Mars is considered a planet with unusual landscapes consisting of craters, once-flowing riverbeds, volcanoes and hardened lava, once scattered by volcanoes on Mars. Not so long ago, the surface of Mars was unknown to us and it was difficult to study it from our planet due to a number of reasons, but with the help of the Mars Odyssey apparatus, this became possible. Mars has always been an object special attention scientists, since it once looked like Earth and in order to avoid the same future on Earth, it is necessary to find out what happened to Mars and prevent it on Earth.

The map of Mars was created using several thousand images taken with the THEMIS camera. This camera creates images based on the analysis of the thermal radiation of the planet. After creating a huge number of images, the experts were engaged in creating a general picture of the Martian surface. The experts used various methods of combining images into one and removed the distortion associated with the special optics of the camera.

Now the Mars-Eksperss apparatus is also operating in the orbit of Mars, which also surveys the surface of the planet. The card obtained with it will be unique. Surveying the surface of Mars is carried out using laser technology. The device sends a laser pulse to the surface of the planet, the laser pulse itself is reflected from the planet and sent back to the spacecraft. Based on the time spent on overcoming the distance from the spacecraft to the planet, a conclusion is made about the distance to the surface. This apparatus can detect slopes too small to be seen from the Earth's surface. Thus, photographing the surface is more accurate than using a simple photograph. may interfere with this method of photography, but after receiving conflicting data, scientists understand that they hit the satellite, after some time the signal is sent again.

Mars on Google Maps

A map of the planet Mars also exists in google maps. In order to view the surface of Mars using google maps, you need to install a project from google - google maps and there in the menu you need to select the item - “planet Mars” (how to do this, see

For free observation of the Earth's surface and viewing satellite images online, you can use several applications. In Russia, two of them are the most popular: Google Maps and Yandex Maps. Both services boast good quality satellite imagery in high resolution for most countries.

Yandex maps is an online application from Russian developers, so the cities of Russia are more accurately worked out in it. It has a built-in functionality for viewing traffic congestion data (large settlements), demographic and geodata. Google maps have no less high-quality satellite images of the territory of the Russian Federation, but data on land and traffic are available only for the United States.

Watch a map of Planet Earth from a satellite online

Below you can see the Google map embedded on the site. For more stable operation of the plugin, we recommend using the Google Chrome browser. If you see an error message, then update the specified plugin, then reload the page.

Watch Google Earth from satellite, in real time online:

Another advantage of Google Maps is the presence of a client application for working with satellite images. This means that access to the service can be obtained not only through a browser, but also through a previously downloaded program. It has much more opportunities for viewing and studying satellite images, working with a three-dimensional virtual globe.

Google 3D satellite map (downloadable app, not online version) allows you to:

• use a quick search for the desired objects by name or coordinates;
• take screenshots and record videos High Quality;
• work offline (preliminary synchronization via the Internet is required);
• use a flight simulator for more convenient movement between objects;
• save "favorite places" for quick movement between them;
• view not only the Earth's surface, but also images of other celestial bodies (Mars, the Moon, etc.).

work with satellite google maps through a client application or browser. A plug-in is available on the official page of the program that allows you to use an interactive map on any web resource. It is enough to embed its address in the program code of the site. For display, you can select both the entire surface and a specific area (you will have to enter the coordinates). Management - using a computer mouse and keyboard (ctrl + mouse wheel to zoom, cursor to move) or using the icons indicated on the map ("plus" - zoom in, "minus" - zoom out, move with the cursor).

The Google Earth real-time service allows you to work with several types of maps, each of which reflects certain data on satellite images. It is convenient to switch between them “without losing progress” (the program remembers where you “were”). Available view modes:

• satellite landscape map ( geographic features, features of the Earth's surface);
• physical map (detailed satellite images of the surface, cities, streets, their names);
• schematic geographic map for a more accurate study of surface images.

A satellite image is automatically uploaded at the point of approach, so a stable Internet connection is required to work. For work Google Planet Land offline requires you to download an application for Windows or another operating system. Its operation also requires the Internet, but only for the first launch, after which the program synchronizes all the necessary data (satellite images of the surface, 3D models of buildings, names of geographical and other objects), after which it will be possible to work with the received data without direct access to the Internet.

ancient riverbed

Before considering in detail applications such as 3d map of Mars or 3D map of Mars, let's learn a little about the planet itself.

