What is the name of the capital of tanzania. Map of tanzania in Russian

Useful data for tourists about Tanzania, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Tanzania, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Tanzania.

Geography of Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a state on the east coast of Africa. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The eastern border is the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania has two capitals: the historical capital of Dar es Salaam serves as the administrative center, and Dodoma, where the government moved the main organs in the 1970s, serves as the legislative center.

Most of the country is occupied by vast plateaus. The coastal lowland stretches along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The territory of the country includes part of the largest lakes in Africa - Lake Victoria in the north, Lake Tanganyika in the west, and Lake Nyasa - in the south of Tanzania. The highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro (5895 m), is located in Tanzania.

State

State structure

Tanzania is a presidential republic. The head of state and head of government is the president. Parliament is a unicameral State Assembly (Bunge).

Language

Official language: Swahili, English

Arabic is widely spoken in Zanzibar, and there are many local Bantu languages ​​in the mainland.

Religion

Religions: in the mainland - Christians 30%, Muslims 35%, aboriginal cults 35%; Zanzibar is over 99% Muslim.

Currency

International name: TZS

The Tanzanian shilling is equal to 100 cents. Officially in circulation are banknotes of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 Tanzanian shillings and coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 Tanzanian shillings. In fact, coins of less than 50 shillings fell out of circulation.

Currency can be exchanged at banks and exchange offices. The exchange receipt must be kept before leaving the country. It is not forbidden to change money at street changers, but in this case the risk of fraud is extremely high.

Credit cards have limited circulation. Usually they are accepted only by large banks, supermarkets (especially in port areas) and some travel agencies. In the provinces, paying with a credit card is much more difficult. For the service of withdrawing money from credit card some provincial banks charge a commission of 6-8% of the amount.

Travel checks can be cashed at registered dealers, banks or exchange offices. A passport is required for cashing out. Often, checks are very carefully checked for authenticity, which takes a lot of time.

Popular Attractions

Tanzania Tourism

Popular hotels

Tips

Tips are best given in local currency. In restaurants, they make up 10% of the total order value. Most hotels automatically include a 10% service charge on your bill. If a service fee is not included in the fare, a tip of 20 shillings will be considered quite sufficient, while in most small establishments it is not provided at all. Tips for rangers, drivers and other service personnel on a safari are usually the equivalent of 3-5 US dollars. If the service is carried out by a group of staff, the tip should be given to the head of the group, otherwise additional claims on the size of the tip and their distribution may arise.

Visa

Office Hours

Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.30-16.00, and from 08.30 to 13.00 on Saturday.

Purchases

VAT (VAT, Value Added Tax) on all goods and services is 20% and is included in the price.

Shops are usually open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.00, and from 14.00 to 18.00, on Saturday - 08.30 to 12.30. Some shops are open on Sunday. During Ramadan, many restaurants and shops are closed during the day, and smoking and drinking restrictions may be in place.

Souvenirs

The country produces unique Tanzanian green tourmalines, sapphires, garnets, rubies, emeralds and diamonds, as well as the mineral tanzanite, found exclusively in Tanzania in the volcanic deposits of Mount Kilimanjaro. All this splendor of the gifts of the earth's bowels can be purchased in the markets and in private jewelry stores.

Medicine

Immunization against tetanus and hepatitis A is recommended. Epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, typhoid, malaria and plague are occasionally recorded. In rural areas there are cases of infection with African fever. When swimming in fresh water, there is a high risk of contracting schistosomiasis. Vaccinations against yellow fever, typhoid, cholera and malaria are recommended.

Sleeping sickness, which is spread by the tsetse fly, is quite common in the wooded areas of the country. Also of great concern to the world community is the rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in Tanzania.

All water should be considered potentially contaminated.

Safety

Expensive photo and video equipment, valuables or documents should not be shown. It is not recommended to walk alone at night through the streets. Do not leave things unattended. You should always carry a photocopy of your passport with you, and keep your passport, money and air ticket in a safe place (safe in the hotel).

Foreigners are the object of constant and overly intrusive attention. Don't give in to offers. local residents help something. This usually ends in problems.

Emergency Phones

The unified telephone number of rescue services is 112/999.

Photo and video shooting

It is not recommended to take pictures of local residents without their permission and to visit the dwellings of local residents on your own (without a guide or a representative of a travel agency). In some places you need to pay for photography, but you should not do this everywhere and always - many natives try to beg for money in this way.

Questions and opinions about Tanzania

Zanzibar - Q&A

Geographical position: Tanzania is a country East Africa, located south of the equator. In the north it borders with Kenya and Uganda, in the south with Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia, in the west with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. A small plain lies along the coast, but most of the country is occupied by a plateau, the average height of which is about 1290 m above sea level. Small groups of mountains rise in the northeast and southwest. Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest point in Africa (5895 m), is located on the northeastern border of the country. The Great Rift Valley. The three largest lakes of the continent are located on the borders of Tanzania and partly within it: Lake Tanganyika (western border), Lake Victoria (north-western border), Lake Nyasa (Malawi) (south-western border). Tanzania also owns the Zanzibar Islands (the largest coral island off the coast of Africa) and Pemba. The total length of land borders is 3402 km. total area is 945,203 sq. km.

Capital: Dodoma is the legislative capital of Tanzania, located in central Tanzania. Dar es Salaam is the administrative center. The city is located on the east coast of Africa, on the shores of the Indian Ocean. It is the largest port in Tanzania and one of the largest ports on the east coast of Africa. An important economic center and seat of government.

Language: English and Swahili (official languages ​​used for international communication). However, the mother tongue of most Tanzanians is the language of their ethnic group.

Religion: Slightly more than half of the inhabitants of Tanzania (55 - 60%) are Christians. The largest Christian denominations are Catholics (12.4 million), Lutherans (5.8 million), Pentecostals (2.35 million) and Anglicans (2 million). The share of Muslims is estimated at 30-32%. Muslims are the majority in Zanzibar (97%) and in many coastal areas. Another 12% of the population adheres to local autochthonous beliefs. Among ethnic minorities there are Hindus, Bahais, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, etc.

