• POHO"D, a, m. 1. Movement, transfer of troops or ships from one area to another to perform some kind of. (predominantly combat) tasks. Speak in p. Take a fight on a campaign. Conducting reconnaissance on a hike. The squadron was preparing to march. Even walking on a hike, more than once in the saddle threw a bank. Saltykov-Shchedrin. On a hike, for example, you come to a place; what would you like to do? Pushkin. 2. on someone or against someone. Military action against someone ... Even before the current German politicians came to power, especially after they came to power, a struggle began in Germany between two political lines, between the old policy, which was reflected in the well-known treaties between the USSR and Germany, and the “new” policy, which mainly resembles the policy the former German Kaiser, who at one time occupied Ukraine and undertook a campaign against Leningrad, turning the Baltic countries into a springboard for such a campaign, and the "new" policy clearly takes precedence over the old. Stalin (1934). Being in business and campaigns against the enemy(column in old forms). Italian item of the Russian commander Suvorov. The officers, who had gone on a campaign almost as youths, returned, having matured in the quarrelsome air, hung with crosses. Pushkin. Crimean campaigns in the 17th century. Crusades(see cross). || trans. Organized action against someone, organized action to fight against something. or for something. (new). To organize the poor and successfully fight the kulaks, who had surpluses of grain, a campaign of workers to the village was organized. History of the CPSU (b). P. all the black forces of reaction against the USSR. P. fascism against democracy. 3. only ed. A slight excess (in weight, counting; colloquial). Three kilos of meat with a hike. Hangs up goods without going. One hundred and thirty-two fifty dollars with a campaign lost. Nekrasov. ◊

  For (one) hike(colloquial family name) - by the way, in passing, at the same time with smth. I'll go for a walk and go to the pharmacy for a hike.

Byzantine Empire
Cilician Armenia

Commanders

Guglielm Embryako Gottfried of Bouillon Raymond IV of Toulouse Etienne II de Blois Baldwin of Boulogne Eustachius III Robert II of Flanders Ademar Monteilsky Hugo the Great Robert of Normandy Bohemond of Tarentum Tancred of Tarentum Alexei I Komnenos Tatikiy Constantine I

