. Political process and economic reforms in Russia. M., 1997; Reforms in Russia V.T. Petrov (editor-in-chief) Russian Academy of Management. M., 1996; Modern political history of Russia (1985-1998). T.1. M., 1999.

See: Kraskova B.C. Secrets of the Kremlin guard. Minsk, 1998; She is. Kremlin children. Minsk, 1995; She is. The heirs of the Kremlin. Minsk, 1997; She is. Kremlin clans. Minsk, 1998; She is. Kremlin mistresses. Minsk, 1999; She is. Kremlin Gold. Minsk, 1998; She is. Gray cardinals of the Kremlin. Minsk, 1998, etc.

8 See: White Book of the Russian Special Services. M., 1996; Lubyanka: bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKGB-MGB-KGB. 1917-1991. Directory. Comp. A.I. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov. M., 2003; Mikhailov A.G. Portrait of a minister in the context of the Time of Troubles: Sergei Stepashin. M., 2001; Lubyanka: ensuring the economic security of the state: Historical chronicle events. Collection. M., 2002.

9 See: KGB: yesterday, today, tomorrow. III international conference. October 13, 1993 Reports and discussions. M., 1994. Issues under study and the objectivity of studies that appeared in the second half of the 1990s. due to the replenishment of the source base with memoirs and memoirs of the heads of special services, high-ranking officials and security officials.10

A special block of historiography is associated with the names of V. Grushko, M. Dokuchaev, P. Deryabin, O. Gordievsky, L. Shebarshin, who describe the work of employees of the government protection in the transitional period of the country's history.11 The publication of A. Korzhakov's memoirs had a tremendous resonance, since he wrote them about the current president.12 In turn, publications about A. Korzhakov himself are quite informative, who

10 See: Lebed A.I. Shame on the state. M., 1998; Lebed A.I. The performance was called putsch. The unknown about the known. General's memories airborne troops. Teraspol, 1993; Stepashin S.V. Theoretical and legal aspects of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation. Diss. . doc. legal Sciences. SPb., 1994; Primakov E.M. Years in big politics. M.: Sov. secret, 1999; Putin V. A friend among strangers // Economics and life. 2000. No. 16; Kostikov V.V. Romance with the President: Deputy. Press secretary. M.: Vagrius, 1997 and others.

11 See: Grushko V.F. The fate of the scout: a book of memories. M., 1997; Dokuchaev M.S. Moscow. Kremlin. Security. M., 1994; Deryabin P. Guards of the Kremlin. From the Okhrana to the 9th Directorate of the KGB. M., 2000; Gordievsky O.A. The next stop is the execution. M., 1999; Shebarshin L.V. From the life of the head of intelligence. M., 1997.

12 See: Korzhakov A.V. Boris Yeltsin: From dawn to dusk. M.: Interbuk, 1997. 480 p. led the security of B.N. Yeltsin during the most difficult period of his reign.13 It is impossible not to mention the works on the history and theory of Russian security, covering certain aspects of the organization of personal protection of the country's political elite.14

A certain contribution to the coverage of the stated topic was also made by foreign authors, who wrote, in particular, about the legal aspects of the activities of the KGB in the 1980s and 90s. and Russia.

characteristic feature In the final period of historiography, there was a growing interest in the published memoirs of the heads of special services, security officials, and direct participants in the political events of the turn of the 1980s–1990s. (especially the putsch of 1991) and the first half of the 1990s. The most notable surge of interest in the work of organs

13 Moiseenkov N.F. Notes of an assistant to a deputy of the State Duma. M., 1999; Serve Russia. M., 2001.

14 See: Zelenkov M.Yu. Legal foundations of the general theory of security of the Russian state in the 19th century. M., 2002; Russia and international security regimes. Collection of works of the participants of the project "Russian political culture and international law". M., 1998.