Time: The time difference in Tanzania is -1 hour (relative to Moscow time). The entire territory of the country is in the same time zone. The country does not implement summer/winter time, so the time difference remains the same throughout the year.

Climate: The climate in Tanzania is tropical, hot and humid on the coast, dry on the mainland. The temperature during the year can vary from +20 to +32 C, but on the coast it does not fall below +25 C. The warmest is in February and March, the coldest is in July and August. The rainy periods (October-November - the season of "short rains", March-May - the season of "long rains") in different parts of the country are felt differently. The dry season lasts 5-7 months. Best time to visit the north of the country - July-October and December-March; south - June-October; west - December-March and May-October. On the islands of Zanzibar and Mafia, it is best to relax in July-October and December-March. During the long rainy season, the risk of malaria and gastrointestinal diseases increases dramatically. The hunting season is closed from April 1 to June 30, and in February-March, rains in the south of the country greatly erode the soil.

Currency: Tanzanian shilling (TZS), equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes of 10,000, 5,000, 1,000, 500, and 200 shillings, as well as coins of 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5 cents, as well as 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, and 1 shillings. 1 USD = 1609.33 TZS. Banks are open from 8:30 to 16:00 from Monday to Friday and from 8:30 to 13:00 on Saturday. Currency can be exchanged at banks and exchange offices. The exchange receipt must be kept before leaving the country. It is not forbidden to change money at street changers, but in this case the risk of fraud is extremely high. Credit cards are accepted only in large hotels and very few shops. Traveler's checks can be cashed at registered dealers or at exchange offices (it is better to take checks in USD into the country).

Mains voltage and socket type: 220/240 V, AC frequency - 50 Hz; socket outlets have three British-style sockets (adapters for Russian plugs are required).

Customs: The import and export of national currency is prohibited, and all foreign currency must be declared. Duty-free import of 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 g of tobacco, a liter of alcoholic beverages, food and household items (within personal needs) is allowed. The export of jewelry made of gold and silver, stamps, coins, food products is allowed - within the "limits of personal needs". Jewelry must be accompanied by receipts from the store. The import of small arms (without special permission), drugs and pornography is prohibited.

It is forbidden to export ivory, rhinoceros horn, skins of wild animals, rare plants, sea shells, gold, diamonds and some spices, such as cloves - without documents confirming the legality of their purchase. For the export of some souvenirs, it is necessary to indicate in the declaration that they are not exported for commercial purposes.

Population and culture: As of 2014, the population of the country is about 50 million people. The population is distributed rather unevenly. About 80% of the country's inhabitants live in rural areas. About 120 different ethnic groups live in the country, the most numerous of which are: Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Jagga, Ngonde, Haya, Hehe, Bena, Gogo and Makonde. Most of the ethnic groups belong to the Bantu group of peoples, some belong to the Nilotic and Khoisan peoples. A small proportion of the population of Tanzania is of Indian, Arabic, European, Chinese and other origin.

The culture of Tanzania is a mixture of cultural characteristics of different African countries, India, Britain, and other European countries, as well as Arab countries. The culture of the peoples of Tanzania has rich traditions. This is wood carving: they are famous for their masks, sculpture, household items. In Zanzibar, they keep the tradition of coconut shell carving and wood sawing. The Tingatinga style of painting was born in Tanzania, named after the author, Eduardo Saidi Tingatinga. Tanzanians are very musical. Music, songs and dances accompany any holiday. The musicians play original African harps, flutes, xylophones and various drums. Melodic songs are accompanied by intricate rhythmic accompaniment. The modern cultural development of Tanzania is greatly influenced by European theater, music and literature. Many amateur circles have been created in the country, which put on plays by foreign or local authors. Jazz and Western songs are widespread. A new rise is experienced by the traditional African art of sculpture and painting.

Kitchen: Cuisine in Tanzania is not distinguished by its sophistication. Typically, restaurants serve British dishes (soups, steaks, fried chicken, boiled vegetables, puddings and instant coffee). Asian restaurants tend to have better food, but there aren't many of them. Plenty of small African restaurants to try local cuisine without risking your health. The main dishes in these restaurants are banana-based (unsweetened and taste like potatoes) and meat (goat meat): nyama na ndizi (stewed meat and bananas) and grilled bananas with meat. Most dishes are made from various types of meat of wild animals and birds. Beef and pork are traditionally expensive in these places. Tourists are usually offered all sorts of exotic things: antelope fillet, elephant stew, crocodile meat with banana salad, fried side of warthog, simmered meat "nyama-choma" or "mishikaki" (fried beef), "nyama-kuku" (chicken ), etc. The garnish is usually corn, legumes, various roots and rice, as well as fried potatoes and salted cabbage. Seafood is widely used on the coast. Lemon fried prawns, excellent local lobsters, octopus stew, charcoal grilled sea fish with spices, charcoal grilled fish in banana leaves, various shells, including local oysters, and seaweed salad are worth appreciating here.

Local beer is very cheap and tasty. The most popular brands are "Safari", "Kibo-Gold", "Kilimanjaro" and "Tasker" (usually Kenyan). Along with local beer, imported from Kenya or South Africa but it is more expensive. As for wine, the best is imported from Europe or South Africa. From strong drinks: papaya vodka "Cognac", liqueurs "Afrikoko" and "Amarula", wines "Dodoma". It is customary to finish the meal with a cup of tea with milk and sugar, coffee or juices with ice. Due to the secular nature of the state, in Tanzania, even despite the strong Islamic traditions, imported alcoholic beverages can be purchased at any hotel or store.

Tips: Tipping is customary in Tanzania. Usually in a restaurant it is 5-10% of the bill, for carrying luggage - about $ 1. Tips for a safari driver are usually $5-10 per person per day.

Souvenirs: You can buy local clothes - hoodies and shirts. An interesting gift will be fabrics and blankets of the Maasai tribe. These are bright canvases of fabric with local color. Art lovers can purchase paintings - Tingatinga folk paintings depict the life of the Maasai or savannah animals. A good souvenir is Makonde ebony products. These are usually small wooden sculptures, masks, figurines of animals and people. Jewelry made of gold, tanzanite stone - a local variety of sapphire can be a precious souvenir of good quality. Tea, coffee, Masai national music on CD are other options for popular gifts from Tanzania.