It will be even more useful when we touch upon such sections as the geological map of Mars (geological and morphological map of Mars) or the geographical map of Mars.

Mars is one of the four terrestrial planets, along with Mercury, Venus, and Earth. All terrestrial planets are rocky and made of metal. The rest are classified as outer gas giants.

Structure

It, like others from this group, has the same structure: core, mantle and crust, although each layer differs in thickness, depending on the planet. Mercury has an average density of 5.43 g/cm3. Earth is the only denser planet than Mercury. Mercury most likely has a liquid core composed primarily of an iron-nickel alloy. Venus has a crust that dips 10-30 km below the surface. After that, the mantle reaches a depth of about 3000 km. The planetary core is liquid, composed of an iron-nickel alloy. The average density is 5.240 g/cm3.

The earth's crust is on average 30 km thick for land and 5 km for the seabed. The mantle extends to a depth of 2900 km.

The core begins at a depth of about 5100 km and consists of two separate parts: the outer core is a liquid iron-nickel alloy, and the inner core, which is a hard alloy of iron and nickel. The average density of the planet is 5.520 g/cm3. Mars is about half the diameter of Earth. The depth of the crust and mantle is not known for sure, the average density is 3.930 g/cm3.

The size

Firstly, even the online satellite map of Mars does not show how small the radius of the red planet is, which is 3.389 km. Its circumference is 21344 km. Further, its volume is 1.63 × 10 * 11 km3. And the mass, which is equal to 6.4169 × 10 * 23 kg.

For comparison, it has only 53% of the diameter and about 38% of the Earth's surface area. This is approximately equal to the area of ​​all the continents of the Earth and the 3d map of Mars from the satellite clearly confirms this. Its volume is equal to 15% of the volume of the Earth, and its mass is 11% of the mass of the Earth. As you can see Mars is small world, only Mercury is smaller than it, but despite this, a magnified map of Mars allows us to examine its surface in detail.

Surface Features

Despite its small size, it has many interesting features. A 3D satellite map of Mars allows you to enjoy the majestic spectacle of Mount Olympus, which is the most high mountain in the solar system at a height of 21.2 km from the base.

Before us is a map of Mars, the Mariner Valley is the deepest valley. Mars is home to hundreds of thousands of craters that are clearly visible on the surface, and a large relief map of Mars confirms this. The 3D map of Mars allows you to see in detail the North Polar Basin and the Hellas Basin - the largest in the solar system.

Region Cydonia

There are hundreds of volcanoes on the surface of Mars. NASA's map of Mars allows some of them, thought to be the tallest mountains in the solar system, to be viewed in great detail.

An interactive map of Mars can tell a lot of interesting things, Cydonia, perhaps the most “popular” region of the planet. In this place, the most mysterious surface formations are concentrated, such as the pyramids, the “face on Mars” and the sphinx. The map of Mars shows the pyramids in detail, and you can see them in detail thanks to the numerous photographs of orbital scouts. A lot of interesting features of the surface are concealed by the map of Mars, the sphinx is one of the symbols of “aliens” or a race that existed many years ago on the planet. But the study of the application of the map of Mars from a satellite, the pyramids, like other mysteries, appear before us only as unusual features of the relief of the red planet, but not as evidence of disappeared races.

Pyramids, Sphinxes and Face

Pyramids on Mars or mountains on the surface, in low resolution, have an almost perfect symmetry, reminiscent of the Egyptian pyramids.

Some of the images of the surface of Mars taken in the 70s by the Viking orbiter showed that these formations resemble a face. Fans of extraterrestrial life immediately considered this a structure built by thinking life forms, but the inaccurate map of Mars was to blame for everything, the Viking made it in very low quality.

In one of the photographs, the pyramid had almost perfect symmetry. Since the pyramids were located near the "Face on Mars", they gave rise to a huge amount of speculation about their origin. These fascinating theories dissipated much later when higher resolution photographs were taken.

The famous "Face on Mars" in high quality

A detailed map of Mars, satellite photos and other studies have shown that the "Face on Mars" is a hill that has a peculiar shape. Similar geological formations can be found on Earth. They are usually formed by the action of ice or weathering. There are good examples of such formations on Earth, such as the Matterhorn in Switzerland, Mount Thielsen in the USA, and the Canadian Mount Assiniboine.

