How to describe mountains. Message about Mount Elbrus
Mountains have always amazed people with their grandeur, inaccessibility and unpredictability. Admiring the beauty of the snow-white peaks, people climbed, set on mountain peaks flags and, looking over the opening prospect, set even more complex, difficult to achieve goals. The ancients had a proverb: "Higher in the mountains - closer to God." Mountains are called the hieroglyphs of eternity. Mountains are a symbol of longing and love of the earth for the endless expanse of the sky.
The nature of the mountains is diverse and contrasting. Mountains are lush forests, bright carpets of flowers, and bleak rocky deserts, snow shining in the sun and their dull whiteness in a cloudy sky, fire-breathing volcanoes and many kilometers of glaciers, bottomless abysses of gorges and vast flat plateaus, unbearably burning sun and severe frost among summer, the roar of waterfalls, swift turbulent streams and the frozen silence of the steps of icefalls, the melodic murmur of glacial streams and the roar of deadly avalanches ... Mountains are mines, pastures, ice pantries of the most precious fresh water.
Ural mountains consist of low ridges and massifs. The highest of them, rising above 1200-1500 m, are located in the Subpolar, Northern and Southern Urals. The massifs of the Middle Urals are much lower, usually not higher than 600-800 m. There are many rivers in the Urals and in the Urals. There are relatively few lakes, but here are the sources of the Pechora and the Urals. Several hundred ponds and reservoirs have been created on the rivers. The Ural Mountains are old (they arose in the late Proterozoic).
The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. Back in the 16th century. on the western outskirts of the Urals, deposits of rock salt and sandstones containing copper were known. In the 17th century, iron deposits became known and ironworks appeared. Placers of gold and deposits of platinum were found in the mountains, and precious stones were found on the eastern slope. Numerous deposits of high-quality iron ores, copper ores, rare non-ferrous metals, gold, silver, platinum, the best bauxites in the country, rock and potassium salts are known in the Urals. There is oil, asbestos, precious and semi-precious stones in the Urals.
The nature of the Southern Urals endowed with special and rare beauty: there are majestic mountains, and swift rivers, numerous lakes replenished by mountain streams, a variety of flora and fauna. animal world. Mysterious caves permeate the Ural Mountains with intricate labyrinths around the Belaya River. The Kapova Cave is located in a huge rock on the bank of the river. She goes not deep, but up. The cave is famous for drawings of primitive people who, many thousands of years ago, left images of animals (mammoths, horses, rhinos) on the walls of the cave.
In the north, you can meet the inhabitants of the tundra - reindeer, and in the south - typical inhabitants of the steppes - ground squirrels, shrews, snakes and lizards. The forests are inhabited by predators: brown bears, wolves, wolverines, foxes, sables, ermines, lynxes. Ungulates (moose, deer, roe deer, etc.) and birds of various species are found in them. A couple of centuries ago, the animal world was richer than it is now. Plowing, hunting, deforestation have displaced and destroyed the habitats of many animals. Wild horses, saigas, bustards, little bustards have disappeared. Herds of deer migrated deep into the tundra. But rodents spread on the plowed lands: hamsters, field mice.
In the Southern Urals, the path to the peaks begins with densely overgrown shrubs. Then the road goes through pine, birch and aspen forests, among which grassy glades flash by. Spruces and firs rise above the palisade. Dead wood is almost invisible - it burns out during frequent forest fires. Swamps can be found on gently sloping places. The peaks are covered with stone placers, moss and grass. Rare and stunted firs, crooked birch trees that come across here do not in any way resemble the landscape at the foot, with multi-colored carpets of grasses and shrubs. Fires at high altitude are already powerless, so the path is constantly blocked by blockages of fallen trees.
As the main mountain systems Central Asia distinguish Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai. The border between the Pamir-Alay and the Tien Shan runs along the Ferghana Valley. The relief of most of the ridges of the Tien Shan ranges is alpine.
Nature in the Tien Shan mountains changes markedly with height. Deciduous forests in the Tien Shan do not form a continuous belt, located in separate massifs among meadow steppes, shrubs and rocky areas. Dense and juicy meadows serve as excellent summer pastures. Among the meadows, thickets of creeping juniper are frequent, which also enters the alpine zone. Coniferous forests of Tien Shan spruce grow in the upper belt. The Tien Shan spruce is a tall slender tree with a narrow crown. Rowan and currant grow in the lower tier.
Pamir-Alai - this mountain system, including the Pamir Highlands. It is located between the Ferghana Valley in the north and the headwaters of the Amu Darya in the south. Most of it is within Tajikistan, the northeastern part belongs to Kyrgyzstan, the western part belongs to Uzbekistan. The eastern and partially southern edge of the Pamir Highlands extends into China and Afghanistan. The Pamir-Alai rivers belong mainly to the Amudarya basin. Large rivers starting in the highlands are fed by glacial snow.