Air travel: There are no direct flights to Tanzania from Russia. Major airlines fly to all three international airports countries: Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar (with transfer). The most convenient option is to fly with KLM to Arusha or Dar es Salaam with transit through Amsterdam. The cheapest options are flights to the same Dara with Emirates, Swiss or Qatar. Airport tax upon departure from the country - 20 USD per person, it is not charged from children under two years of age and transit passengers. Airlines serving Tanzania: british airways, KLM, Swiss International Airlines, Egypt Air, Air India, Ethiopian Airlines, Gulf Air, Kenya Airways, Royal Swazi, Emirates Airlines and Air Tanzania.

The region where Tanzania is located is known to European tourists as a paradise far south of the equator. The coast of the Indian Ocean, on the coast of which the republic is located, makes it attractive for lovers of a leisurely beach holiday.

Where is Tanzania located?

The United Republic of Tanzania, as this country is officially called, has a completely unique location, giving the country a significant advantage in the market international tourism. The Republic is located in the southeastern part of the African continent.

You should start with the fact that the country is located on the coast of the warm Indian Ocean. Numerous hotels annually receive hundreds of thousands of tourists from Europe and America.

In addition, the region where Tanzania is located is famous for the so-called Great African Lakes, which are located in the East African Rift.

Great Lakes of Africa

In Africa, where Tanzania is located, there are lakes that are second only to Baikal in area and volume. The largest of them is Victoria, which has worldwide fame. This lake is located on the territory of three states at once: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

In addition to being the second largest freshwater reservoir in the world, Lake Victoria is also known for the fact that its waters feed the White Nile - one of the great rivers of the world.

Despite the fact that some experts tend to attribute to the Great African Lakes only Lake Victoria, Edward and Albert, full list lakes located in this region looks like this:

• Victoria.
• Tanganyika.
• Nyasa.
• Rudolf.
• Edward.
• Albert.
• Kivu.

In addition to their area and fresh water reserves, the lakes are also notable for the fact that they are home to about ten percent of all fish species known to science, many of which are not found in other regions.

Geography and population of the country

The favorable climate of East Africa creates all the necessary conditions for highly productive agriculture and the formation of surplus products. It is for this reason that numerous small states have always existed in the region, the largest of which were Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. Today Tanzania borders Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia and

Such a number of states is due to the fact that the eastern part of Africa is very diverse in cultural, ethnic and linguistic terms. And these factors were taken into account when drawing the boundaries of the new states that were formed as a result of the liquidation of the colonial system on the continent.

However, despite such a large number of state formations, each of them is quite densely populated. For example, in Tanzania, according to the UN, there are more than fifty million people belonging to one hundred and twenty different ethnic groups, speaking more than one hundred languages.

Nature and climate

The unique natural wealth of the region where Tanzania is located requires a special attitude, which is expressed either in a sparing level of human use, or in the complete rejection of the exploitation of natural resources.

It is worth paying tribute to the government of the republic, which, to the best of its ability, is trying to protect the nature of the country from human pressure. About 38% of the country's territory is reserved for national parks and reserves, of which there are sixteen.

One of the most remarkable natural monuments of Tanzania, the coordinates of which are as follows - 3 ° 12 S 35 ° 27 "E - is the Ngorongoro National Park. The name of the park comes from the sound that the bells make on the necks of cows belonging to the local nomadic Maasai tribes.

The national park occupies the territory of a huge crater, which belongs to the type of calderas. Today it is the largest inactive volcanic crater on Earth. This crater has not been active for so long that the first traces of human activity on its territory appear already three million years ago. The remains of a hominid discovered on its territory gave the name to a new species - Olduvai man, discovered in Olduvai Gorge.

Seven Wonders of Africa

Beyond Ngorongoro to African natural wonders also applies to the Serengeti region, which has a common border with the Tanzanian Ngorongoro reserve and with the Kenyan natural park Masai Mara.

The area of ​​the Serengeti Park is 14,763 square kilometers and for many millennia these vast wastelands, which today attract many tourists, did not have a permanent population. Only a little over a hundred years ago, nomadic Maasai tribes came to the prairies and stayed there. The history of the Serengeti protected zone begins in 1951, when a small private reserve was transformed into a National Park, second in size only to the Selous Reserve in Tanzania.

The Selous Game Reserve was organized at the beginning of the twentieth century, as it quickly became clear that it was a unique region in terms of flora and fauna. Selous is home to over 350 bird species, numerous savannah species and nearly 2,000 plant species.

Tanzania. Where is Zanzibar located?

Stretched along east coast The African archipelago consists of seventy-five islands, some of which belong to the autonomy of Zanzibar, which is part of Tanzania as a Free Republic.

WITH geographic point view, the archipelago is a cluster of islands, the largest of which are Ugunja, Pemba and Mafia. The island of Ugunja is the largest and is often mistakenly called Zanzibar, giving it the name of the entire archipelago.

It is on the western coast of the island of Ugunja that the largest city of the archipelago, Zanzibar, is located, with a population of about one hundred and twenty thousand people. It should be noted that between 2008 and 2009 The city's population has declined significantly.

In modern conditions, Tanzania, where there are numerous natural monuments, is becoming more and more attractive for travelers who prefer to combine high-class holidays with visits to national parks, reserves and safaris, which are popular with wealthy hunters. Especially popular are the islands of Tanzania, embodying the dream of a paradise on Earth, surrounded by turquoise water and hot sun.