Side forces

Background to the conflict One of the reasons for the crusade was the call for help from the Byzantine emperor Alexei I Comnenus to the Pope. This call was due to several factors. In 1071, the army of Emperor Roman IV Diogenes was defeated by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks Alp-Arslan at the Battle of Manzikert. This battle and the subsequent overthrow of Roman IV Diogenes led to the outbreak of a civil war in Byzantium, which did not subside until 1081, when Alexei I Komnenos ascended the throne. By this time, various leaders of the Seljuk Turks had managed to take advantage of the fruits of civil strife in Constantinople and captured a significant part of the territory of the Anatolian plateau. In the first years of his reign, Alexei Komnenos was forced to wage a constant struggle on two fronts - against the Normans of Sicily, who were advancing in the west and against the Seljuk Turks in the east. The Balkan possessions of the Byzantine Empire were also subjected to devastating raids by the Polovtsians. In this situation, Alexei quite often used the help of mercenaries from Western Europe, whom the Byzantines called Franks or Celts. The commanders of the empire highly valued the fighting qualities of the European cavalry and used mercenaries as shock units. Their corps needed constant replenishment. In 1093 or 1094, Alexei, apparently, sent a request to the Pope for help in hiring another corps. It is possible that this request served as the basis for the call to the Crusade. Rumors about atrocities that were happening in Palestine could serve as another reason. At this point, the Middle East found itself on the front line between the Great Seljuk Sultanate (which occupied a significant part of the territory of modern Iran and Syria) and the Fatimid state of Egypt. The Seljuks were supported mainly by Sunni Muslims, the Fatimids were supported mainly by Shia Muslims. There was no one to protect the Christian minorities in Palestine and Syria, and during the hostilities, representatives of some of them were subjected to robberies. This could give rise to rumors about the terrible atrocities committed by Muslims in Palestine. In addition, Christianity was born in the Middle East: the first Christian communities existed in this territory and most of the Christian shrines were located. November 26, 1095 in French city Clermont, a cathedral was held, at which, in the face of the nobility and clergy, Pope Urban II delivered an impassioned speech, urging the audience to go to the East and liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. This call fell on fertile ground, since the ideas of the Crusade were already popular among the people of Western European states, and the campaign could be organized at any moment. The pope's speech only indicated the aspirations of a large group of Western European Catholics. Byzantium The Byzantine Empire had many enemies on its borders. So, in 1090-1091, she was threatened by the Pechenegs, but their onslaught was repulsed with the help of the Polovtsians and Slavs. At the same time, the Turkish pirate Chaka, dominating the Black Sea and the Bosporus, disturbed the coast near Constantinople with his raids. Considering that by this time most of Anatolia had been captured by the Seljuk Turks, and the Byzantine army suffered a serious defeat from them in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, then the Byzantine Empire was in a crisis state, and there was a threat of its complete destruction. The peak of the crisis came in the winter of 1090/1091, when the pressure of the Pechenegs on the one hand and the related Seljuks on the other threatened to cut off Constantinople from the outside world. In this situation, Emperor Alexei Komnenos carried on diplomatic correspondence with the rulers of Western European countries (the most famous correspondence was with Robert of Flanders), calling on them for help and showing the plight of the empire. A number of steps have also been outlined to bring the Orthodox and Catholic churches closer together. These circumstances aroused interest in the West. By the time the Crusade began, however, Byzantium had already overcome a deep political and military crisis and had been in a period of relative stability since about 1092. The Pecheneg horde was defeated, the Seljuks did not conduct active campaigns against the Byzantines, and on the contrary, the emperor often resorted to the help of mercenary detachments, consisting of Turks and Pechenegs, to pacify his enemies. But in Europe they believed that the state of the empire was disastrous, counting on the humiliating position of the emperor. This calculation turned out to be incorrect, which subsequently led to many contradictions in Byzantine-Western European relations. Muslim world Most of Anatolia on the eve of the Crusade was in the hands of the nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks and the Seljuk Sultan Rum, who adhered to the Sunni trend in Islam. Some tribes in many cases did not recognize even the nominal authority of the Sultan over themselves, or enjoyed wide autonomy. By the end of the 11th century, the Seljuks pushed Byzantium within its borders, occupying almost all of Anatolia after defeating the Byzantines in the decisive battle of Manzikert in 1071. However, the Turks were more concerned with solving internal problems than with the war with the Christians. The constantly renewed conflict with the Shiites and the civil war that broke out over the rights of succession to the sultan's title attracted much more attention of the Seljuk rulers. On the territory of Syria and Lebanon, a relatively independent policy from the empires was carried out by Muslim semi-autonomous city-states, guided primarily by their regional rather than general Muslim interests. Egypt and most of Palestine were controlled by the Shiites of the Fatimid dynasty. A significant part of their empire was lost after the arrival of the Seljuks, and therefore Alexei Komnenos advised the crusaders to conclude an alliance with the Fatimids against a common enemy. In 1076, under Caliph al-Mustali, the Seljuks captured Jerusalem, but in 1098, when the crusaders had already advanced to the East, the Fatimids retook the city. The Fatimids hoped to see in the person of the crusaders a force that would influence the course of policy in the Middle East against the interests of the Seljuks, the eternal enemy of the Shiites, and from the very beginning of the campaign they played a subtle diplomatic game. In general, however, Muslim countries experienced a period of deep political vacuum after the death of almost all the leading leaders around the