The fauna of the Pamirs is not rich, but peculiar. The Pamirs are inhabited by argali mountain sheep, long-tailed marmot, red pika, Pamir hare. The yak serves as a pet. Of the birds, there are Tibetan snowcock, Tibetan saja, sickle beak, Tibetan raven, Tibetan lark, brown-headed gull, snow vulture.
Any source mass media will talk about how much benefit the nature of the Elbrus mountains gives us, but, unfortunately, no one cares about what people leave and give to this nature in return. Every year, the dead zone of local forests grows more and more. The forest is mercilessly destroyed by lumberjacks, and only 20% of the felled trees are taken into further production, the rest is left to rot on the ground. Every year the loggers climb higher and higher without worrying that the forest is not endless. With the disappearance of the forest gradually disappear a large number of mushrooms, berries, shrubs, rare species of herbs and plants are disappearing.
But not only lumberjacks destroy the nature of the mountain, but the tourists themselves cause harm, and much more. Few people care about how to take out the garbage in the form of cans and plastic bags and even glass bottles and gas cylinders outside the territory national park. Tourists also destroy a layer of soil, clearing the area for tents, which were created by nature itself over many centuries. They also cut down trees for the fire with their own hands.
In addition to pollution and the destruction of forests, lakes, which were once famous for their crystal clearness, also spoil. Many tourists, stopping for rest and lodging for the night by the lakes. Take Lake Orlyonok as an example. Reaching this lake, travelers simply need to have a bite to eat. Before eating, during and after everyone wash their hands. On average, up to 500 people stayed on the lake per day, and everyone considers it their duty to redeem their hands in it. But it never occurred to anyone that the lake does not have a drain and a channel, but is a stagnant reservoir, and, accordingly, all dirt and grease accumulates on the surface. As a result of everything that has been happening over many years, a greasy film has formed on the surface, and a clean drinking film has remained only in those places where underground waters and springs beat. But you could just scoop up water from the lake into any vessel and wash your hands and dishes on the shore.
Thus, every year the dead zone grows. Of course, there are numerous groups that are involved in clearing forests and maintaining a healthy and clean environment. Despite this, it is still worth every group of tourists to take all the garbage with them, thus thanks to nature for the pleasure it provides.
A report about Mount Elbrus will tell you what Mount Elbrus is known for and where it is located.
Message about Mount Elbrus
Elbrus- stratovolcano in the Caucasus - the highest mountain peak in Russia and Europe, included in the list of the highest peaks of the parts of the world "Seven Summits".
In the 19th century, scientific research began on the summit. The exact height and location was determined only in 1913. The goal of the first expedition in 1829 was to reach the top of the Elbrus volcano. It included such great scientists as Kupfer, Lenz, Minetrier. Having reached a height of 2400m, the group went further. Above the mark of 4800 m, only 5 people reached, and only three people reached the saddle of Elbrus. They could not go further because of the very softened snow.
The first to conquer the peaks of Elbrus was Ahiya Sottaev, when he was already over 40 years old. After the first ascent, he climbed the mountain 8 more times. Moreover, Sottaev made the last ascent at the age of 121.
Elbrus mountain where is located?
Elbrus is not only the highest point in Europe, but also a place of pilgrimage. It is located between Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, and the peoples living there have created many legends. For example, about the origin of the name. From the Iranian "Aytbares" means high Mountain, from the Georgian "Yalbuz" means ice and storm. According to another theory, the name of the mountain is composed of three words: "El" - settlement, "Bur" - twist, "Us" - character.
Mount Elbrus description
Elbrus height above sea level is 5642 m. Moreover, the height of the western peak is 5642 m, and the eastern peak is 5621 m. Between them there is a saddle, inferior in height to only 300 m. There are more than 80 glaciers on the mountain, the largest are Bolshoy Azau, Irik and Terskol . They give rise to many rivers Malka, Terek, Baksan and Kuban.
Below the location of the glaciers are alpine meadows and coniferous forests. The slopes are rocky. The mountains formed more than a million years ago, and in the beginning Elbrus was an active volcano. Today, scientists are still arguing about whether the volcano is sleeping or is extinct. The “sleeping” version is benefited by the fact that hot masses remain in its depths, which heat up the local thermal springs up to +60°С.
The mountain itself consists of layers of tufa, ash and lava. The last eruption was recorded in 50 AD.
Climate
Climatic conditions near the slopes are mild. Humidity here is low, so frosts are tolerated quite easily. But above, on the volcano, the climate is already harsh, similar to the Arctic. At the foot of the winter mountain average temperature ranges from 10 0 С to -25 0 С, and at the top it reaches -40°С. On Elbrus, precipitation is abundant and frequent, mainly in the form of snow. The air warms up in summer to +10°C at an altitude of 2500 m, and even higher in July the temperature barely reaches -14°C. The weather is characterized by instability - a windless clear day can be replaced by a snowy storm with strong wind gusts.