The content of the article

TANZANIA, United Republic of Tanzania, a country in East Africa. It consists of two parts - mainland (formerly Tanganyika) and island (Zanzibar, Pemba, etc.). Mainland Tanzania borders Uganda to the north, Kenya to the northeast, Burundi and Rwanda to the northwest, Mozambique to the south, Malawi and Zambia to the southwest, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. . In the east it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, in the west - by Lake. Tanganyika, in the southwest - Lake. Nyasa, in the north - Lake. Victoria. In 1974 the capital was moved from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. The transfer of the capital was due to the desire of the government to transfer part of the cash flows inland from the more developed coast. Although Dodoma is now the official capital, in many ways Dar es Salaam still retains the functions of a capital. Most of the state institutions, foreign embassies and representative offices of international organizations are still located here.

Nature.

Surface structure and climate.

The territory of Tanzania is divided into three regions according to the nature of the relief: coastal lowland with islands; a vast internal plateau (part of the East African Plateau) with grabens of the East African Rift Zone; several isolated mountain ranges and volcanoes from the very high mountain African Kilimanjaro. Many parts of the country suffer from lack of water. The sources of water supply are the Pangani, Rufiji and Ruvuma rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean and their tributaries, the Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria lakes.

The strip of the coastal lowland is swamped in places, especially at the mouths of the rivers. Mangroves are common there. Fertile soils are developed at a small distance from the coast under conditions of normal runoff. The climate is equatorial monsoon, hot, seasonally humid. Average annual precipitation often exceeds 1000 mm. Moderate rains are typical for November-December, weak rains fall in December-April and heavy rains in April-May. Average temperatures in Dar es Salaam range from 23°C in June to 28°C in January. The same climate on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, but there is more rainfall, the soil is fertile and intensively cultivated.

The lower and drier part of the plateau occupies all of southern Tanzania. The soils here are of a lighter composition, are prone to erosion and are rapidly depleted. Precipitation is scarce and unevenly distributed over the seasons. The tsetse fly is found here - a carrier of sleeping sickness among people and revolver disease among domestic animals. In Swahili, this barren and sparsely populated area is called "nyika". The central and northern parts of the plateau rise to 1200–1500 m. In some places there is a moderate amount of precipitation, fertile soils are common. Agriculture is widely developed, although only in a few places is water available all year round, and only in higher regions is there no tsetse fly. The average annual rainfall within the plateau ranges from 650 to 900 mm, the wet season lasts from November to April. However, the start date of this season and the total rainfall varies greatly, which affects agriculture. In November-December, short refreshing showers fall, alternating with clear days. Then dry weather prevails for several months, but in March a period of prolonged rains begins, which captures April, and sometimes May. From mid-May, dry weather sets in, which prevails until November. Temperatures are moderate, decreasing with altitude. In Mwanza (1170 m a.s.l.) average temperature June 20°C, January 22°C.

The plateau in the meridional direction is crossed by the East African Rift Zone, which was formed as a result of a significant subsidence of the earth's crust along parallel faults. In the south, the basin of the lake is confined to this zone. Nyasa, the level of which is at an altitude of 475 m above sea level. Lake is located in the western fault. Tanganyika, and the eastern branch, characterized by a sinuous configuration, crosses central Tanzania. Further north, this zone branches into western and eastern. The height of the surface in the axial part of the zone is 600–900 m, and the surface of the plateau rises above it by many tens of meters. Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria (occupying a shallow depression in the north of the plateau) are of great transport importance. The territories adjacent to the lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika receive more precipitation than the rest of the plateau, and their annual amount varies from 1000 to 1500 mm or more.

In the highest regions of Tanzania are isolated volcanic mountains, small mountain ranges and ranges. In the north, these are the Usambara mountains, the Meru volcanoes (4567 m) and Kilimanjaro with Kibo peak (5895 m). In the south, the Livingston Mountains stand out, stretching along the northeast coast of Lake. Nyasa. In general, the mountains receive more rainfall than other parts of the country and have more fertile soils. In the middle parts of the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, quite suitable for agriculture, more than 1300 mm of precipitation falls annually. Average temperatures in the coolest months are 13–16°C, and in the warmest months, 18–21°C.

Natural vegetation and wildlife.

Dense tropical forests have survived only around the lakes in the west of the country and in the floodplains of some rivers. The most common vegetation formations are dry short-grass savannahs with acacias and thickets of thorny bushes. There are also park forests on the plateau. Coastal areas feature native and introduced mango species and introduced coconut palm. Even conifers grow on the slopes of high mountains, for example, cedar and foot-bearing. Angolan pterocarpus is found in the park forests, the valuable wood of which is used for the manufacture of high-quality furniture and wall cladding.

The savannas are inhabited by several species of antelopes (wildbeest, kongoni, topi, stenbok, springbok, etc.), as well as lions, leopards, cheetahs, zebras, elephants and giraffes. An abundance of monkeys is characteristic, from monkeys in the extreme northwest there are chimpanzees, and in the Kilimanjaro region - gorillas. There are hippos and crocodiles along the rivers. The world of birds is unusually rich and diverse. Especially a lot of waterfowl. In the elevated regions of the country, ostriches can occasionally be observed. Of the poisonous snakes, the black mamba and the African viper stand out.

Tanzania is famous for its famous protected areas. Particularly famous national park Serengeti (15.5 thousand sq. km), the only one in the world where natural seasonal migrations of wild animals take place. The adjacent Ngorongoro National Park is confined to a huge volcanic crater, its caldera, the largest in the world, is distinguished by an extraordinary wealth of fauna. Nearby is Olduvai Gorge, where Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the skulls and bones of human ancestors. Here it was first established that Australopithecus and Homo habilis lived at the same time, ca. 1.5 million years ago.

POPULATION

Demography.

According to the 1988 census, 23.2 million people lived in Tanzania, of which 22.5 million lived on the mainland and 0.6 million lived in Zanzibar and Pemba.

In 2004, the population of the country is 36.59 million people.

The population of mainland Tanzania is almost entirely African. The vast majority of them are employed in agriculture. After government control of the economy, many non-Africans lost their jobs and emigrated. After the Africans, the most significant part of the population was made up of immigrants from Asia, mainly from India and Pakistan, but in the two decades after 1961 their number decreased from 88.7 thousand to 20 thousand. Of the 23 thousand Europeans in 1961, only 1 thousand remain today .

