What year did the Black Sea freeze over? When the black sea froze

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Severe frosts reached the Black Sea coast. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, the water turned into ice. Ice chips float in the water on the beaches, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the shore.

Due to the current situation, maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, on the coast of the beaches the thickness of ice reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria have declared a "yellow" and "orange" hazard code.

Nevertheless, the inhabitants of these countries do not despair: they use the frozen water as a skating rink, they build sculptures from ice and snow. AT last time such weather anomalies occurred in 1977, when the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa completely froze.

(Total 16 photos)

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1. Bad weather hit the Black Sea coast. In the photo: The frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

2. Ice chips float near the beaches, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the land. Waves prevent the sea from completely covering with a dense crust. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

3. The surface of the sea near Evpatoria began to be covered with ice. The freezing area is approximately two thousand square meters. In the photo: Ice-covered pier in Evpatoria. (Stringer/Reuters)

4. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, the water turned into ice, which is noted for the first time in 30 years. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

5. Seagulls against the backdrop of ice blocks in Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

6. Due weather conditions Maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

7. People walk in the frozen Black Sea next to the ice-covered dam in Constanta, Romania. (Daniel Mihailescu/AFP/Getty Images)

8. The Romanian port of Constanta is also closed, on the coast of the beaches the ice thickness reaches 40 centimeters.

9. Both Romania and Bulgaria have declared a "yellow" and "orange" hazard code.

10. An icy ship off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak/ITAR-TASS)

11. Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

12. Frozen Black Sea off the coast of Evpatoria. (Aleksey Pavlishak/ITAR-TASS)15. The ice formed in calm weather conditions blocks the ships. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

16. Vessel in the ice of the Black Sea off the coast of Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)

Among the southern and western Slavs, Mora is a demon that strangles and torments a sleeping person, leaning on his chest at night.

Poles and Kashubians believe that if six or seven daughters are born in a family in a row, then the latter becomes Mora.

According to Czech beliefs, children born with teeth become Mora, and according to Serbian and Croatian, children born in a “shirt”, usually bloody or blue.

Serbs believe that Mora is a girl born in a bloody shirt, which the midwife burned on fire.

Serbs and Croats also believe that Mora is the daughter of a Veshtitsa, and also that children conceived by a woman on a holiday or during menstruation become Moras.

According to Polish beliefs, the girl from which Mora is obtained has two souls - good and evil, while the evil soul flies out of the body of the sleeping Mora and harms people, but Mora herself does not suspect anything.

Mora's demonic properties manifest themselves at night, and the rest of the time she is no different from those around her.

Western Slavs believe that Mory strangles people against their will when their hour comes.

According to Bulgarian and Polish beliefs, Mory are the souls of people who died without confession, buried in violation of the funeral ritual, as well as children of unbaptized or incorrectly baptized babies.

The Poles, Czechs and Lusatians also know beliefs about Mors - men.

The Poles believe that Mora is invisible or looks like an indistinct human shadow, she has a transparent body, she is thin, bony, she has abnormally long legs, arms, nails.

According to Serbian beliefs, Mora can take the form of a moth or a mosquito, as well as animals associated with other world: bat, cat, mouse.

Mora climbs onto the chest of a sleeping person, crushes and torments him, drinks his blood, and in women sucks milk from their breasts.

According to some beliefs, there are several varieties of Pestilence: one sucks and chokes people, another sucks the sap of trees, the third - vegetables and weeds.

Mora's victim turns pale, languishes, and soon dies.

Mora can enter the room through any, even the smallest opening, including through the keyhole.

The Poles and Kashubians believe that Mora moves in a sieve, on a broomstick, a wheelbarrow wheel, a reel, a spinning wheel (cf.

spinning wheel) or in a cart with one wheel.

A knife, a needle stuck in clothes, an ax or other iron object, garlic, a belt placed over a blanket, bread, a mirror are used as amulets from Mora.

To stop visiting Morata, you need to recognize her.

To do this, the person whom Mora is strangling must tell her: “Come in the morning, I will give you bread and salt.”