The past of the planet

Mars is currently dry and cold, but it has been determined that it was once a wet and warm world. Some instruments on the Mars Express probe returned data suggesting that ancient Mars was warm enough to support liquid water on the surface. The probe's instruments detected chemicals formed only in the presence of liquid water. In addition, there are features on the surface, which, according to scientists, were formed as a result of water erosion.

A map of Mars in the past clearly shows what the planet might have looked like billions of years ago. Animation by amateur astronomer Kevin Gill, showing us a virtual living Mars that could have existed in its heyday. So complete map Mars was created using data from the laser rangefinder installed on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and satellite imagery from NASA's Blue Marble Next Generation project.

This map of Mars with the oceans is not entirely accurate, the sea levels were not set from a scientific point of view, but with the expectation that the liquid would flood most of the Mariner Valley, and also form a coastline in the northern part of the planet, on the outskirts of Mount Olympus.

The clouds are taken directly from the same NASA Blue Marble project and rendered quite randomly, but still look good. This map of Mars with water deserves another name, such as a map of Mars after colonization or a map of Mars after terraforming, but not fictional images of the planet's distant past.

One day from the past life of the planet

Methane in the atmosphere

Many people think that Mars is a dead world covered in a thin layer of iron oxide. People who thought it was a dead world were shocked when researchers found evidence of methane in the Martian atmosphere.

There are two reasons for the presence of methane in the planet's atmosphere: biological or geological. The possibility of life on the planet, an intriguing but almost impossible reason. What remains is the geological process, i.e. volcanism. A map of Mars from satellites indicates that there are not so many volcanic regions, the largest is the Tharsis plateau, on which the four largest volcanoes are located, including Olympus mons.

Tharsis region, computer model. On the right, the Labyrinth of the Night is visible, three volcanoes in the center - Mount Askriyskaya, Mount Pavlina and Mount Arsia

By the way, a real-time satellite map of Mars allows you to make a virtual trip to this mountain in one click.

Methane is rapidly destroyed in the atmosphere by radiation from the Sun and the solar wind, so the source that provides the methane must be constantly active. Methane is the main component natural gas on the ground. With a very low accuracy, the map of Mars allows you to see the content of methane in the atmosphere and its presence, therefore, for a more complete study of this gas, the Indian probe Mangalyaan rushes to the planet.

Methane is of interest to astrobiologists because organisms produce most of Earth's methane when they digest nutrients. If microscopic organisms exist, they must be deep under the planet's crust. Purely geological processes such as the oxidation of iron (remember, the planet is covered in iron oxide) also release methane.

Geology

Without plate tectonics, volcanoes on the planet have been erupting for millions of years. A detailed map of Mars reveals these massive eruptions, which explain why the entire surface is covered in basalt, rich in iron. Iron in basalt rocks interacted with the Martian atmosphere and oxidized. Iron oxide explains why the entire surface of Mars is covered in reddish dust.

Past cataclysms

Scientists believe that it was a much larger planet at the beginning of the solar system's history. The impact that created the North Polar Basin was powerful enough to knock part of the planet into space, so the planet may have lost some of its mass in the impact, a high resolution map of Mars will help you consider the effects of this cataclysm.

Even the Hubble Space Telescope cannot show us all the details of the mysterious world of the red planet. However, the map of Mars in 3d, from Google, will help you explore the planet in detail. This interactive map of Mars in Russian was created from more than several thousand images taken by artificial probes. Based on data received from the Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express of the European Space Agency, a satellite map of Mars was compiled from the Mars Odyssey satellite, the information received was the most relevant.

These spacecraft show us new details of the surface and its structure. A convenient map of Mars with names will help you unravel the mysteries of the red planet without leaving your home. Management is intuitive. By zooming in, you can see the surface in more detail. This detailed map of Mars online is one of the most interactive tools that helps not only amateurs, but also educational organizations to more clearly describe the red planet.

This detailed hypsometric map of Mars is based on the data and measurements of the laser altimeter, which is installed on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft (“Mars Global Surveyor”). Heights (up to 10 km) were marked on it in red, and maximum heights(more than 10 km) are painted in pink and white-pink. For negative heights, green and blue were used. This photo relief map of Mars well shows the phenomenon of dichotomy in the structure of the planet's surface, which consists in the fact that its northern part, on average, is slightly lower than the southern one in height. Scientists believe that many billions of years ago, the northern part of the planet, namely its lowlands, was filled with liquid, and a detailed gravitational map of Mars confirms this.