Before the revolution of 1964 ca. 76% of the population of Zanzibar were Africans, 17% Arabs, 6% Indians, and the rest were Comoros and Europeans. The Arabs monopolized not only political power, but also the plantation economy. Trade was predominantly in the hands of the Indians and, to a lesser extent, the Arabs. During the revolution, many Arabs were killed. The Abeid Karume government that came to power adopted a series of discriminatory measures against ethnic minorities. As a result, about three-quarters of Arabs and Asians emigrated from Zanzibar.

Ethnic composition.

There are approximately 120 ethnic and linguistic groups in Tanzania. About 94% of the rural mainland population speaks Bantu languages. The most numerous people are sukuma. It is centered in the northwest and makes up 13% of mainland Tanzania's population; the related Nyamwezi live in the western and central parts of the country; makonde - on the coast; haya - in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lake. Victoria; chaga - on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Meru, where they grow coffee; Gogo live in central regions and ha - in the west near the lake. Tanganyika. The rest of the peoples of the mainland are mainly pastoralists who speak the Shari-Nile languages ​​​​(Masai, etc.). Several smaller ethnic groups, including the Sandawe and the Hadsa, speak Khoisan languages. The majority of the population of Zanzibar are descendants of African slaves brought from the mainland by the Arabs, and the Shirazi people, whose ancestors came from Iran many centuries ago and mixed with the local population.

Until the early 1970s, most of the population of mainland Tanzania lived on isolated family farms of nomadic farmers or pastoralists. In the period 1974-1977, many villages were combined into approximately 7.5 thousand large typical rural settlements. In the new settlements, traditional social institutions were eliminated, and leadership functions were transferred to representatives of the ruling party or state.

Language.

Although in different parts of the country Africans speak different local languages ​​among themselves, the language of interethnic communication, Swahili, is ubiquitous. It is one of the Bantu languages ​​enriched with borrowings from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, from Hindi and English. Swahili is taught in primary and secondary schools. Since 1967, Swahili has been state language Tanzania, however, English is still widely used in government and business. Teaching at the University of Dar es Salaam is conducted in English.

Religion.

About a third of Tanzanians are Muslims, one fourth are Christians, and the rest are adherents of local traditional beliefs.

State system and politics.

December 9, 1961 Tanganyika gained independence. The national liberation struggle was led by the mass party Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). The country had a parliament and government, but formally the head of state was the English monarch. In December 1962, Tanganyika was proclaimed a republic, and the president became the head of the executive branch. In January 1964, by decree of the first president of the country, TANU leader Julius Nyerere, an authoritative commission was established to consider changes in the TANU charter, the executive power system and the procedure for electing representative bodies in order to make the one-party system legitimate and give it a democratic character.

Zanzibar gained independence in December 1963, but power remained in the hands of the Arab oligarchy. As a result of the victory of the revolution in January 1964, power passed to the Afro-Shirazi (ASP) and Umma (People) parties, which expressed the interests of Africans. ASP leader Abeid Karume became chairman of the highest authority, the Revolutionary Council. The more radical Umma party later became part of the ASP, which became the only legal political organization in Zanzibar. In April 1964, the governments of Tanganyika and Zanzibar decided to unite both states, and the Zanzibar people were included in the government and the constitutional commission of Tanzania. The recommendations of this commission formed the basis of the interim constitution of 1965, which officially recognized the one-party system in Tanzania. In 1977 a new constitution was adopted, which consolidated the leading role of the party. At the same time, TANU and ASP merged into a single Revolutionary Party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CHM).

In 1965-1993 Tanzania was a country with a one-party system, African socialism was recognized as the goal of development. In 1965, Julius Nyerere, as president of the country and chairman of the CCM, significantly strengthened his authority. The party congress nominated his candidacy for the post of president and chief executive, after which it was approved in a popular referendum. During the years of the one-party system, the president was assisted by two vice-presidents, one of whom was also the president of Zanzibar, and the other was the prime minister in charge of the day-to-day running of the government. Ministers were appointed from among the members of the National Assembly. The numerical composition of the National Assembly changed over time, its representativeness expanded. For example, in 1984, among 228 parliamentarians, 118 were elected from mainland Tanzania and 50 from Zanzibar, in addition, 5 were appointed by the House of Representatives of Zanzibar (where the Zanzibar government was in charge of internal affairs), 15 women deputies were appointed by the National Assembly. The remaining seats were assigned to 15 members of parliament, who were appointed by the president, and the heads of all 25 regions of the country.

During the years of the one-party regime, the leading role in political life The country was played by the ruling ChChM party. In addition to it, only organizations controlled by it could legally exist. To cover the rural population, five mass public organizations were created that united women, youth, parents of students, the elderly and cooperators. The authorities strictly regulated the activities of all mass associations. The creation of alternative organizations was prohibited. The party also controlled the trade unions, which were more of a tool for strengthening party control than organizations defending the interests of workers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, there was no freedom of speech in Tanzania. There was an atmosphere of suspicion towards imaginary external and internal enemies who supposedly hindered the country's progress towards a brighter future. Such sentiments in society especially intensified during the economic crisis of the early 1980s.

Although the one-party system was in principle anti-democratic, elections were held in the country for local, regional and national authorities, and Nyerere's candidacy for the presidency was approved in popular referenda in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980. In 1985, Nyerere resigned from the presidency, but remained chairman of the CHM. Ali Hasan Mwinyi, a Zanzibarian, became the new president of the country, who held this post from October 1985 to 1995. Despite the defeat of many prominent party leaders in the 1985 elections, determining the political and economic course of the country remained the prerogative of the CCM. The popularly elected parliament has long turned into an obedient body of the ChChM.

The ChChM had an extensive network of local organizations. Every ten houses formed a primary party cell. The cell leaders were the mainstay of the CFM in the field. There was a strict hierarchy in party and state bodies, and all important decisions were made at the very top. From the lower classes, only the approval and implementation of the decisions of the party and government were required.

