In what year did the Eyyafjallajökull volcano erupt. The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, which disrupted air traffic in the world: a history of eruptions and video

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On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspace - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Eyyafjallajokull(Eyjafjallajokull) means "Island of mountain glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Mirdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.

The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a conical glacier, the sixth largest in Iceland. The height of the volcano is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.

Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where volcanic eruptions occur quite frequently. Almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth are represented in this country. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.

Since many volcanoes in Iceland are covered with glaciers, they often melt them from below. The tongues of the glaciers break away from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice, which demolish everything in its path.

It is from these fears that such serious security measures were taken in Iceland after the awakening of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. In particular, after its March eruption, traffic on nearby roads was stopped and residents were evacuated. Local authorities feared that the volcanic lava would melt the glacier and cause severe flooding.

However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that threats to local residents eruption does not represent. A few days later, the authorities allowed people to return to their homes.

Volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption on camera, they saw that the crack from which the lava comes out has a length of about 500 meters. In addition, the shooting was carried out from the air. The set was published on the popular YouTube video portal.

Here is one of these shootings - a spectacle that is bewitchingly beautiful and frightening at the same time.

Icelandic scientists have been watching the volcano for a long time, looking for signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last another year or even two. The last eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was recorded in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock, has been created.

Scientists record outbreaks of giant and the most dangerous volcano Katla in Iceland, who was silent for almost a hundred years. A volcanic explosion can be so massive that the volcano releases toxic ash into the atmosphere that can instantly kill more than 200,000 people. Katla is a close neighbor of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, whose eruption in April 2010 caused the worst aviation collapse since World War II.

Deep under a glacier in Iceland, a massive catastrophe is brewing. According to experts, the Katla volcano, popularly known as " evil witch, is preparing to unleash its deadly wrath on all of Northern Europe.

Katla is a volcano south coast Iceland, one of the largest in the country.

AT this moment Katla shows all the clear signs of an imminent explosion. It can be so colossal that the volcano will release toxic ash emissions into the atmosphere that can instantly kill more than 200,000 people. Scientists fear that Katla will again plunge Europe into chaos, as in 2010, when the eruption of its neighbor, the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, led to the largest air collapse since the Second World War. A powerful ash column practically paralyzed air traffic - millions of people were stuck in Northern Europe from mid-April to mid-May.

In total, 14 Katla eruptions are known. Previously, the volcano erupted every 50-80 years, but since 1918 it has been silent - during the last eruption, it threw five times more ash into the sky than its neighbor Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. Katla's eruption predicted today will be the first in nearly 100 years. Currently, Katla emits 12 to 24 kilotons of carbon dioxide daily, the volcano's magma chambers are filling up, which indicates an impending disaster and makes experts sound the alarm.

The peak of seismic activity in Iceland occurs in autumn, which carries the highest risk of eruptions. The accumulation of magma inside Katla is greatly enhanced by the presence of a glacier on its crater - this acts in the same way as the lid on a giant pressure cooker. The fact that the volcano is hidden under glaciers also makes it much more difficult to monitor its activity.

Katla is far from the major settlements of Iceland, and the eruption does not threaten the locals. One of the main dangers is that Katla's volcanic activity can cause powerful melting of nearby glaciers and flooding of neighboring areas with melt water.

The Icelanders have a legend about Katla that goes back over eight centuries. According to legend, Katla is the name of a hot-tempered and cruel housekeeper at a local monastery who possessed supernatural powers. Once, when she was accused of witchcraft, the "evil witch" escaped and jumped into the Mýrdalsjökull glacier (which is located above the volcano). An eruption began, destroying the monastery and killing all its inhabitants. Legend warns that one day Katla will return for revenge.

Eyjafjallajökull volcano has woken up in Iceland after a 200-year "hibernation". The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that a state of emergency was declared in the country and hundreds of residents of nearby settlements were evacuated.
On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspace - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Eyjafjallajokull means "Island of Mountain Glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Mirdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.

However, after the research, experts came to the conclusion that the eruption does not pose a threat to local residents. A few days later, the authorities allowed people to return to their homes.

If the current eruption continues for as long, the airspace over Europe will have to be periodically closed and opened, depending on the activity of the volcano, warns Professor Bill McGuire, an expert at the Center for the Study of Natural Disasters at University College London.