Also transmitted data from the Mars Global Surveyor showed a detailed shape coastline. The most complete map of Mars shows us well the Hellas basin, as well as the Tharsis plateau with four giant extinct volcanoes. This map of Mars, Olympus shows near the edge of Tharsis, and the rest of the Askrian mountains are the top of the three, below are Pavlina and Arsia. The map of Mars shows the valleys well, but the Mariner Valley is best seen - a tectonic fault, about 5000 km long. It should be noted that this large map of Mars was compiled by our compatriots according to the data of American interplanetary probes. Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the State Astronomical Institute named after P.K. Sternberg, J.F. Rodionov, the map of Mars is her direct brainchild.

Topographic map of Mars

Topographic designations

A high-quality, modern map of Mars, along with the new names that were assigned to landforms, according to satellite images, uses both old mythological and geographical names, which were proposed by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. An accurate NASA map of Mars shows that the largest hill on the planet was named Tharsis, and a large ring depression, a depression in the south, with a diameter of more than 2000 km, was named Hellas (as Greece was called in ancient times). A modern map of Mars, a photo of the surface shows heavily cratered, and various parts of the surface are referred to as: Noah's Land, Prometheus' Land, etc. The valleys are given the names of the planet in various languages ​​of the peoples of the Earth. If you take the Valley of Hrat, then it means “Mars” in Armenian, and the Valley of Maadim - in Hebrew. There is also a detailed map of Mars, the labyrinth of the night in which is represented by the latest detailed images.

But as with all rules, there are exceptions - the large Mariner Valley, which was named after the successful photographing of the entire surface by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Smaller, along the length of the valley, are called the names of the rivers of our planet. For example, Arsia is the name of a classical albedo formation. Aeria - "a distant country beyond the mists" in Greek. Pearl Bay - named after the Indian subcontinent, where pearls were mined in ancient times.

Mars Globe Map

craters

By the way, any, pretty clear map Mars, in high resolution shows us that Martian craters are different from the same craters on the Moon or Mercury. The most accurate map of Mars tells us that these craters are shallower and have traces of water and wind erosion.

Unlike the Moon and Mercury, where there is no liquid (liquid was present on the red planet millions of years ago), no atmosphere. The largest of the craters: Huygens (its size is about 470 km and a depth of about 4 km), Schiaparelli (its size is 465 km, a depth of 2 km) and Cassini (its size is 411 km.) A 2014 satellite map of Mars indicates that some are very young Martian craters have radial ejections of soil, in those places where there was an opening of subsurface ice. It is worth noting that such splashes of soil are often found near those craters that are located in the northern regions of the planet.

Map selection

Finally, we present to your attention a small selection. big map Mars undoubtedly deserves the main attention, as a physical map of Mars it is undoubtedly good. This high-resolution National Geographic map of Mars is produced by an authoritative scientific magazine that is popular in many countries around the world, so the National Geographic map of Mars is a great find for anyone interested in astronomy.

And do not forget, in order for the National Geographic creation, the map of Mars, to appear before you in the maximum size, you need to save it to your computer. It is quite easy to do this - click on the image with the left mouse button, and when it opens, in full screen mode, right-click on the image and select the menu item “save as” (save as) and save it to a place convenient for viewing.

Amateur astronomers in action

This panoramic map Mars compiled by Czech enthusiast Daniel Machacek. He posted this beautiful result of his work on his blog. Map of Mars, objects indicate all relevant (for 2013), also shows the topography of heights. This map of Mars is quite rich in symbols - Daniel has spent quite a lot of time on the detailed compilation that does not contradict such a "monster" as NASA's map of Mars.

Mars rover Curiosity

Topography of Gale Crater - landing site of the Curiosity rover, according to the Mars Express satellite

For a year now, a whole robotic complex called Curiosity has been working on the surface of the red planet (translated as “Curiosity”). In addition to a variety of geological, geochemical and other information, this rover, equipped with a nuclear radioisotope thermogenerator, transmits many photographs of the surface, which scientists and amateur astronomers glue together into detailed images of the surface. A map of Mars, the Hale crater shows how a very ordinary area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe planet, however, directly from the crater itself, thanks to the images of the Mars Rover, we can examine in detail the surface of this truly amazing planet without leaving their home.