The first woman to arrive in the morning will be Mora.

She needs to be given the promise, after which she will no longer come to this house.

Morata can be disposed of by trapping the animal she has turned into and mutilating it.

A newborn with teeth was given a piece of wood in his mouth so that the harmfulness of the child would pass onto it.

Mora comes from the double souls.

Polish pestilence strangles sleeping people.

The Croats baptized the mora three times with a fico, after spitting on it, which tormented the child.

Interpretation of dreams from the Dream Interpretation of the Ancient Slavs

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As a rule, the Black Sea does not freeze in winter. But it happens that winter temperatures drop so low that the sea off the coast in the northwestern part freezes for a short time. The climate of the Black Sea is mainly continental.

Significant influence on the weather over the Black Sea has Atlantic Ocean, over which most of the cyclones originate, bringing bad weather and storms to the sea.

Sea water is a natural aqueous solution of various salts, in which the bulk are sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur ions, and also contain suspended solids, dissolved gases, and some organic compounds.

The presence of dissolved salts in sea water affects the freezing point of water. Sea water, which has an average salinity for the oceans (3.5%), freezes at -1.9 degrees Celsius. So we note that the waters of the Black Sea, as a rule, are not subject to freezing.

But in history there are cases when the Black Sea froze.

Consider them:
The first information about an unusually severe winter and the fact that the Black Sea was partially frozen is found in the letters of Ovid, a poet of ancient times, who was exiled at the beginning of the 1st century BC. e. in the lower reaches of the Danube. He writes: "... Istres (Danube) has become cold three times, and the wave of the sea has hardened three times."
From other, later reports about unusual cold weather in the Black Sea region, we learn a lot of interesting things:

-In the winter of 400-401. “... for 20 days the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and most of the Black Sea froze. In the spring, mountains of ice went through the streets of Constantinople for 30 days.

-In the winter of 557-558."... The Black Sea was covered with ice for a large area."

Byzantine, Arabic and Western European chronicles testify that in 763-764“... the winter is fierce. From the beginning of October, there was a great cruel cold not only in our land (Byzantium), but also in the east, north, west, so that the northern part of the Pontic (Black) Sea turned into stone 100 miles from the coast ... And the same thing happened from Zikhia ( Taman Peninsula) to the Danube, from the Kufis River (Kuban) to the Dniester and Dnieper, from all other banks to the Media. When the snow fell on such thick ice, its thickness increased even more, and the sea took on the appearance of land. And they walked along it as if on dry land from the Crimea to Thrace and from Constantinople to Scutari. In February, the ice broke into pieces, like great mountains. There were so many crystal blocks rushing from the Black Sea that they formed a huge ice bridge in the Bosphorus.

The winter was extremely strong. 1233-34. A number of authors confirm that the northern part of the Black Sea has frozen.

Winter 1543-44 was exceptionally cold for many European countries- Germany, France, the countries of the Northern Black Sea region. The north of the Black Sea was covered with ice.

According to the South Russian Chronicle, even in Russia “there were great snows and a hard winter with frosts, from which many Swedes perished,” the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

- “Great” is called winter 1788-89 In Crimea, frosts reached -25 degrees, in the Northern Black Sea region "the winter is cruel, full of frosts, people crawled out of the huts through the roofs because of the great snows", the northern part of the Black Sea froze. It was during this winter, on December 6, in the bitter cold, that the Russian army stormed the fortress of Ochakov.

winter 1953-54. rightfully called the "winter of the century." On the southern coast of Crimea, frosts persisted for three months in a row, the average monthly temperature in February was 10-12 degrees below normal, in Yalta the height of the snow cover during this period exceeded 30 centimeters. The Sea of Azov completely froze Kerch Strait a stable road connection was opened, the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

So, over the past 2 thousand years, more than 20 "strong" winters have been noted in the Black Sea region. The time interval between them is on average 75 years (in most cases, from 60 to 90 years).