Relief
The climate at the foot of the mountain is varied: many gorges, stony placers. And on the slopes, even in summer, you can see melting snowflakes. On the surface of Elbrus there are glaciers with an ice thickness of 400 m. Glacial water forms streams that fall down like waterfalls. Starting from a height of 3500 m, moraine, cirques, and glacial lakes are common.
Flora and fauna
Velvet greenery, pine forests, trees and shrubs grow on the meadows of Elbrus. Flora has 3000 species. It includes pine, alder, mint, celandine, sea buckthorn, thyme, fennel, wormwood, wild rose, St. John's wort and coltsfoot.
The animal world is represented by a tour, mountain goat, ground squirrel, raccoon dog, wild boar, chamois, jackal, roe deer, foxes, wolves, wild cat, lynx, squirrels and bears.
Vultures, eagles and kites, golden eagles, saker falcons, titmouses, bullfinches, thrushes, woodpeckers conquered the heavenly expanses.
- The local population calls Elbrus "Mingi-tau", which means "Mountain of the Thousands". The name emphasizes its height and size.
- This is a very difficult mountain to climb. In winter, it is generally forbidden to climb it.
- Elbrus is mentioned in the works of Herodotus. The ancient Greek historian pointed out that the god Zeus chained Prometheus to it because he gave fire to people.
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Altai is a beautiful region famous for its nature. majestic mountains This region attracts tourists from all over the world. Altai mountains– the most high mountains in Siberia separated by mountain rivers and pits. The mountain system passes through four countries: Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Within the territory of Russian Federation The ranges are located mainly in the Republic of Altai and in the Altai Territory.
The magnificent Altai Mountains formed about 500 million years ago. But due to climate change, earthquakes and ice ages, about 60 million years ago, the mountains were severely destroyed and acquired a completely different look that we can observe today. The Altai mountains are heterogeneous in their relief. Three main groups are distinguished here: plains, mid-mountain and glacial high-mountain relief. 2000 meters - the average height of the mountains. The highest point of Altai is Mount Belukha, its height is 4506 meters.
The Altai Mountains are unique and have been on the list since 1998. world heritage UNESCO.
Beluga whale
Beluga is highest point Altai, recognized as the geographical center of Eurasia - it is equidistant from the three oceans. This mountain has never been just a mountain, but has always personified sacred place. The ancient Altai people of Kadyn-Bazhi believed that a terrible demon lives in the mountain, which will kill anyone who tries to climb this mountain. This is what explained the regular avalanches and rockfalls caused by the earthquake.
In contrast, Buddhists believe that it is on the top of Mount Belukha that the entrance to the mythical country of the sages of Shambhala is hidden.
For the first time, they tried to climb to the top of Belukha back in the 19th century, but this turned out to be impossible due to constant rockfalls and avalanches. The first ever ascent of the mountain took place only in 1914 by Mikhail and Boris Tronov.
Plateau Ukok
The Ukok Plateau is considered the junction point of the borders of four states - Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Incredible nature, thousands of small rivers and reservoirs attract tourists from all over the world to visit this place. This plateau is famous for a large number of cultural monuments. were found here cave drawings, burial mounds, stone statues. "Princess Ukok" is the main find in this area. This is the mummy of a 25-year-old woman, found here in 1993. Tattoos on her skin, as well as horses, gold, and household items buried with her, give the right to say that she was a very noble woman. Archaeologists, historians, art historians still continue to study this incredibly picturesque place.
Altai mountains brief information.
Usually under the mountain they mean the mountain tectonic origin. But there are also erosional and volcanic. Among the tectonic are folded, blocky and fold-block the mountains.
tectonic mountains
tectonic mountains- this is mountain ranges, which originated on the seabed.
volcanic mountains
During volcanic eruptions, magma does not always manage to reach the earth's surface. If the upper layers of the earth's crust at the site of the eruption are very strong and the cracks do not reach the surface of the Earth, the magma stops and freezes, while raising the sedimentary rocks. Huge domes are formed, like mountains. Gore volcanic origin on the the globe a little.
Fold mountains
Fold mountains- these are mountains in which rock layers are crumpled into folds and, as a result of vertical movements of the earth's crust, are raised above the surrounding area.
Parts of the mountains
The high parts of the mountains are called peaks, and the pointed peaks are peaks.
Rocks
mountain range
It is very rare to find a lonely mountain on the earth's surface. Usually the mountains are arranged in a row one after another for several tens and even hundreds of kilometers. Such a group of mountains, elongated in a line, is called mountain range.
mountain valley
The depression between two mountain ranges is called a mountain valley (Fig. 57).