15 See: Waller J.M. secret empire. The KGB in Russia today. Boulder, 1994 and others.

16 See: Popov A.Yu. 15 meetings with KGB general Belchenko. M., 2002; Yeltsin B.N. President's Notes. M.: "Spark", 1994; Yeltsin B.N. Presidential Marathon: Reflections, memories, impressions. M.: ACT, 2000 and others. Protection appeared at the turn of the 1990s. - the new 20th century, which seems to have been connected with the increased threat to the political security of the country and the personal security of its leaders in recent years.17

In general, historiography is only developing, which determines the additional relevance and significance of the presented study.

The purpose of the dissertation research is to analyze the experience and specifics of the work of the security services of the state leaders of the USSR and the Russian Federation in 1985-1999 using new historical data. by solving the following tasks: to reveal the historical traditions of ensuring the security of the first persons of the Soviet state and to show the features of the work of government security agencies in the context of perestroika; identify the most important changes in the socio-political system of Russia and reveal the complex of new tasks of the bodies of protection of state leaders in the 1990s;

Determine the degree of growth of the terrorist threat in Russia in the 1990s. and show the expansion of the range of security tasks associated with this.

17 See: In the first person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin. M., 2000; Drozdov Yu.I. Yuri Andropov and Vladimir Putin. On the road to revival. M., 2001; Medvedev R.A. Putin time? M., 2001; Medvedev R.A. Vladimir Putin is the current president. M., 2002; Rahr A. Vladimir Putin. M., 2002, etc.

The source base of the study includes a variety of materials that allow the most comprehensive consideration of the process of ensuring the security of state leaders

USSR and the Russian Federation in the transitional era. Given the specifics of the topic under study and the almost complete absence of direct published sources, the author paid considerable attention to archival materials, as well as memoirs and

18 memoirs of government guards.

Working with archival sources is currently difficult due to the lack of a clear systematization of materials from the 1990s, which applies mainly to the funds of the current archive of the Federal Security Service. Along with the Current Archive of the FSO, the thesis used the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF) and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), which contain information on the political history of the country in 1985-1999.

The most interesting source for analysis was periodicals: newspapers and magazines, periodical reference publications, as well as electronic media. The main attention was paid to the study of reports published in the central press about the movements of the President and members of the Government.

18 See: Medvedev V.T. The man behind his back: (Memoirs of the head of the guard L.I. Brezhnev and M.S. Gorbachev). M., 1994; Dokuchaev M.S. Moscow. Kremlin. Security. M., 1994; Korzhakov A.V. Boris Yeltsin: From dawn to dusk. M.: Interbuk, 1997.

RF, organizing high-level meetings, foreign visits, etc.

The chronological framework of the dissertation covers the period from 1985 to 1999. The choice of the initial chronological framework of the dissertation is connected with the activation in the country in the second half of the 1980s. destructive social and political processes, which greatly complicated the work of government security. The transition period had the most direct impact on the work of the security department in terms of a significant expansion of the range of tasks performed by its employees. A noticeable stabilization in the activities of the Federal Security Service manifested itself only towards the end of the 1990s, which determined the boundaries of the upper chronological framework of the study.

The following principles were chosen as the theoretical and methodological basis of the study: objectivity, historicism, consistency, full consideration of the socio-subjective in the subject of research and the maximum possible neutralization of the biased attitude of the scientist in interpreting and evaluating facts. In addition to methodological principles, special historical principles were applied in the study: actualization, comparative historical, problem-chronological, as well as general scientific ones: classifications, statistical, structural-systemic, which made it possible to consider in a complex the process of organizing the protection of the first persons of the USSR and the Russian Federation in a chronological framework 1985-1999

The novelty of the dissertation research lies in the fact that the author, for the first time in Russian historiography, within the framework of his Ph.D. thesis, explores the structural evolution and the most important principles of the work of the government guard of the Russian Federation in the context of a change in the political system of the country and the nationwide crisis of 1985-1999.