Stunning photos of the frozen Black Sea.by Dmytro Dokunov

Ice cover in the Black Sea often formed only off the northern shores, and then in a relatively harsh winters. Ice usually does not appear near the Caucasian and Anatolian coasts. Almost every year, the Dnieper-Bug and Dniester estuaries, lakes near the Danube Delta and on the northwestern coast freeze. In very cold winters, the Danube River is icebound, and in some cases, the coastal strip of the sea. During the period of ice drift, the current carries the ice south to the Bulgarian shores; usually they reach Cape Kaliakra, and in rare cases they descend further south. In exceptionally severe winters, when the sea freezes off the Bulgarian coast, broken ice even carries to the Bosphorus and to Eregli.

Off the coast of the Crimea, ice usually forms up to Cape Tarkhankut, and broken ice reaches Evpatoria. Rendered from Sea of Azov ice often appears near the Kerch Strait and in eastbound reaches Anapa, in the west - to Feodosia.

Herodotus gives the first information about freeze-ups in the Black Sea; he mentions that the Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait) and Meotida (Sea of Azov) are often covered with a fairly thick layer of ice, which, breaking in the spring, is carried to Pontus (Black Sea). The Roman poet Ovid, exiled to Scythia Minor (Dobruja), writes that in the period from 7 to 17, the Danube and coastal sea waters froze for a considerable distance during three winters. Nolian (3rd century) reports frequent freeze-ups on the Danube. Significant freezing of the Black Sea was observed in 401. Amian Marcellinus writes that almost the entire sea froze, in spring the ice fields filled the Bosporus, and from it they went out into the Sea of Marmara and swam there for about a month. Byzantine sources mention the freezing of the Bosporus in 739, 753 and 755. In 755, ice formed in the Sea of Marmara and clogged the Dardanelles.

The most intense ice formation, in 762, was reported by Patriarch Nikephoros and the chronicler Kodrin: the Black Sea froze about 100 miles from land, even in the region of the Anatolian coast. From Mesemvria (Nesebar) one could walk along the ice to the Caucasian coast.

Freezing in the Bosporus was observed in 928 and 934. In 1011, not only the Bosporus froze, but also part of the Sea of Marmara. At the same time, great colds came in Syria and Egypt, ice appeared in the lower reaches of the Nile River. The northern part of the Black Sea froze, according to Prince Gleb Svyatoslavich, in 1068.

Ice appeared on southern shores Black Sea and in the Bosphorus and in 1232, 1621, 1669 and 1755. In 1813, the Black Sea was covered with ice off the northern shores up to southern regions Crimea. The Bosphorus froze in 1823, 1849 and 1862.

In 1929, 1942 and 1954 ice formed almost along the entire Bulgarian coast, at the same time the ice penetrated into the Bosphorus. Freezing in the northwestern part of the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov and a strong ice drift on the Danube in 1972 caused the appearance of ice fields near the Bulgarian coast even south of the cape Kaliakra. But prolonged winds from land carried them to the open sea.

The appearance of ice and slush in the shallow parts of the bays of the Bulgarian coast was also observed in other years. Lakes lying near the sea coast freeze much more often.

Ice formed from sea water contains less salt than the water contained. At education sea ice between ice crystals, consisting of pure water, small drops of sea water (brine) linger. Over time, the brine

goes down, the ice is desalinated, and air bubbles appear in it, creating its porosity.

Fresh waters freeze at 0°C, saline waters freeze at lower temperatures. In the oceans, water freezes at a temperature of -1.9 to -2 ° C, in the Black Sea - at a temperature of -0.9 ° C, but only in calm weather. With strong excitement in the water, ice crystals form - ice porridge, while the water temperature can be about -1.1 or -1.2 ° C.

The salinity of the lower part of the ice submerged in water is higher than the upper part, even in freshwater ice that is in the sea, the lower part is saturated with sea water.

The salinity of the upper layers of sea ice is negligible. When ice ages, its chemical composition changes - the amount of chlorides decreases and the amount of bicarbonates increases.

In general, the ice cover contains significantly less salts than sea water.

The dream book claims that night dreams about the sea testify: in a person’s life there comes a time when he depends not only on his own strength, but also on other circumstances. Interpretations are also based on the plots of the vision, on the image of the element itself: affectionate or formidable. But all astrologers agree on one thing: a dream about the sea is an important warning.