Mountain country
Sometimes in a relatively small area there is a huge cluster of individual mountains and mountain ranges. It is difficult to make sense of such a heap of mountains, because mountain ranges stretch in all directions. This collection of mountains is called mountain country.
It is known that everything on Earth, absolutely everything, is born at some point, exists for some time, develops and then dies, is destroyed, being replaced by something new. And this applies not only to plants and animals, but also to rivers, lakes, seas, mountains. Mountains, built of very hard rocks, live their own lives.
Thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions of years pass, mountains grow old, pointed peaks disappear, and once mighty ridges more and more resemble hills. Vast plains are formed.
Alps
Alps These are the highest mountains in Europe. The peaks of the Alps are covered with snow and ice, which do not melt throughout the year. The highest mountain Mont Blanc (height 4810 m) is called - " white mountain". Glaciers descend down the mountain slopes. Taya, they give rise to mountain rivers and waterfalls- streams of water falling vertically down from steep cliffs. Deep valleys divide the mountains into separate ridges- elongated chains of mountains. The lowest parts of the ranges are called over-rolls.
Mountaineering
Every year, hundreds of climbers climb the highest peaks mountain ranges. Their path is not easy: after all, most of it passes along slopes covered with ice and snow. At the height of summer there are frosts and strong winds blow. On the feet of the climbers are boots with iron spikes, in the hands of an ice-jacket. You have to go very carefully: narrow deep cracks come across in the ice, which are not visible, since they are often covered with snow from above.
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- strongly dissected parts of the earth's surface, elevated above the plain.
Description of the mountains, general characteristics. Basic concepts.
Mountains occupy about 40% of the earth's surface. They are on every continent and large island. Even along the bottom of the oceans, mountain ranges stretch, individual peaks of which rise above the water, forming islands or chains of islands. The least mountains in Australia, and most of the mountains of Antarctica are hidden under the ice.
The youngest mountain system on our planet is the Himalayas, the longest is the Andes (about 7560 km long), and the oldest mountains are the mountains belonging to the Nuvvuagittuq mountain formation, located in the vicinity of Hudson Bay (about 4.28 billion years old). ).
Mountains are very diverse. Top shape peak-shaped, dome-shaped, plateau-shaped, and other mountains are distinguished. The mountains are different by origin: tectonodenudation, volcanic, etc. In the Sayans, Transbaikalia and Far East dominated by a special type of mountain - hills. The hills are distinguished by a conical shape and a rocky or flattened top.
In mountain formations are often distinguished individual peaks, rising high above the surrounding, even alpine, landscape. These peaks include the city of Chomolungma in the Himalayas, Elbrus in the Caucasus, Belukha in Altai.
For relief mountainous areas characterized by the presence mountain ranges- elongated mountain formations with a clearly defined axis, along which the highest mountains are located. This axis is often the watershed of the area.
In the case when the height of the mountain range is small, and the tops of the mountains are rounded, then such a chain of mountains is called mountain range. Mountain ranges, as a rule, are the remains of ancient destroyed mountains (in Russia - the Timan ridge, the Yenisei ridge, etc.)
The mountain range has two slope often dissimilar to one another. While one slope is gentle, the other can be steep (Ural Mountains).
The top part of the mountain ranges is called mountain ridge. The ridge crest can be pointed (near young mountains) or rounded and plateau-like (near old mountains).
Wide depressions with gentle slopes are called mountain passes.
Approximately the same in length and width, a mountain uplift, which is characterized by weak dissection, is called mountain range . (Putorana Plateau in Eastern Siberia, Russia).
The intersection of two mountain ranges is called mountain knot. Mountain knots are made up of high hard-to-reach mountains(mountain node Tabyk-Bogdo-Ola in Altai).
Mountain ranges that are identical in origin and located in the same order (linearly or radially) are called mountain systems. The outskirts of mountain systems, characterized by low altitudes, are called foothills.
Africa is characterized by a special kind of mountains called canteens. They are characterized by flat tops and stepped slopes. The formation of these mountains is associated with the action of the water of the rivers that cut through the formation valley.
The presence of mountains is characteristic not only for land. The bottom of the ocean is also replete with various kinds of mountain formations. Single mountains of volcanic origin are scattered here and there along the bottom of the oceans. Active volcanoes pour out lava, ash and rock fragments, have pointed peaks. Vertices extinct volcanoes smoothed by waves and currents. The tops of many underwater volcanoes form islands. Iceland is an example of such an island.
There are mountain ranges at the bottom of the oceans. The most important discovery recent years in oceanology has been the discovery mid-ocean ridges. They run almost in the middle of each ocean, forming a huge single chain. Read more about mid-ocean ridges