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Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption(also "Eyyafjadlayok at dl"; isl. Eyjafjallajokull) in Iceland began on the night of March 20-21, 2010 and took place in several stages. The main consequence of the eruption was the release of a cloud of volcanic ash, which disrupted air traffic in Northern Europe.

First eruption.

Since the end of 2009, seismic activity has increased in Eyjafjallajökull. Until March 2010, there were about a thousand tremors with a force of 1-2 points at a depth of 7-10 km under the volcano.

At the end of February 2010, GPS measurements conducted by the Icelandic Meteorological Institute in the region of the glacier recorded a movement of the earth's crust by 3 cm in a southeasterly direction. Seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5 (three thousand tremors per day).

Temperature map

About 500 local residents were resettled from the area around the volcano (since the intense melting of the glacier under which the volcano was located could cause flooding of the area). Keflavik International Airport (city of Keflavik) was closed.

On March 19, shaking began east of the northern crater at a depth of 4-7 km. Then the activity began to spread to the east and rise to the surface.

The volcanic eruption began on March 20, 2010 between 22:30 and 23:30 GMT. At that time, a 0.5 km long fault formed in the eastern part of the glacier (at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level, in the direction from northeast to southwest). During the eruption, large ash emissions were not recorded, the cloud rose to a height of about 1 km.

On March 25, due to the water of the melted glacier that got into the crater, a steam explosion occurred in the crater, after which the eruption moved into a more stable phase.

On March 31, at about 19:00 (Icelandic time), a new fissure (0.3 km long) opened, which is located about 200 m northeast of the first one.

Second eruption.

Second eruption, view from the north, April 2, 2010

On April 13, around 23:00, seismic activity was recorded under the central part of the volcano, to the west of the two erupting fissures. About an hour later, a new eruption began on the southern edge of the central caldera. The ash column rose 8 km. A new fissure was formed about 2 km long (in the direction from north to south). Water from the active melting of the glacier flowed both north and south into inhabited areas. About 700 people were evacuated. During the day, melt waters flooded the highway, causing damage. Volcanic ash has been recorded in southern Iceland.

Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15 in the area of high pressure over the Norwegian Sea. Aqua satellite image.

On April 15-16, the height of the ash column reached 13 km. When ash hits a height above 11 km above sea level, it enters the stratosphere with a possible transfer to considerable distances. Significant spread of the ash cloud in eastbound contributed to the anticyclone over the North Atlantic.

Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15. Aqua satellite image.

On April 17-18, the eruption continued. The height of the ash column was estimated at 8-8.5 km, which means the cessation of the ingress of igneous material into the stratosphere.

Impact on air traffic in Europe.

On April 15, 2010, due to the high intensity of the eruption and the release of ash, air traffic was suspended in northern Sweden, Denmark, Norway and in the northern regions of the UK.

Due to the high concentration of volcanic ash in the air on April 15, 2010 (the ash cloud rose to a height of 6 km), all UK airports stopped their work from noon, and Danish airports were closed from 21:00 Moscow time. On April 15, 2010, 5,000 to 6,000 flights across Europe were cancelled.

At the same time, the airspace of Iceland itself and its airports remained open.

Flights to Europe from America and Asia (USA, China, Japan) were postponed indefinitely.

According to the International Association air transport airlines' daily losses from flight cancellations amounted to at least 200 million USD.

The Association of European Airlines on April 19 called for an "immediate review of restrictions and bans" on flights to airspace European Union. According to the results of test flights conducted by some European airlines, the ash does not pose a danger to air traffic. The International Air Transport Association has criticized governments European states for the lack of thoughtfulness in the introduction of flight bans. " The European governments decided without consulting anyone and without adequately assessing the degree of risk,- said the head of ICAO Giovanni Bisignani. - It is based on theory, not facts.».

According to CEO EU transport organization Matthias Root's flight ban was prompted by a computer program of dubious scientific value that simulates the spread of volcanic ash. He urged EU leaders to consider adopting US-style safety rules. " On the other side of the Atlantic, airlines would be given one piece of advice: don't fly over a volcano. Otherwise, all the necessary precautions would be left to be determined by the carriers themselves.”, said Matthias Ruth.

The volcanic eruption prevented the leaders of many heads of state from flying to the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and those killed in a plane crash near Smolensk on April 10, 2010.

Distribution of volcanic ash in Russia.