The paper gives a high assessment of the work of the Soviet special services that provided protection for the state leaders of the country, shows the effectiveness of the interaction between various departments for ensuring the security of government members, and the high level of training of their employees. The author refers to the shortcomings of the security organization of the political leaders of the USSR the dependence of the security service (9th Directorate of the KGB) on the unified system of the State Security Committee, its rigid relationship with the structures of the CPSU, the almost complete absence of its own independent information support and the inability to quickly transform depending on drastic changes in the political and operational environment. The study showed that the lack of real competition also had negative consequences. At the same time, in terms of its structure, functions, staffing and, most importantly, its place in the system of state institutions, the security service fully corresponded to the mechanisms of state-political power in the Soviet Union. In this regard, the author substantiates the conclusion about the regularity of a serious transformation of government protection following the collapse state system in the early 1990s.

For the first time in the dissertation, the circumstances of the structural restructuring of the protection of the first persons of the state, caused by the reorganization that began in August 1991, and in fact the complete destruction of the KGB, are studied in detail. Taking into account the new data, the author shows the destructive role of V.V. Bakatin, appointed by M.S. Gorbachev, in agreement with B.N. Yeltsin, to the post of chairman of the KGB in August 1991. In an effort to decentralize the management of government security and using his experience of the collapse of the unified system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Bakatin led, in fact, to the complete elimination of the personal security of the first persons of the state, which in the future had to be actually built anew by A. AT. Korzhakov.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of the close relationship of all structural transformations of the government guard in accordance with the changes in the political situation of the transitional period. In particular, the author substantiates the fact that the separation of the security service from the jurisdiction of the KGB and its transformation by M.S. Gorbachev to the Main Directorate of Security of the USSR, directly subordinate to the President, was caused by the fears of the leader of the country of a repetition of the events of August 1991. The author explains the transfer of Group “A” 7 of the KGB Directorate (“Alpha”) to the personal subordination of M.S. Gorbachev.

The author concludes that in the conditions of decentralization of power in the first half of the 1990s. and failed attempts by General of the Army V. Barannikov to consolidate the power structures of the country, the protection of the first persons of the state was extremely ineffective, which was only partially offset by the creation at the end of 1993 of the Security Service of the President of Russia, headed by General A. Korzhakov. The study showed that the new special body only by the mid-1990s. managed to establish effective physical protection for B.N. Yeltsin, carefully monitor the threats to the security of the President and carry out the necessary intelligence and operational activities.

The dissertation proves that in the second half of the 1990s. The main task of the government guard is to prevent the terrorist threat, the fight against which is becoming the central focus of the work of all Russian special services, including the Presidential Security Service. The author connects the success of the activities of government security in this area mainly with significant amounts of funding and the use of international experience in solving these problems. Among the negative aspects of ensuring the security of the first persons of the state, the author highlights the weak work of counterintelligence, which, in his opinion, was explained by the illusions of the end of " cold war» and transition to equal partnership with the countries of the West.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the study gave results that can serve as a basis for strengthening the current government protection, creating effective protection for government officials from all sorts of threats and challenges of our time. In addition, the research materials can be used to develop lecture courses, special seminars, educational and methodological literature on history, political science and other disciplines of higher education.

Approbation of the study. The results of the work were reflected in the printed works of the applicant, and also found application in the course of his direct professional activities. The dissertation research was discussed and recommended for defense at a meeting of the Department of History of Mil State University.

The structure of the dissertation research. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, a list of sources and references.

CONCLUSION

In the dissertation, a comprehensive study of the work of government security in 1985-1999 was carried out, its structure and principles of organization were shown. The study showed that the security service had deep traditions, was professional and met the highest standards. The government guards received special training and were fluent in the means of protection entrusted to them. They were armed with the most first-class weapons and special equipment: machine guns, pistols, radio stations, devices for detecting weapons, air control, food, etc. They had reliable, well-protected, comfortable transport: airplanes, helicopters, cars, boats, special wagons.