In the 1990s, Nyerere began to lean towards abandoning the one-party system. In 1991, a specially created commission (the Nyalali commission) began to ascertain public opinion about changes political system. After discussing this issue at conferences and seminars in late 1991, the commission submitted a report to the government. In February 1992, parliament approved constitutional amendments that provided for the introduction of a multi-party system.

The liberalization of political life caused profound changes in the country. The granting of freedom of speech hastened the creation of several press organs and defuse political tensions. After the removal of party-state control over the activities of public associations, a number of non-governmental organizations appeared. The purpose of many of them was to support the social sphere (primarily health care and education), which was previously funded by the state. Other organizations were discussing land reform, protection environment, women's rights, etc. In 1993, political parties were created, which began preparations for the 1995 elections.

Thirteen political parties participated in these elections, but only four of them nominated their candidates for the presidency. A convincing victory was won by the ChChM, whose candidates were elected to the highest government posts. Benjamin Mkapa became President of Tanzania, Omar Juma became First Vice President and Prime Minister of the mainland, Salmin Amur became Second Vice President and President of Zanzibar. The CCM won not only control of the executive branch, but also won 214 out of 275 seats in the new National Assembly. The largest opposition force in the elections was the National Convention for Creation and Reform (NCCR), led by well-known corruption fighter Augustin Mrema. The NKSR received the greatest support in the region of Kilimanjaro, in the homeland of Mrema. In the presidential elections, he won 27.8% of the vote, and his party won 19 parliamentary seats. Representatives of the United Civil Front (UCF), an influential party in Zanzibar, received 28 deputy mandates, but its candidate collected only 6.4% of the vote in the presidential election. Two other opposition parties each won several seats in parliament: the United Democratic Party (UDP) and the Party for Democracy and Progress (CHADEMA).

The CCM formed a government of 23 ministers. Notably, many former high-ranking members of the party were not offered positions in the new government. After the elections, the position of the CCM government was strengthened, which was facilitated by the conflict within the NKSR, the most influential party. In 1997, a struggle began between Augustin Mrema and the rest of the members of the NKSR executive committee for control of the organization. After numerous publications in the press about intra-party strife, the number of supporters of the NKSR has sharply decreased. In Mrem, many voters used to see a contender for the presidency of Tanzania, but on the condition that he shows the qualities worthy of a statesman. The union with Zanzibar was going through a difficult period due to allegations of electoral fraud on the island, which allowed the CFM to take the majority of parliamentary seats there. In protest, UCF activists held a lengthy boycott of parliament. Relations between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar remain strained.

In 1997, a report became public, which provided numerous documentary evidence of widespread corruption in power structures. Passions were also running high around plans for a radical land reform, which would legislate the right of private ownership of land. Since Tanzania has developed a tradition of collective land use and the popular mind is dominated by the idea that land cannot be bought and sold, the government decided to hold a broad discussion on this issue. The discussions raised questions about women's right to own land and the relationship between nomadic pastoralists who move their livestock to seasonal pastures and the government, which needs the land to create national parks and develop tourism.

In a second presidential election held in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected for another five-year term with 71 percent of the vote, although the opposition refused to recognize the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. Disillusionment with the results of the last elections in 2001 escalated into violent demonstrations and accusations against the police. A series of rallies in Zanzibar calling for new elections escalated into armed clashes, leaving about 40 people dead and many more injured. After the end of Mpaki's second term, in the presidential election, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party) won 80 percent of the popular vote and won. He appointed Edouard Lovasse as his prime minister and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete promised to continue his predecessor's economic reforms. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president following a corruption scandal. The Prime Minister has resigned. He was replaced by Mizengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

Local government.

The territory of mainland Tanzania is administratively divided into 20 regions, the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba - into 5 regions. The regions are divided into 70 districts. After the introduction of a one-party system in 1965, party structures were created at the level of villages and urban areas. Party representatives in rural areas have been involved in resolving conflicts within and between family households, as well as disputes over land use and access to water. These party bodies survived during the period of the multi-party system, but their powers were reduced as the local control of the ChChM weakened.

At different periods in the history of Tanzania, regional and district governments have had different powers. In colonial times, local authorities served as an important mechanism for implementing the policy of the metropolis. The colonialists left some of their traditional powers to the leaders and created local councils. During the period of independence, the national government initially relied on these bodies, but as the central government strengthened, local administrative functions gradually passed to it. In the late 1960s, the government in Dar es Salaam stripped the local councils of their right to form their own budgets. In 1972, local self-government bodies were abolished. Instead of councils and an executive apparatus accountable to the population, regional and district committees were created locally, staffed by officials appointed by the central government. Behind the government's statements about its alleged decentralization policy, there was an intention to establish total control on the ground, excluding any initiatives not sanctioned from above.

After the introduction of a multi-party system, the question arose of reforming local governments. Regional and district administrations now have greater powers and often seek other sources of funding than the state treasury.

Judicial system.

During the colonial period, the judicial system consisted of two components. British magistrates tried civil and criminal cases in official courts, and chiefs and elders administered justice based on traditional customs. After the declaration of independence, single courts of three instances were introduced. Cases that were under the jurisdiction of the courts of chiefs and elders are now considered by magistrates, who are trained and appointed by the executive branch. Officially, legal proceedings according to traditional norms were abolished, but in fact, on the ground, to one degree or another, they continue to operate. Cases are still being recorded of courts making decisions on the basis of common law combined with local customs.

Armed forces.

In January 1964, two battalions of the Tanganyika army mutinied, demanding higher salaries and speeding up the process of Africanization of the officers. After the suppression of the rebellion, the army was disbanded. The National Defense Forces of Tanzania were created, under the political and ideological control of TANU. At present, the strength of the armed forces, including the Air Force and the Navy, is estimated at about 40 thousand people. The problems of internal security are under the jurisdiction of the police (approximately 1.4 thousand people) and the people's militia, in the ranks of which there are 50 thousand people. The Tanzanian army is equipped mainly with Soviet and Chinese weapons.

Foreign policy.