According to the Met Office, UK, as of 18:36 April 18, 2010, volcanic ash in Russia was recorded in the Kola Peninsula, in the south of the Central Federal District, parts of the Volga, Southern and North Caucasian federal districts, as well as in the north east of the Northwestern Federal District. St. Petersburg was on the border of the expected spread of ash, according to forecasts, the ash was supposed to reach the city on the night of April 18-19. Volcanic ash was not registered on the territory of Moscow, and its distribution was not expected in the next day (April 19).

According to other information, the first particles of volcanic ash reached Moscow on April 16, 2010. On the night of April 16-17, small particles of ash could be collected on a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill. The study of particles under a microscope showed the presence of fragments of plagioclase crystals and foamed volcanic glass.

Marina Petrova, director general of the meteorological agency Roshydromet, said on April 19 that Russian experts do not observe volcanic ash over the territory of Russia. Director of the Federal Information and Analytical Center of Roshydromet Valery Kosykh said that the data on ash over Russia is based on information from the London Volcanic Ash Tracking Center. “The main problem is that no one in Russia can measure the concentration of this ash,” he said.

Volcanic ash distribution patterns.

Ash cloud spread by April 17, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 19, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 21, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 22, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Impact on the environment.

Volcanic eruptions emit huge volumes of aerosols, suspended particles, which are carried by tropospheric and stratospheric winds and absorb part of the solar radiation. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines sent so much ash to a height of 35 km that the average level of solar radiation decreased by 2.5 W / m 2, which corresponds to a global cooling of at least 0.5-0.7 ° C, but, according to IGRAN Deputy Director for Science Arkady Tishkov, “ something that went up in the air in Iceland until it even reached a volume of one cubic kilometer. These emissions are not as large as, for example, those that were noted as a result of recent eruptions in Kamchatka or Mexico.". He believes that the " this is a completely normal event.”, which may affect the weather, but will not cause climate change.

RUBRIC: MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Almost every type of volcano found on Earth is represented in Iceland. Actually, the country is one big "Vulkanland". Icelandic volcanoes, filled with magma, can eject much more volume than their mainland cone-shaped brothers. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
Eyjafjallajokull Volcano (Eyjafjallajokull), in translation - "Island of mountain glaciers", is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is crowned by a conical glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in the area occurred in 1821-1823, and before that - in 1612.
ERUPTION - WRATH OF THE EARTH!
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull woke up after a 200-year hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, which rose to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather, began on the night of April 14.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash became visible over the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of the ongoing eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in the past few days.
The red-hot magma changed course and began to flow underground right in the area of the glacier, volcanologist Sigurun Hansdottir, who, along with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, has been monitoring the activity of the volcano over the past three months, told reporters. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, so there are incessant explosions at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano emits sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The last of these is odorless and is a deadly gas.
Thousand hectares of land to the east of the crater are covered with a thick layer of ash.
So far, it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyyafyatlayokudl in the immediate vicinity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud prevents them from approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much of the emitted substances enter the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, about four million tons of volcanic substances are released.
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption on camera. They saw that the crack from which the lava comes out has a length of about 500 meters.
On the 15th, Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, noted that the volcano had stepped up its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. It depends on how long the volcano will spew ash. This data is provided by the Republican Center for Radiation Control and Monitoring environment from the London Clearing House. Information is updated every six hours.
Stormy correspondence ensued on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
PLANES - THREATS
Once in the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt, solidify again in cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, which is a mixture of glass particles, sand and rocks, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet ones.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aviation engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in the combustion chambers, clogging them. And stick further on the turbine blades. The engines may eventually stop. Peroclastic, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ashes, are dangerous for working mechanisms.
Besides, a large number of ash is deposited on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. The third big danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basaltic, and during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur, as a low-melting element, when in contact with hot parts of the aircraft, mixed with ash, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of turbine blades.
The trajectory of the movement of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of aircraft movement. Therefore, the airports were obliged to stop flights, as the situation could lead to malfunctions. aircraft to plane crashes.
If the wind direction were north, then in general, by and large, no one except specialists would have noticed this eruption.
"This fine dust is a very nasty thing," Stuart John, professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. "It clogs the vents through which air is supplied for cooling, and the engines stall."
PLANES - COLLAPSE
There was a transcontinental transport collapse.
On April 15, due to emissions, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close their airports. And not by accident. Finnish Air Force F-18 Hornet fighters were put out of action after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust just before Europe closed airspace.
The aviation crisis, in the first days, according to the European Commission, affected over 10 million passengers; in the future, this number can grow exponentially.
Later, the airports of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PERSPECTIVES
"The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it may continue and disrupt the normal operation of air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years," said Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.
A volcano can paralyze half of the Earth.
In the Russian World Fund wildlife(WWF) warn that the spread of the ash cloud could lead to a cooling of the earth for two to three years, after which there will be a sharp warming in temperature.
In addition, airborne ash particles interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future crops by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and launched the process of global cooling. According to scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors of modern man survived, who laid the foundation for our entire civilization.
The Tambora eruptions in Indonesia in 1815 led to a decrease in the average global temperature by 3 degrees Celsius. The following year, both in Europe and in North America there was no summer, says Aleksey Kokorin, head of the climate program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia.
A cloud of ash from the volcano Krakatau, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years on the whole planet average temperature dropped a few degrees.
The mechanism of "volcanic winter" is this: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun's rays and prevent them from heating the air.
In this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ash fall, as a result of which vast areas can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash can spread not only to the European part of Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also further.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: “It is possible that ash emissions will continue at a similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. However, the question of whether this will interfere with transportation will depend on the weather, on which direction the wind blows ash"…
Aleksey Kokorin is sure that the volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, moreover, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
WILL HECL VOLCANO RUN?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano can wake up a larger volcano located in the neighborhood. If Eyyafyatlayokudl erupts for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its "big neighbor" Katla (Katla), which is located somewhat to the east. “Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we will not be surprised if an eruption much more powerful than we are seeing now occurs in the near future. This will lead to real chaos,” said volcanologist Hansdottir.
SAVE YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Department of Health advises citizens not to leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO officials said they do not know for sure whether the ash threatens people's health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous, as they can cause problems in people with lung diseases.
Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkady Tishkov believes that there is nothing terrible in the eruption for Russia. Yes, the emissions of the volcano entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall on the ground in the form of precipitation, they will slightly oxidize the rains and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: "Locally, acid rain can fall, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity." According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that a cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic in a significant part of it, may pose a danger to wildlife. As experts from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland explained, the cloud contains large concentrations of fluorite, a mineral that is used, in particular, in metallurgy and the chemical industry, as well as in ceramic production. For animals, this substance can be extremely dangerous.