The maximum efficiency of the work of the guards was achieved due to the well-thought-out division of the functions of its employees. The main actors in the security service of the Soviet leaders were the so-called "attached" - the heads of the personal guards of the leaders, responsible for their safety and the closest assistants - field guards, accompanying and ensuring the safety of protected persons in all their places of residence. The security leaders built the tactics of their actions in close cooperation with security officers on the routes of travel, operational and technical services and maintenance.

The government security service built its activities in close contact with the 4th Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, whose medical personnel - doctors and nurses assigned to high leaders, were obliged to assist security officers. From a professional point of view, the interaction of security personnel with the crews of aircraft and helicopters, crews of trains and railway workers who transported Soviet leaders around the country and often accompanied them during foreign visits was quite effective.

One of the most important features of the work of the Soviet government security service was that its employees had to pay a lot of attention to resolving various incidents that occurred with members of the family of a protected person (car accidents and quarrels in public places, unwanted acquaintances, persistent desire on the part of strangers through relatives to find approaches to protected ones, etc.). The analysis of such cases carried out in the work showed that the level of professional training of employees of the 9th Directorate of the KGB of the USSR and the broad powers provided for their activities made it possible to localize various conflicts in a short time and find the best ways out of difficult situations.

P.M. Gorbachev was, in fact, the first of the wives of Soviet leaders who actively participated with her husband in official ceremonies, trips around the country and abroad. She strove to be simple, to seem well-versed in the rules of etiquette, but sometimes she went beyond them. Often P.M. Gorbachev was shown in front of her husband or emphasized how she interfered in his conversation. At times, this was facilitated by the media, photo and television correspondents who sought to bring her to the fore, to show unusual sides in her behavior. Employees of the government security service have repeatedly prevented conflicts that were brewing in this area and smoothed out the existing contradictions.

The heads of the security service and its subdivisions were primarily responsible for protecting the political leaders of the USSR and creating normal working conditions for all high leaders of the country and foreign guests. The position they occupied in the security agencies and the tasks they performed made it possible to keep abreast of many domestic and international events, activities carried out by the country's leadership, to take a direct part in matters hidden from public opinion for a certain time, to be in sight of the protected persons and to know them better and better than anyone else. However, due to special selection and professional training, Soviet security officers never used this information for personal gain, and even after the resignation of the political leadership, they retained their personal loyalty to him.

The paper also shows that the economic and socio-political transformations carried out in the country, which began at the April plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1985), led to the destabilization of public life, exacerbated the complex of social contradictions and thereby significantly complicated the tasks of government protection . The situation became so complicated that in 1990, even in Moscow, rationing was introduced to supply the population with food (with the exception of bread). Popular dissatisfaction with the policy of the party and government, in particular - dissatisfaction with the anti-alcohol campaign, aggravated ethnic conflicts, etc. demanded greater vigilance from government guards, especially when organizing meetings of government leaders with representatives of the working people.

Fundamental changes in the work of the security service began in August 1991, which was largely due to the intensive change of its personnel after the failed coup attempt. The acceleration of this process was also given by the fact that many security officers, forced to follow orders, were arrested and were under investigation. Many leaders of the 9th Directorate of the KGB and individual security units who were not involved in the coup attempt, seeing the current situation, filed a report themselves and retired from service. The head of the 9th department of the KGB of the USSR, General Yu.S. Plekhanov, his deputies, Generals V.V. Maksenkov, M.V. Titkov, head of the personal security department, General V.V. Aleinikov and many others.

From that time on, the general collapse of the KGB began, before that a very powerful organization that for many years reliably ensured the state security of the country and the reliable protection of its leaders. A special role in this process belonged to V.V. Bakatin, who previously headed the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The section notes that it was Bakatin, who was striving for cooperation with Western partners, who handed over to his American colleagues, in particular, to the US Ambassador to Moscow R. Straus, information and documentation regarding the operational and technical means installed in the American embassy, ​​as well as a number of important information. related to the organization of the government security service.