During the Cold War, Tanzania pursued a policy of non-alignment and reliance solely on own forces. The foreign policy course corresponded to the economic tasks of building African socialism. Tanzania had close ties with China, which provided her with significant assistance in creating transport infrastructure. She supported the national liberation movements in southern Africa, as one of the front-line states assisted the African National Congress (ANC) in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and opposed South Africa's intervention in the civil war in Angola and Mozambique. Tanzania has led the opposition to the dictatorial regime of Idi Amin in neighboring Uganda. Thanks to the participation of the Tanzanian army, as a result of a two-year war of 1978-1979, the dictator of Uganda was overthrown.

In the 1970s, attempts to create an East African Economic Community ended in failure; the resulting disagreement led to the closure of the northern border with Kenya. In 1993, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya announced their intention to re-establish the East African Community. In recent years, Tanzanian diplomacy has actively participated in the search for ways to resolve the conflicts in Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo with the help of the states of Central and East Africa. In the Tanzanian city of Arusha, there is the International War Crimes Tribunal in Rwanda, created to prosecute those responsible for the 1994 genocide. Tanzania is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the UN and the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

Economy.

The model of socialism adopted in Tanzania after independence was based on two main principles - self-reliance and the equal distribution of social wealth. Implementation of this model was fraught with great difficulties and proved untenable mainly due to the focus of the Tanzanian economy on the export of agricultural products. Despite the dry climate and other adverse natural conditions Agriculture forms the backbone of Tanzania's economy.

In the 1970s, the country's economy developed at a relatively fast pace, which was associated with high world prices for Tanzanian export products. The policy of forced creation of "socialist villages" led to the alienation of the peasants from the land, and the rate of growth slowed down. In the late 1970s, Tanzania entered a period of economic crisis. The fall in world prices for Tanzanian exports, the global oil crisis and the burdensome war with Uganda led to a balance of payments disruption. Domestic political factors also played an important role. The state systematically underpaid the peasants for export products and accumulated a significant part of the income from exports. Therefore, the peasants faced a dilemma: either to produce less products, or to sell a significant part of it on the black market. The economy of the socialist type also assumed the presence of political restrictions on economic activity. The Arusha Declaration of 1967 forbade party functionaries and government officials from engaging in entrepreneurship and using hired labor. Despite the efforts of the Tanzanian leadership to prevent the personal enrichment of the party elite and civil servants, the economic crisis of the 1980s gave rise to a large-scale shadow economy. Party workers and government officials, faced with the inability to live on their salaries, took up entrepreneurial activities. Experts note that it is difficult to objectively assess the state of the Tanzania economy, since it is almost impossible to determine the scale of the shadow economy.

In the early 1980s, the Tanzanian government made several attempts to adjust economic policies, but this did not help the ailing socialist economy. In 1986, Tanzania negotiated with the IMF in order to obtain loans for the restructuring of the country's economy. The agreement reached meant a radical change in the country's economic course, since the conditions for granting loans provided for the rejection of socialist methods of management. Like most reform countries, Tanzania is privatizing the public sector of agriculture and industry. The IMF also demanded trade liberalization and devaluation of the Tanzanian shilling. In recent years, as a result of the curtailment of social programs, the peasants have lost state support, and now they have to rely only on themselves.

Tanzania is still a predominantly agricultural country, with 85% of the rural population employed in the agricultural sector. In 1997, agricultural exports accounted for 60% of all export earnings. Although the IMF has named Tanzania as a successful economic restructuring country, the actual results are at best half-hearted. For the majority of peasants, production oriented to the domestic market often does not even provide a living wage.

Total length highways country is 90 thousand km, of which 18 thousand km are paved. Length railways 3.5 thousand km. The largest seaports Tanzania - Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Coastal shipping is developed along the coast. There are three international airports - Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar.

Foreign trade turnover in 1994 was 1.8 billion dollars, imports - 1.4 billion (machinery and equipment, fuel, consumer goods), exports - 0.4 billion (tea, coffee, tobacco, sisal, a number of industrial goods and minerals).

External debt in 1995 exceeded $7 billion.

After lengthy debate, in 1997 the National Commercial Bank, previously owned by the state, was privatized.

Education.

Seven years of primary education is compulsory. In the 1970s, universal primary education was an important element in the program for building socialism and self-reliance. Secondary education is selective, to continue education in public secondary schools graduates primary schools must pass the transitional exams. As the process of economic liberalization deepens, more and more private schools are being created in the country, which are run by parental and religious organizations. Often educational establishments are subsidized from the funds of international non-governmental organizations. Upon payment of the required amount, anyone can become a student of a private school. In 1997, the cost of education per student in a public secondary school was approx. $ 150 per year, the cost of education in a private school was slightly higher - approx. $200 per year.

To enter the university in Dar es Salaam, you must successfully pass the entrance exams. For a long time, the state provided students with subsidies for their studies, but now they have to pay for their own education. Tanzania's premier university has always been a hotbed of free-thinking and a center of criticism of the government. In the 1980s, student organizations were the most organized force in opposition to the ruling regime.

Story.

Back in the 8th c. Zanzibar and other islands off the east coast of Africa were the base for the Arabs to trade with the mainland. These islands were called the Zenj country. Over time, Zanzibar turned into an independent Muslim sultanate, developing trade relations with the countries of the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In the 16th and 17th centuries he was under the rule of the Portuguese, and in the 18th century. came under the influence of the Sultans of Oman. In 1832, the Sultan of Oman Said Sayyid moved his residence to Zanzibar. Soon a large center of trade in slaves, ivory and spices arose here. Trade routes rushed deep into the mainland and reached the area of ​​Mount Kilimanjaro. Communication with slave traders caused profound social changes. Thus, the leaders of the tribes and even some humble people living in the Pare mountains became rich and gained great influence due to the fact that they supplied food and everything necessary to merchants and porters on the way between the coast and Kilimanjaro. Thus, trade undermined the established power structures and stimulated property stratification. At the end of the 19th century the areas adjacent to Kilimanjaro became the center of activity for Christian missionaries. The development of different regions was uneven. Ahead were those of them where it was possible to get an education in missionary schools or get rich in the service of trade caravans. For a long time, the Kilimanjaro region has been central to economic life countries. Trade routes also created new dangers, since local peasants could easily become the prey of slave traders.