same time. In 1092, the Seljuk vazir Nizam al-Mulk and Sultan Melik-shah I died, then in 1094 the Abbasid caliph al-Muktadi and the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir. Both in the east and in Egypt, a fierce struggle for power began. Civil War among the Seljuks led to the complete decentralization of Syria and the formation of small, warring city-states there. The Fatimid Empire also had internal problems. . Christians of the East Crusade of the nobility After the defeat of the army of the poor and the massacre of Jews in August 1096, the chivalry finally advanced under the leadership of powerful nobles from different regions of Europe. Count Raymond of Toulouse, together with the papal legate Adémar of Monteuil, Bishop of Le Puy, led the knights of Provence. The Normans of Southern Italy were led by Prince Bohemond of Tarentum and his nephew Tancred. The brothers Gottfried of Boulogne, Eustache of Boulogne and Baldwin of Boulogne were commanders of the Lorraine, and the soldiers of Northern France were led by Count Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy (the eldest son of William the Conqueror and brother of William the Red, King of England), Count Stefan of Blois and Hugh of Vermandois (son of Anna Yaroslavna and younger brother of Philip I, King of France). Road to Jerusalem Crusader guide through Asia Minor was the Armenian prince Bagrat - the brother of the owner of the largest Armenian principality in the Euphrates Vasil Gokh. Mateos Urkhaetsi reports that with the departure of the crusader army from Nicaea, letters with a notice of this were sent to the ruler of Mountainous Cilicia, Constantine Rubenidus, and the ruler of Edessa, Thoros. Crossing Asia at the height of summer, the soldiers suffered from heat, lack of water and provisions. Some, unable to withstand the hardships of the campaign, died, many horses fell. From time to time, the crusaders received help in money and food from brothers in faith - both from local Christians and from those who remained in Europe - but for the most part they had to earn their own food, devastating the lands through which their path lay. The warlords of the crusade continued to challenge each other for supremacy, but none of them had sufficient authority to assume the role of a full leader. The spiritual leader of the campaign was, of course, Ademar Monteilsky, Bishop of Le Pyu. When the Crusaders passed the Cilician Gates, Baldwin of Boulogne left the army. With a small detachment of warriors, he set out on his own route through Cilicia and arrived in Edessa at the beginning of 1098, where he won the confidence of the local ruler Toros and was appointed his successor. In the same year, Thoros of Edessa was killed as a result of Baldwin's conspiracy. Thus, the ruler of a Christian state became the first victim of the crusaders, although the crusade participants proclaimed the fight against the "infidels" and the liberation of the "Holy Sepulcher" as the goal of the crusade. After the assassination of Thoros, the county of Edessa was formed - the first crusader state in the Middle East. Siege of Nicaea In 1097, the Crusaders, having defeated the army of the Turkish Sultan [ ], began the siege of Nicaea. Byzantine emperor, Alexei I Komnenos, suspected that the crusaders, having taken the city, would not give it to him (according to the vassal oath of the crusaders (1097), the crusaders had to give the captured cities and territories to him, Alexius). And, after it became clear that Nicaea would fall sooner or later, Emperor Alexy sent ambassadors to the city demanding to surrender to him. The townspeople were forced to agree, and on June 19, when the crusaders prepared to storm the city, they were chagrined to find that they were greatly “helped” by the Byzantine army. After that, the crusaders moved further along the Anatolian plateau to the main goal of the campaign - Jerusalem. Siege of Antioch In autumn, the crusader army reached Antioch, which stood halfway between Constantinople and Jerusalem, and laid siege to the city on October 21, 1097. After eight months of siege, in the early morning of June 3, 1098, the crusaders broke into the city. The betrayal of the gunsmith Firuz helped them open the gate. In the city, the crusaders staged a bloody massacre: "all the squares of the city were filled with the bodies of the dead, so that no one could be there because of the strong stench." Emir Yagi-Siana, accompanied by 30 soldiers, fled the city, leaving his family and children, but then the escorts abandoned him and he was killed and beheaded local residents. By evening, the crusaders had captured the entire city, with the exception of the citadel in the south of the city. Four days later, on June 7, Kerboga's army approached and, after an unsuccessful assault, laid siege to it. The battle went on all day, but the city held out. When night fell, both sides remained awake - the Muslims were afraid that a new attack would follow, and the Christians feared that the besieged would somehow manage to set fire to the siege weapons. On the morning of July 15, when the ditch was filled up, the crusaders were finally able to bring the towers to the fortress walls without hindrance and set fire to the bags protecting them. This was a turning point in the attack - the crusaders threw wooden footbridges onto the walls and rushed into the city. The first to break through was the knight Letold, followed by Gottfried of Bouillon and Tancred of Tarentum. Raymond of Toulouse, whose army stormed the city from the other side, learned about the breakthrough and also rushed to Jerusalem through south gate. Seeing that the city had fallen, the emir of the Tower of David garrison surrendered and opened the Jaffa Gate. Effects Crusader states in 1102 (in red) States founded by crusaders after the First Crusade: Crusader states in the East in 1140 At the end of the 1st Crusade, four Christian states were founded in the Levant. Edessa county- the first state founded by the crusaders in the East. It was founded in 1098 by Baldwin I of Boulogne. It existed until 1146. Its capital was the city of Edessa. Principality of Antioch- was founded by Bohemond I of Tarentum in 1098 after the capture of Antioch. The principality lasted until 1268. Kingdom of Jerusalem, lasted until the fall of Acre in 1291. The kingdom had several vassal lords under its control, including the four largest ones: Lordship (principality) of Transjordan- Seigneury of Krak, Montreal and St. Abraham County of Tripoli- the last of the states founded during the First Crusade. It was founded in 1105 by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse. The county lasted until 1289.