As a result of a complex of large-scale reorganizations of law enforcement agencies, the government security service was significantly weakened in the early 1990s. the level of its work did not meet the safety requirements. In particular, in 1991, under the pretext of eliminating political investigation, the 3rd Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, which was engaged in the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism, was abolished. Created in the autumn of 1991, the Federal Security Agency of the Russian Federation (AFB), headed by B.

Yeltsin Major General V. Ivanenko at this stage could not provide the proper level of security.

Special attention the work is devoted to the work of the Security Service of the President of Russia, created in 1993, headed by General A.V. Korzhakov. The author notes that the effectiveness of the work of the new department was largely determined by the personal qualities of A.V. Korzhakov, who managed in the shortest possible time to select a qualified staff and establish in his department the discipline necessary in the difficult conditions of the autumn of 1993. The study showed that Korzhakov, who was the personal bodyguard of B.N. Yeltsin, enjoyed colossal powers far beyond his status. Based on archival materials and personal memoirs of the general, the author notes that during the October events, Korzhakov not only led the President's guards, but also personally gave orders, organized tankers and even led arrests.

The author concludes that A.V. Korzhakov in the Government Security Service and the continuous strengthening of his position. The study showed that, despite his resignation, until the publication of his infamous memoirs in 1997, Korzhakov was perceived by President Yeltsin and members of his family as a reliable person and devoted comrade-in-arms, capable of skillfully organizing the proper level of security for the first persons of the state.

The paper also notes that in the context of the growing economic crisis, the aggravation of interethnic conflicts and the inability of the central government to effectively combine the interests of local and federal development by the mid-1990s. the terrorist threat acquired a new meaning, which required the activation of the government security service. For a number of objective and subjective reasons, the place of greatest concentration of terrorist groups in the country during the 1990s. remained Chechnya. In the 1990s The “profession” of a militant turned out to be the most prestigious in the republic. The authorities were unable to turn the young generation of Chechens towards the tasks of restoring the economy, routine work in production or agriculture. The Chechens were at a stage in their historical development when increased conflict, aggressiveness towards the external environment was the dominant feature of their social behavior. Under these conditions, the craving for clashes, for the forceful overcoming of obstacles in solving everyday problems of ethnic self-assertion, has become irresistible. It is no coincidence that the field commanders of the armed formations of Chechnya have repeatedly declared their intention to carry out terrorist attacks against the first persons of the Russian Federation, and, in particular, against B.N. Yeltsin and V.V. Putin.

Since the effective work of the Government Security Service did not allow representatives of international terrorism to realize their threats against the state leaders of the Russian Federation, the main blow of the militants was aimed at the physical elimination of local leaders loyal to Russia in Chechnya, Dagestan, Kalmykia and other regions

South of the country. The scale of the threat of terrorism was evidenced by the assault on the building of the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan in Makhachkala, carried out on May 21, 1998 by the forces of two hundred militants. State Duma deputy Nadir Khachilayev and a group of radical Islamists-Wahhabis were named as the instigators of the pogrom. The weakness of the Russian state system was manifested in the fact that no lessons were learned from this threat to the country's security. Khachilaev remained a deputy of the State Duma, none of the militants was punished.

In the section, the author shows that in the 1990s. mass killings of judges, law enforcement officers, military personnel, major heads of enterprises and organizations, famous scientists, deputies of Legislative assemblies took on a mass character. In October 1995, an assassination attempt was made on the commander-in-chief of the grouping of Federal troops in Chechnya, A. Romanov. The facts of kidnappings were constantly increasing: in 1994 there were 500 of them; - already 766. 1997 surpassed the previous two years combined. The problem of preventing the taking of hostages, possible manifestations of environmental and nuclear blackmail and terrorism did not weaken. The new tasks put forward by the time to ensure the security of the first persons of the country required prompt response, highly professional training and hard work from the Government Security Service.

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