Spacecraft operating in the orbit of the planet

Even the newest map of Mars, built from images of the MRO probe - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - NASA's multifunctional automatic interplanetary station, is not able to convey all the nuances of the surface with such detail. A complete exploration of Mars, a map of Mars and its detailed characteristics are being refined all the time, and with the introduction of new spacecraft into the orbit of the planet, the data is becoming more detailed. In comparison, the main camera (HiRISE) of the MRO probe is a 30 cm telescope that produces image resolution of about 30 centimeters per pixel, from a height of 250 km above the surface.

satellite map Mars, accurate and detailed thanks to many years of work not only by such probes as MRO and Mars Odyssey, but also by the Mars Express probe of the European Space Agency.

A map of Mars from space is actually a cross-linking of data from all spacecraft, which makes it possible that even a large wall map of Mars will look very detailed and accurate. And using modern technology, even a map of Mars is available from home, you can watch online the entire surface of the planet without much effort.

The openness of the data allowed Google to compile a lot of data and get a modern map of Mars, in which the MRO satellite played a key role. This joint program of Google and NASA, a map of Mars, allows you to view using a regular browser, such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. So today it is possible to see a map of Mars for free without making any special efforts to search.

Mars Global Surveyor

The surface temperature of the planet ranges from -65 to -120 degrees Celsius. The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft made this detailed temperature map during a 500 orbital pass over the night side of the red planet.

This temperature map of Mars shows the following temperature scale - white is the warmest areas of the planet, and the colder areas are respectively colored red, yellow and green, and the coldest - blue. On this map, the northern hemisphere is summer while the southern is a cold Martian winter. Near the planet's equator, small variations in nighttime temperature are associated with features of the surface material. The cold blue regions of the planet are covered with fine dust particles, while the warm regions are covered with sand and rocks.

Dominican Republic or Dominican Republic - Island state, located in the archipelago of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean. A satellite map of the Dominican Republic shows that the country has occupied the eastern part of the island of Haiti and several offshore islands. In the west, the country borders on the Republic of Haiti, in the east there is a maritime border with the United States. In the north the country is washed Atlantic Ocean, in the south - the Caribbean Sea. The area of ​​the state is 48,730 sq. km.

The Dominican Republic is home to 10.2 million people. The largest city and the capital of the country is Santo Domingo. The national language of the country is Spanish, and the national currency is the Dominican peso.

The economy of the Dominican Republic is based on tourism, customs duties, export of sugar, tobacco and coffee. The country has developed textile, sugar, tobacco industries, as well as gold and ferronickel mining.

White beaches of the Dominican Republic (Punta Cana)

A Brief History of the Dominican Republic

Until the end of the XV century - Indian tribes live in Haiti

1492 - Christopher Columbus discovered Haiti

XVI century - the colonization of the island by the Spaniards

1697 - East End the islands belong to Spain, and the western part belongs to France

1804 Spaniards expelled

1808 - the eastern part of the island again under the rule of the Spaniards

1822 - the eastern part of the island and Santo Domingo falls under the rule of the Republic of Haiti

Underwater caves of Padre Nuestro

1844 - independence from the Republic of Haiti and the creation of the Dominican Republic

1861 Spanish takeover of the Dominican Republic

1865 - the final liberation of the country from the Spaniards

1865-1905 – economic instability

1905-1916 – Dominican Republic under US economic control, military coups

1916-1924 US occupation of the Dominican Republic

1930-1961 - Rafael Trujillo regime

Samana Bay

Sights of the Dominican Republic

On the detailed map The Dominican Republic can be seen from a satellite that the island of Haiti and nearby islands abound with beaches and tourist resorts. Beach holidays in Dominican Republic incredibly popular, the islands of Catalina, Saona, Beata and Cayo Levantado, the resorts of Bavaro, Cap Cana and Punta Cana will be especially interesting.

The Caribbean Sea is great for diving: the Padre Nuestro underwater cave system and the La Caleta underwater park are worth seeing. There are numerous golf clubs on the islands of the Dominican Republic, including the famous Punta Espada Golf Course Driving Range.