There is a version that in dreams about the beauties of the sea, our expectations and dreams came true: the quiet surface of the water - to wonderful changes in life, and the raging waves - to trouble. Such stereotypes have been created for centuries, because people have always not only respected this element, but also feared it, trying to appease the sea gods. Times have changed, but the attitude to visions has remained. Dream Interpretations give several explanations for what the sea dreamed of, in which the water is clean and clear:

to the realization of aspirations and desires;
to the successful resolution of problems;
to a stable and peaceful life;
to an ideal relationship with loved ones;
to the need for a reassessment of values.

Some predictors see in a calm sea and disturbing notes for the dreamer, such as:

Alienation in relationships. If in the near future it is possible to refrain from quarrels, then the cooling itself will come to naught.
The solution of important issues may stall, calm at sea is associated with stagnation in business.
It's time to think about the reassessment of values, not to drive away sad thoughts, but to analyze them.

Why dream of a dirty sea?

Seeing dirty water in a dream is considered a bad sign, the same applies to sea water. A muddy sea in a dream is a signal of a possible quarrel with friends, relatives or colleagues. Some dream books advise you to prepare for the dangers that may lie in wait in reality. Astrologers give several interpretations of such a dream:

being in the water is a warning about gossip around you;
to see a calm, dirty sea from the side - to witness unpleasant events;
to observe large muddy waves - the problems will affect the dreamer directly.

What is the dream of the blue sea?

The most beautiful and pleasant dream is azure to the very horizon, gentle sun and surf. Why is the blue sea dreaming? It has long been known that calm, blue sea water personified a rich catch for our ancestors - for good. Today it is associated with the best impressions. summer holiday. Therefore, the interpretation of the dream is very rosy:

to a pleasant, long-awaited meeting;
to wonderful surprises;
to find spiritual harmony;
to a quiet period in life.

If small waves are visible on the surface of the water, this speaks of creative inspiration; to see a light storm of the blue sea in a dream is an explosion of pleasant emotions. And to see fish in the sea - to the fulfillment of desire. According to the dream book, the sea has other interpretations, less pleasant, which depend on the dreamer's actions:

to see the blue sea from a boat, far from the coast - a warning against erroneous decisions;
you can’t get to land - soon you will need the help of friends;
if you accidentally fell into a calm, blue-hued sea, you can call the authorities.

Why is the green sea dreaming?

The shade of sea water plays an important role, some dream of emerald waves. What does it mean to dream of a green sea? For some reason, most dream books mark an unpleasant sign:

health problems may arise;
unpleasant events are coming when you have to defend your point of view;
wander in the greenish waves of the surf - hopes will not come true, but bad consequences can be avoided;
quarrels with relatives are not excluded in the near future;
for business people- to money problems in business.

What is the dream of the cold sea

But if you suddenly dream of the icy waters of Antarctica, it’s time to be alert. Everything related to cold weather is always interpreted by astrologers not very positively, and such a dream is no exception. Why dream of a frozen sea? The stars say that the expanses of the sea, covered with ice, confirm the unfulfillment of strong desires. If the ice binds the surface only near the shore, some of the plans will still come true. As for the dreamer's actions:

Collide with an iceberg - expect unpleasant news about your loved one.
Dive under the ice - you have to risk yourself for the sake of your relatives;
Walk on frozen sea- soon you will be in the spotlight;
To see how the ice breaks on the sea - you will become the cause of the collapse of someone's plans.

It happens that the dreamer is faced with a cold sea, without ice. He ventured to swim in this - he will be able to overcome the fear of obstacles. The water is clean - the barriers will be small, if muddy and dirty - they may not be on the shoulder. When you dream of a morning beach with still unheated sea water, this suggests that a situation will soon arise when subordination in relationships comes first.

Why dream of a vacation at sea?

The most pleasant dream is about relaxing on the sea coast, it’s only a pity that the awakening will turn out to be a little sad. But you can console yourself with favorable forecasts. Why dream of relaxing at sea?