HIKE, hike, husband. 1. Movement, transfer of troops or ships from one area to another to perform some kind of (primarily combat) task. Take a hike. Take the fight on the march. Conducting reconnaissance on a hike. The squadron was preparing to march. "Even… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Journey, trip, cruise, tour, voyage, tour, wandering, wandering, tourism, expedition, road, visit, walk, anabasis; operation, campaign; surplus Dictionary of Russian synonyms. hike 1. see travel. 2. see... Synonym dictionary

Campaign: The movement of an organized group of people (detachment) for a specific purpose and in the established order (system): Campaign movement of troops (forces) or ships (vessels) from one locality (area) to another to perform combat or training ... ... Wikipedia

hike- (HIKE YORY (CHYGU)) - 1. Gaskar yaki oeshkan detachment nin. b. Burychny utаү өchen ber urynnan ikenchegә kүchүe 2. p. Shundy kүchүlәrdә bula torgan, shundy kүchүlәrge khas. Shundy kүchүlәr өchen mahsus bilgelәngәn yaki azerlәngәn. Khәrәkәttәge gaskar yaki… … Tatar telenen anlatmaly suzlege

1. HIKING, a; m. 1. The movement of troops or fleet from which l. purpose. P. squadron. Speak in the village of Polk on a campaign (military). 2. Military operations, operations against whom, what l.; military campaign. Azov settlement of Peter I. The Crusades. P. Napoleon on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

HIKE 1, a, m. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

HIKE 2, a, m. (colloquial). Slight excess in product weight. Weigh with a trip. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

HIKING, husband. 1. The movement of troops or fleet from what n. purpose. Regiment on the march. Speak in paragraph. P. squadron. 2. Distant movements of troops for the purpose of military operations, as well as such operations themselves. Italian village of Suvorov. Crusades. 3.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (Voyage, passage) passage by sea. Samoilov K.I. Marine vocabulary. M. L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

hike-, a, m. 1. An organized visit to something. for educational purposes. == Hiking in Lenin's places. ◘ All units during the year made four seven trips to Lenin's places. Peony, pr., 06/17/80. == Hike to places of military glory.… … Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies

Books

• Hike, D. Drake. 1995 edition. The safety is good. Recognized master of military - adventure fiction David Drake in the novel `Campaign` retells the myth of the Argonauts - but only in space surroundings.…

"Green" tourists are often at a loss: what things it is desirable to take, and what it is better not to even think about; where you can get by with ordinary clothes and shoes, and where you need special hiking equipment, etc. The answers to these questions are simple, and they should be sought in the experience already accumulated before.

Hiking backpack

It is with backpacks that it is recommended to start preparing for a hike. A shoulder bag must meet five requirements: comfort, capacity, lightness, strength and protection from water. All of them are equally important. For example, a comfortable backpack that does not contain all the necessary things; capacious, but uncomfortable; durable, but permeable to moisture - equally defective. Still, convenience is key. A long hike with an incorrectly selected backpack means inevitable back pain, muscle pain, and a constant feeling of heaviness. Where will it be before the aesthetic enjoyment of nature ...