Altos de Chavon Artists Village

On the satellite map of the Dominican Republic, you can also see some natural attractions: national park Los Aitises, Saman Bay, Mount Duarte (3098 m) and the crevice of the Devil's Mouth.

Among the sights of the republic, it is worth highlighting a copy of the Spanish village of the XV century Altos de Chavon, the caves of Los Tres Ojos, the colonial center of Santo Domingo, Fort Felipe in Puerto Plata, the historical center of La Vega and El Limon waterfall.

Note to the tourist

Gulrypsh - holiday destination for celebrities

There is an urban-type settlement Gulrypsh on the Black Sea coast of Abkhazia, the appearance of which is closely connected with the name of the Russian philanthropist Nikolai Nikolaevich Smetsky. In 1989, due to the illness of his wife, they needed to change the climate. Case decided the case.

> 3D surface map of Mars from Google

Explore the detailed 3D map of the surface of Mars from Google: moving map, high-quality photos with dimensions, history of the planet, temperature, Olympus, pyramids, face.

Appendix " Maps of Mars in 3D"offers an exciting journey through surfaces"red planet", but first, let's take a closer look at this amazing part of our solar system.

Surface structure of Mars

Mars is a representative of the terrestrial group of planets, where Mercury, Venus and Earth lead. Unlike other planets that appear to us as gas giants, this group has a metal core and a rocky surface.

This planet, like the quadruple it is part of, consists of a liquid core, mantle and crust, but the thickness of the layers is different for each. The density of Mercury is on average 5.4 g/cm³ (for the Earth this parameter is slightly higher - 5.5 g/cm³), it has a liquid core, consisting mostly of iron and nickel. The core of Venus has a similar composition, but with a slightly lower density - 5.2 g/cm³.

The average thickness of the earth's crust of Mars is 30 km for land, and 5 km from the bottom surface at sea. The core of the planet consists of two parts: the outer one, which begins at a depth of 5100 km and consists of a molten iron + nickel alloy; and internal - having a similar chemical composition, but with a more solid structure. Surface density - 5.520 g/cm³. The red planet is half the size of Earth.

Dimensions of the planet Mars

The radius of Mars is 3.389 km, and its circumference is 21.3 thousand km. The volume is 1.63 ¹¹ km³, the mass is at around 6.41 ²⁴ kg. Compared to Earth, the Martian planet has a diameter of 53% of Earth's and a surface area of ​​38%. A 3D map of the surface of Mars confirms that total area of this planet is equal to the sum of the area of ​​all terrestrial continents. Its mass is only 11% of the earth, and the volume is 15% compared to our earthly home. Mars is smaller than its relative Mercury, but its unique world attracts with its mystery, and magnifying 3d maps of Mars allow you to view it in detail.

Surface of Mars

Although Mars cannot boast of its size, however, the most big mountain in the solar system - Olympus (21.2 km), located on its surface, retains the magnificence of the dignity of the planet.

Surface of Mars completely cratered, and the deepest is the Mariner Valley. Using the program, you can examine in detail all the basins of the planet and volcanoes, which are considered the largest in the solar system.

Interactive NASA maps will tell you about the most prestigious area of ​​Mars - Cydonia, where the most mysterious formations are concentrated: "Face on Mars" and "Sphinx". Thanks to high-resolution photographs taken by orbiting reconnaissance, you will have the opportunity to get much closer to Mars. The surface formation "Sphinx" in its appearance resembles a pyramid built by an extraterrestrial civilization. Although, in fact, this and other mysteries of the red planet are nothing more than a miracle of relief.

Surface temperature of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor

The daytime surface temperature of the planet Mars ranges from -65°C to -120°C. Onboard the Mars Global Surveyor probe, a thermal emission spectrometer, transmitted a detailed temperature map of Mars.

The nighttime surface temperature describes the t scale, where the warmest places on the planet are white, and the coldest places are colored red, yellow and green, and the coldest is shown in blue.

The data was taken at the time of the passage of the device, over the night side of Mars. The map shows that the southern part of Mars is winter, while the northern part of the Martian planet is summer.

"Sphinx", "Face on Mars" and "Pyramids"

"Face" on Mars

Numerous mountains and pyramids located on the surface of Mars have even symmetry. Photos taken in the 70s by the Viking spacecraft looked like a face, so many speculated about the existence extraterrestrial civilization. But, as it turned out later, the photos taken in poor quality were to blame.