VOLCANOPSYCHOSIS
"It's just that the cloud went to the densely populated territories of Europe, so so much attention to this active volcano. We had more powerful volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion, no excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans," Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called a panic in the full sense of the word, but one can already speak of a "certain psychosis".
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfurous, ammonia gases, however, they can only affect the immediate surroundings.
“There should not be any apocalyptic moods, this is an absolutely ordinary event,” Tishkov said. “This is not the most powerful volcano, and emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere".
NUDE WOMEN PROVOKING VOLCANO ERUPTIONS?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediki, said during the traditional Friday prayer in Tehran that "lewdness, vicious robes give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters."
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediqi said: "Many women dress to show off their virtues. This causes young people to deviate from the true path, soil their chastity, initiate extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes. Cataclysms are the result of human actions, we have no other choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these misfortunes
NORWEGIAN PILOT THINKS IT'S PARANOIA
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvog from the Arctic Tromso. The pilot with 35 years of experience believes that the organizations that have closed air traffic over Europe are paranoid and nothing threatens flights.
“Often we get “black snow” in eastern Norway from industrial emissions in Germany, but we continue to fly,” Siensvåg says. The pilot does not see anything terrible and threatening in air pollution by volcanic ash.
FINANCE SING ROMANCES
The volcano with a difficult name has become the cause of conflicts in travel companies. Travelers are demanding a refund. However, most often they are refused - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose flight was impossible due to the eruption of the Icelandic volcano cannot demand a refund from the tour operator Money for unused days in hotels, as the change in the terms of the tour occurred due to force majeure.
Airlines have suffered losses worth billions of dollars.
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE “GOLDEN BILLION”
First of all, the global corporations and cartels that transport especially valuable cargo for them, the security of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation, will suffer. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities - contracts, shares, bills, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail , precious metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and bioadditives, various prestigious luxury items: crocodile skin, ostrich feathers, jewelry, precious stones, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, furs, high-quality spices, rejuvenating medicines, essential for the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, agent networks, members of the club of billionaires, top officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is threatened with total collapse.

The god of fire showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is now erupting from three vents. They showed up in contrast in a picture taken in thermal rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.

Based on materials from the Internet media
Olga Olenich