At the end of the 19th century Zanzibar was turned into a protectorate of Great Britain, and the mainland of modern Tanzania (Tanganyika) was turned into a colony as part of German East Africa. Soon the first settlements of German settlers appeared here, the mountainous region of Usambara with a cooler climate was especially popular. In 1905-1906, the Germans brutally suppressed the protests of the local population. After the First World War, Germany lost Tanganyika, which became a mandated territory of the League of Nations under British rule. The British administration incorporated local traditional institutions of government into the system of colonial government. Where these institutions did not exist, they were created artificially, justified by the need to respect local traditions. In some areas, the leaders competed among themselves for the location of the British, since the support of the colonial administration provided them with great opportunities for enrichment and strengthening of power. The British established the production of commercial crops, including cotton. To neutralize the anti-colonial opposition, the British administration tried to establish social security for the local population. The speeches against the introduction of new taxes in the Pare region in 1949 hastened the adoption by the colonial authorities of the decision to develop the system of education and medical care. It was believed that these measures would instill a benevolent attitude towards the British authorities.

Nevertheless, anti-colonial sentiment spread among members of peasant associations that were founded in the 1920s in cash crop producing areas. Associations of coffee growers in Kilimanjaro and Buhaya (western Tanzania), as well as other similar associations, were created to help farmers in the fight against agricultural pests and in the sale of products. The viability of the colonial system was undermined during the global economic crisis of the 1930s, when the costs of managing the colonies increased.

After World War II, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom. In the 1950s, the national movement intensified, and in December 1961 Tanganyika gained independence. Zanzibar followed suit on December 10, 1963, and in January 1964 there was a coup, as a result of which the African majority of the population overthrew the dynasty of Arab sultans who had long ruled on this island.

In April 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika joined the federation of the United Republic of Tanzania, but the rapprochement of both parts of the federation occurred only in 1977. parts of the state became less durable. The lack of many necessary goods and life on the brink of survival in the conditions of the economic crisis are associated in the minds of the population with government programs for the structural restructuring of the economy. Economic difficulties exacerbated ethno-religious contradictions between Christians and Muslims, which affected relations between Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Contradictions of a political nature arose during the first multi-party elections in 1995 between the ruling Revolutionary Party (CHM), which enjoys support on the mainland, and the opposition parties operating in Zanzibar.

Tanzania in the 21st century

During the second presidential election, held in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected for another five-year term, but the opposition did not recognize the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. In 2001, demonstrations and accusations against the police began in the country. A series of rallies in Zanzibar calling for new elections escalated into armed clashes, leaving about 40 people dead and many more injured.

In the new presidential elections, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party) won with 80 percent of the popular vote. He appointed Edouard Lovasse as prime minister and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete promised to continue his predecessor's economic reforms. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president following a corruption scandal. The Prime Minister has resigned. He was replaced by Mizengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

If you have always dreamed of going on a real safari to enjoy the natural beauty and get to know the daily life of wild tropical animals, then a trip to Tanzania will definitely suit your taste!

Tanzania on the world map

The United Republic of Tanzania is located in the east of Africa.

Its eastern lands are limited by the waters of the Indian Ocean, and the northern regions connect Tanzania with and. However, the list of neighboring countries of Tanzania does not end there, since on the south side it has a common border with, and Malawi, and on the western side the republic also borders on Burundi, Rwanda and.

The total area of ​​land occupied by the state is over 940 thousand square kilometers.

United Republic of Tanzania

Tanzania is especially popular among tourists from all over the world, which is why the local population understands English perfectly. Together with Swahili, it is the official language of Tanzania. Although the capital of the country is a city called Dodoma, travelers are much more interested in the Tanzanian administrative center - the city of Dar es Salaam. In total, more than 48 million people live in the republic.
The territory of Tanzania is characterized mountainous terrain, which is represented by the East African Plateau. It is in this state that the highest mountain of the African continent is located, which is called Kilimanjaro and rises above sea level at 5895 meters. Plateaus are a distinctive feature of the Tanzanian lands. Only the coast of the Indian Ocean is represented by a narrow strip of lowlands. It is known that Tanzania includes not only the mainland of the state, but also the island expanses of Zanzibar. This archipelago consists of a group of small islands, the most significant of which are the islands called Pemba, Zanzibar, Mafia and others. Total length coastline state exceeds 1400 kilometers.
As for the freshwater sources of Tanzania, they are mainly represented by lakes. On the territory of the country there are several of the largest lakes on the continent. We are talking about the majestic Lake Victoria, Nyasa and Tanganyika, which is often compared with Russian Baikal in size, depth and purity of lake waters. The river network of Tanzania is quite small, but this disadvantage is easily compensated by deep-sea lakes.
The local population of Tanzania treats its natural resources with special trepidation and care. That is why there are fifteen national parks in the country. All of them are protected by the so-called Tanzanian National Park Service. International studies have shown that the effectiveness of this service is indeed supported by the highest level. Tanzania has several biosphere reserves and seven UNESCO sites.
If in some regions of the world the area of ​​protected areas is rapidly declining, then in Tanzania there is a completely opposite picture. More recently, the area of ​​Kilimanjaro Park has been replenished with new lands in order to protect the highest point in the country. Special protected areas are also located on island lands Tanzania, for example, a park called Rubondo Island, located on the territory of a picturesque Tanzanian island called Rubondo. Among the most famous and most popular parks in the country, it is worth noting Mhomazi, Arusha, Lake Manyara and many others. Some of them are even within Tanzanian cities.
The largest natural conservation area in Tanzania has recently become a park called Ruaha. Particularly popular among tourists is Kitulo Park, which is also called the Garden of the Gods.

State flag of Tanzania

The color scheme of one of the main national symbols of the Republic of Tanzania consists of four colors: green, blue, golden and black. In a diagonal direction from the lower left corner to the upper right corner stretched a wide strip of black in a golden frame. From above, it is complemented by a bright green triangle, and from below by a similar blue figure.