One of the images was of perfect symmetry, similar to a face, which has become food for controversy among many scientists. However, all the intrigue ended when the photos were received in higher quality.

The “face on Mars” turned out to be nothing more than a hill, similar outlines of which can be observed on Earth. Such formations are often created under the influence of ice or constant wind, notable examples of this are the Assiniboine mountain in Canada, Thielsen in the USA and the Matterhorn in Switzerland.

History of Mars

Mars was once warm and humid, but now it is a dry and cold planet. NASA rovers transmit data that the climate on ancient planet was warm enough and the surface held water. Confirmation of this conclusion is the chem. discovered by the probe. substances that can only be created in the presence of moisture. Scientists also suggest that some reliefs could not have been created without the participation of the water depth.

It is interesting to look at the alleged map of Mars in the past, to look at several billion years ago. Kevin Gill, an astronomer who has visualized the real Mars in the past, used a laser rangefinder located on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.

The oceans and seas recreated on Mars were created with deep valleys flooded, so they only "predict" the planet's water structure.

The displayed clouds also have an arbitrary nature of creation. The information for their "reconstruction" was taken from the NASA Blue Marble project. A more accurate name for this water map would be Mars after many years of asteroid formation and ingestion.

Gas - methane

For many, Mars is a cold world with a red surface, but when methane was found on its surface, many people's opinion changed.

Why is methane present in the Martian atmosphere? There can be only two explanations for this: biological and geological. Quite a few people would like to believe in the first reason, but the probability of the emergence of life on Mars is negligible. The second is volcanism. Satellite maps show that there are not so many volcanic clusters on the planet. The largest is the Tharsis plateau, which gave birth to four volcanoes, one of which is Olympus.

If you look closer at the Tharsis plateau, on the right you can see the "Labyrinth of the Night" and three mountains in the very center: Arsia, Pavlina, Askriyskaya. The program "3d maps of Mars" allows you to get closer to these mountains and make a trip near their foot, just by clicking once on the mouse button.

Methane gas tends to be rapidly destroyed by exposure to sunlight and wind, so it is logical to conclude that sources of methane release must be constantly active. The created map of Mars does not allow to convey with great accuracy the location of all methane sources, but this problem will be solved by the Mangalyaan probe launched to the surface, the purpose of which is to collect accurate data.

Methane is under close scrutiny by astrobiologists, as it is well known that most of this gas on Earth is produced by microscopic organisms. And besides, the red color of the planet is partly due to the release of methane.

Geological data on the surface of Mars

The absence of tectonic plates would have allowed volcanoes to erupt for hundreds or millions of years. The map of Mars tells about in large numbers permanent eruptions, which contain a large percentage of iron. The "iron" surface gradually oxidized under the influence of the Martian atmosphere, so this is a suitable explanation for why the surface of the planet is covered with a red film.

The past of the red planet

Researchers believe that Mars used to be much larger, but the powerful impact that left the North Polar Basin suggests that the planet has lost some of its mass. On closer examination of the surface, this conclusion seems justified.

It should be noted that the studies conducted by the Hubble shuttle do not fully represent mysterious world Mars. But an interactive map in 3d will allow for a deeper study. When creating this map, thousands of photographs taken by space probes were taken into account. A detailed map of the surface of Mars was made possible by studies of the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter probes. These space probes made it possible to see the beauty of the surface and structure of the planet. An interactive 3d map from Google will captivate you with the landscapes of Mars without leaving your home. This is a fairly simple and intuitive application that allows you to zoom in and see the corners of the red planet, previously inaccessible to the human eye. Karata is available online, so its study and study is available to everyone: both amateurs and scientists located anywhere in the world.

Hypsometric map of the surface of Mars

The map was created based on the research of the laser altimeter, the Mars Global Surveyor space probe. Here, peaks up to 10 km high are marked in red, and all higher mountains are indicated in pink and white-pink. The color for depressions is green and blue. Exploring this map, you will notice that the northern part of the planet is slightly lower in height than the southern. According to scientists, it becomes clear that the northern part was filled with water in the past, moreover, these words are confirmed by the gravitational map of the red planet.