But now the backpack is selected, bought: it's time to fill it. The same rule applies here as when loading sea ​​vessels: heavy and voluminous are placed down and closer to the back, light and small - up and into the outer pockets. Be sure to consider the fragility of some things and how they will interact with each other. You can increase the protection against moisture if you put a large plastic bag inside the backpack.

Immediately after packing your things, try how the loaded backpack will hold on your shoulders. Jump in place, making sure that it does not make extraneous sounds while doing so. Walk around the room, bend over, try to take off and put on again, get things from the outer pockets of a dressed backpack, go up and down the stairs at least a couple of floors - in general, check your luggage in the closest hiking situations.

Clothes and shoes for the trip

On the territory of Russia, even in summer period night time is cool, especially at the beginning and end tourist season. Therefore, you should always have warm clothes on a hike. Hats will help to avoid sunstroke and not react to light rain. Two or three cotton T-shirts (they are better than shirts, since there is no risk of tearing off the buttons), shorts for hot hours, tight non-staining trousers in case of cold weather and overcoming grassy areas - this is the "ceremonial set" of a real tourist.

Hiking shoes are tailored to fit as closely as possible. A balance should be struck between the strength of the sole and the lightness of the shoe itself. In unstable weather, when visiting places inhabited by poisonous snakes, high boots are extremely important; rubber boots will come in handy for moving through wetlands, across a territory abounding in rivers and lakes. In order not to take an umbrella with you, which restricts the freedom of the traveler, it is necessary to replace it with a waterproof cape.

Food for the hike

Even if the entire trip does not exceed five to seven hours, you should consider catering in advance. There are two main variables that affect it: the planned transition time and the number of participants. Discuss in advance personal food preferences and dislikes, allergic disorders. It is better to entrust the purchase of products and the creation of their stock, distribution during the trip to one person. Otherwise, the situation at the camping pot will begin to resemble “confusion and vacillation”: it seems that everyone took something, but there is very little sense. The heaviest types of provisions should be distributed equally among all participants in the campaign.

• Store products that are prone to dampness in plastic containers with hermetically sealed lids (for example, it is very good to use bottles for cereals).
• In the absence of cooler bags, you can’t take anything perishable!
• Stock up on spices, salt, sugar, tea, coffee, chocolate and nuts.

Equally important is the presence drinking water. Sometimes travelers are lucky, and they go through an area abounding in springs. But this is very rare, and water transfer should be considered. Have each hiker carry a small plastic bottle for this purpose. Products should be distributed, among other things, in such a way that suddenly those left alone have them with them for a day, and if they can do it, even more.

Cooking on a camping trip means using heat-resistant utensils with handles that won't burn you. Disposable plates and reusable plastic containers work great. Wear a bowler hat in a burlap case: it’s useless to wash it anyway, it instantly becomes covered with soot. Place cutlery in a tightly wrapped strong cloth.

What else is left? Of course, overnight. Tents will help to carry it out comfortably and safely. Take those that will accommodate all the participants, and at the same time correspond weather conditions. Sleeping bags, travel mats are also essential. Instead of a pillow, you should use outerwear twisted into a roll.

Among other things necessary in the campaign, it should be mentioned:

• chewing gum (saves space, allows you to use less water than brush and paste);
• liquid soap (also uses less water);
• wet wipes (good to wipe sweat and dirt);
• in summer - sunscreen;
• flashlight;
• knife, axe, compass, repellents;
• matches or lighter;
• a set of medicines for first aid and drugs needed by individuals;
• Trash bags.

With a long enough trip, it makes sense to take a walkie-talkie, signal rockets. In any case, notify someone about the route of movement, about the destination and the deadlines for arriving there. It is advisable to start hiking in the mountains only after registering with the lifeguards.

Those who have already gone hiking themselves know perfectly well what it is and how cool it is. This article is aimed at people who decide to travel with a backpack in the wild for the first time. Often their expectations are far from reality, so I will try to bring them closer and, at least, remove the extremes.

So, what is a hike? In other words, a hike is a journey of a group of like-minded people with backpacks through the wild. Everything rushes on itself, sleeps in a tent, food is cooked on a fire by the attendants. On average, one walks from 5 to 15 km per day through extremely beautiful and picturesque places. I must say that the article does not affect sports trips, but is focused on small hiking trips in the Crimea. In a separate article, you can read in more detail how summer hikes go.