Expect fun surprises and entertainment.
If you dream of a family vacation, then soon you will have to take care of loved ones.
If on vacation - a warm sun, clear water and the soft breeze of the beach, then you can safely count on complete well-being in the future.

Why dream of swimming in the sea?

Another of the pleasant visions is sea bathing, provided that the water is gentle and warm, and since in most cases people dream resort option bathing, astrologers call such a dream a pleasant omen. Why dream of swimming in the sea? The interpretation also depends on the actions of the participants in the dreams:

Seeing someone bathing means you can help a friend deal with a difficult problem.
splash around in sea waves- all plans are being implemented successfully, you can expect a cash profit.
Swimming in a calm sea - for quick travels or important changes in fate.
Breaking the waves in a storm is a romantic adventure.
Swimming in the sea in a dream with someone - a true like-minded person will appear. For a girl to frolic in the waves with a man, she will soon enter into a spiritually compatible marriage.
If in a dream you saw how many people bathe, you will be able to successfully apply your talents.

Why dream of drowning in the sea?

Drowning in the sea in a dream or seeing others drown is no less unpleasant sight than in reality. Therefore, positive omens cannot be expected here, but astrologers warn: this is not about an imminent death, but about an important warning that plays a special role. So it’s worth remembering carefully both the details of the dream and its plot. The dream book "sea" gives the following interpretations:

Seeing from the outside how you are drowning yourself is a big financial hassle, large loans are not excluded.
At work, you can expect an unscheduled "work emergency".
Drowning in troubled waters, but swimming out at the last moment - to the difficulties that will be overcome.
If you throw a lifeline, you will have to go into debt, but friends will help you pay off.
If in a dream you dreamed how they went to the bottom - to an accident or illness.

Why dream of a tide on the sea?

Seeing a sea with waves in a dream - to restless events in life, the higher the waves, the more difficult the chores will be. If the water is cloudy, you can’t do without gossip, you should be careful in conversations with colleagues. If the waves are transparent, then routine problems will make themselves felt. And what does the sea mean in a dream at high tide: when water arrives, this is the peak of luck in business, favorable new circumstances will appear. If the sea level rises quickly, with foam - it is worth waiting for emotional experiences, chores are possible. Gentle, soft tide promises a pleasant stay.

Why dream of a calm sea?

Seeing a calm sea in a dream is a good omen. Some astrologers explain this vision by the need to bring a little excitement and adrenaline into your life. But most predictors agree that the sea surface without waves is a symbol of a happy life. Or evidence that a white streak will soon appear in business, things will go well. It is possible to receive long-awaited news. But plunging into the water during a calm is already evidence of future changes in life.

Why dream of a storm at sea?

A storm at sea for our ancestors was an alarming sign; in reality, this phenomenon promised a lot of trouble to the inhabitants of coastal villages and those who were far from the coast. Therefore, the decoding of such a vision remains unpleasant. What is the dream of the sea with waves:

to loss and failure in business;
to difficult trials;
to a serious illness - one's own or loved ones.

The interpretation also depends on the plot and the time of sleep:

Seeing someone's death during a storm - to the death of relatives.
If the waves with huge caps of foam - to deceptive hopes.
I dreamed of a sea storm from Thursday to Friday - to sad news from afar, and from Friday to Saturday - to a quarrel with a friend.
The dreamer is on the shore during a storm - evidence that troubles will bypass.
The storm destroyed your house - to big trouble, moreover, friends are unlikely to be able to provide support and assistance.
To see how a sea storm sinks a ship - to tangible monetary losses.

What is the dream of the dried sea?

The dream book of stories about the sea contains many different interpretations. If you look at sea water - to news from distant relatives, then look at the surf - to the expected solution to problems that will happen by itself. It is extremely rare for people to dream of a dried-up sea, this is considered a very unfavorable sign. Astrologers agree in an omen that hard times await the dreamer, it is possible that in all areas of life. Such a dream about the sea can portend financial difficulties, the collapse of a career, and problems in the family. But if you heed this warning and take action, troubles can be completely avoided.