Images transmitted from the Mars Global Surveyor unmanned research station also allowed us to get a closer look at the outline of the coastline. This detailed map allows you to see the Hellas basin, as well as four inactive volcanoes located on the Tharsis plateau. These images are quite detailed, but the Mariner Valley is best seen here - it is a tectonic fault, the total length of which is 5 thousand km. It is worth emphasizing with special pride that this map was created by our countrymen, who took as a basis the data obtained from American space probes. Zh. F. Rodinova made special efforts.

Topographic designations of the surface of Mars

The modern map, compiled by the efforts of the latest spacecraft, contains new names for landforms, along with old geographical and mythological names. This latest map of Mars allows you to see that Tharsis is the highest elevation and Hellas is the annular depression in the south. Many valleys bear the name of the planets, in different languages ​​of the peoples of the Earth. For example, the Hrat Valley - which means "Mars" in Armenian, as well as the Maadim Valley - in Hebrew.

However, there is one exception in the names - this is the Mariner Valley, which bears the name of the Mariner 9 spacecraft, which photographed this surface in detail. Small valleys were named after the rivers of the Earth. Arsia is a classical albedo formation. The Pearl Bay is the name of the Hindustan peninsula, where in ancient times they were looking for pearls.

Craters on the surface of the Red Planet

Any detailed map of Mars shows that the craters of this planet are different from the craters located on the Moon and Mercury. Even small craters testify to the presence of erosion on their surface caused by water and wind.

The moon and Mercury do not have liquid and atmosphere, but on Mars it was all millions of years ago. The largest craters: Huygens - 470 km, with a depth of 4 km; Schiaparelli - 465 km in size, with a depth of 2 km; Cassini - with a diameter of 411 km. A satellite map of Mars in 2014 shows that in places where ice breaks from the surface, radial ejections of soil are observed. What is characteristic - such ejections of soil are found in craters located in the north of the planet.

Cards

Large map of the red planet - is a good physical map Mars. This map was compiled by the staff of the popular science magazine National Geographic, whose authority is recognized throughout the world, therefore these works are of particular interest to people who cannot imagine life without knowledge of space.

Advice. To view a high resolution map created by National Geographic, download it to your computer. This operation is quite simple to perform: after the map is fully opened in the browser, click on the left mouse button and select "save as" and specify a convenient folder for saving.

Curiosity rover

The translation of the name of the comical all-terrain vehicle Curiosity, literally means "opportunity". The device is equipped with all the tools for collecting geochemical, geological and other information. It also has a nuclear radioisotope thermogenerator, so the Curiosity rover is able to collect and transmit a lot of photographs, which are then glued together and studied by scientists. Thanks to the images of this equipment, we have the opportunity to take a closer look at the Hale crater, located in a very interesting area planets. Curiosity Pictures - in fact, deliver amazing and most mysterious photos that we can enjoy viewing, everyone at home.

Even the latest spacecraft launched by the NASA Research Office cannot provide perfect detail on the surface of Mars. The map of the red planet is constantly updated, and new / more powerful spacecraft are launched into orbit. Interesting: The MRO probe used by NASA has a 30 cm telescope capable of taking images with a resolution of 30 cm per pixel, even though the images are taken from a height of 250 km above the surface of Mars.

A detailed map of Mars was created with the active participation of the MRO and Mars Odyssey spacecraft, as well as the Mars Express probe from the European Space Agency.

By and large, a map of Mars is multiple images of different spacecraft combined together, so even a standard-sized wall map will be quite accurate. At the same time, using computer technology, you, sitting at home, can view online the entire surface of Mars, without making any special efforts to manage the program.

Thanks to the efforts of the giant company Google, it was possible to combine all the data to create an interactive 3d program. It is worth mentioning that the MRO probe took over the largest part of the research work. This map is the fruit of a joint collaboration between Google and NASA. An ordinary browser, such as Google Chrome or Ethernet Explorer, allows you to open a map of Mars online, so an overview of the surface of the red planet is available to anyone today. In order to view maps of Mars in online mode, You just need to go to the global network and find the appropriate service. Maps will be of particular interest to people who are fond of astronomy, but a detailed examination of the maps and surprisingly interesting places, will lure even beginners-amateurs. It is worth noting that mankind has not yet seen such a detailed study of Mars, therefore, the examination and study of the red planet, using interactive 3d maps from Google, will allow a person of the twenty-first century to own the most advanced information.