Why go hiking? Everyone has their own reason: someone wants to enjoy the beauties of nature, someone wants to test himself, someone escapes from the hustle and bustle of cities, and someone just wants something new. However, not so long ago I conducted a survey Why should I go hiking? , read, quite a few people responded and unsubscribed, I personally was very interested.

Who goes on a hike? Yes, people just like you! They are also tired of going to work, they want rest, variety, new experiences and acquaintances. There are both more experienced tourists and complete beginners in the group. It is the latter who have the most fears and questions. Especially in women. And I understand them perfectly! You have decided on a hitherto unknown adventure, and it is always thrillingly exciting, a little scary and very interesting! But back to the promised myths:

Myth #1 - Hiking is an easy walk- it's the same as going to the park - no straining. This myth mostly refers to the male half of the population. They are usually too confident in their abilities and often do not give a damn about preparing for a trip, for which they pay extra liters of sweat on the route. Understand that it will be hard on a hike, you need to go downhill with a big backpack, which requires some physical fitness and willpower. And then also to go down from this mountain, which is even harder, since more load goes to the knees. And the sun doesn't always shine, sometimes it rains. And sometimes that "sometimes" turns into "almost all the time." It happens hard, cold, hot, wet .. Anything can happen. And you need to be prepared for this, both physically and mentally.

Myth #2 - I can't, it's too hard, people-supermen go on a hike and in general I'm too weak! - thousands of such questions and doubts swarm in the heads of the beautiful half of humanity. Yes, there will be new loads for your body and it will be hard, it has already been written above. But all our routes are focused on ordinary people, they were passed by both small children and people of more than respectable age. You can do it too, don't hesitate! Self-confidence and willpower are just as important as your physical form. Whether you doubt yourself or not, in any case, preparing for a hike will strengthen your body and help you enjoy your trip even more.

Myth #4 - I go by myself, I won't make friends with anyone.. Well, this is possible if you yourself are an inveterate sociophobe, a mean and malicious bore. But such people do not go camping, why do they need it? People go to the mountains with an open heart and soul, who are looking for new experiences and acquaintances. I would say that hiking is one of the the best places to find new friends. Together you climbed the peaks, overcame obstacles, helped each other, and this holds the bonds of friendship much stronger than liters of drunk beer in a tavern .. Few friends? Go hiking!

Myth #5 - Not tasty food. Yes, I don’t eat at home as much as on a hike! At the stake, everything turns out extremely tasty, no doubt about it. Usually we cook twice a day on a fire or burners, one snack. If you're a vegetarian, then don't worry too much. Meat (canned food, sausage) is thrown last, you can always pour yourself a portion before that. If you are allergic to any of the products, be sure to write to us about it, we will try to correct the menu. But, if this is the main product (rice, buckwheat ..), it will not be possible to completely exclude it from the menu, take some additional products with you, after consulting with the instructor. We read in more detail in a separate article: food on a hike.

Myth #6 – All tourists are dirty! Yes, it is difficult to achieve such hygiene as at home, but there is almost always a small river or lake where you can wash yourself. So you don’t have to go and scare wild animals with your smell. You can read more about hygiene while hiking.

Myth #8 – A bunch of scary critters. This is wild nature and living creatures here are many times more than in the city. All sorts of small spiders and bugs will come across very often. But they are not scary and do not bite. Meeting those who bite and are dangerous is unlikely. Look under your feet, do not move stones for no reason, always close the tent and the risk of meeting a large spider or snake will be minimized. But the ticks remain, there is no getting away from them. The best way fight them - examine yourself and your comrades a couple of times a day. Much more common are not reptiles, but different butterflies)

Myth #7 - Camping is a total booze. This is the eternal fear of mothers and the hope of their growing children. I will please the first and disappoint the second. Drinking is strictly prohibited on the hike. An exception may be 50 grams of cognac for medical purposes, with the permission of the instructor. By drinking alcohol, you violate the rules of conduct on a hike and the terms of health insurance and accident insurance.

In general, if you are afraid of something or have questions, you can always ask us =)