At what speed is the plane landing? How to land a plane in an emergency? How takeoff is carried out

Landing is the part of the flight in which the aircraft returns to the ground.
Landing can be: soft, hard, forced and emergency.

The landing phase of the aircraft starts from a height of 15 m above the end of the runway and ends with a run along the runway until it comes to a complete stop aircraft. For light aircraft, the landing phase can start from a height of 9 m.
Landing - the most difficult stage flight, since with a decrease in altitude, the possibility of correcting errors by the pilot or automatic systems decreases.

In this video, I filmed the approach and landing of a Pitts S-2C aircraft during the SUN n "FUN (Florida) air show in 2010

The actual landing is preceded by the landing approach - the part of the flight, which includes pre-landing maneuvering in the airfield area with the landing gear and flaps extended to the landing position.

The landing approach starts at a height of at least 400 m. The approach speed must exceed the stall speed for this aircraft configuration by at least 30%. In an emergency, the approach speed may exceed the stall speed by 25%.

The landing approach is completed either by landing or go-around. The aircraft goes to the second circle when the permissible deviations of the trajectory parameters are exceeded when descending on the glide path from the nominal ones. The pilot must take the decision to land at least at the height of the decision.

The aerial part of the landing lasts a few seconds and includes:
- alignment - part of the landing, during which the vertical rate of descent on the glide path practically decreases to zero. Leveling starts at a height of 5-8 m and ends with a transition to holding at a height of 0.5-1 m.
- holding - part of the landing, during which the further smooth descent of the apparatus continues with a simultaneous decrease in speed and an increase in the angle of attack to values ​​at which landing and run are possible.
- parachuting - part of the landing, which begins with a decrease in wing lift and a smooth approach of the aircraft to the runway surface.
- landing - contact of the aircraft with the earth's surface.
Aircraft with a nose landing gear land on the main landing gear, while aircraft with a tail landing gear land on all landing gear legs simultaneously (landing on three points);

Landing on props located ahead of the center of gravity can lead to the re-separation of the aircraft from the runway - "goat".
According to wikipedia

And now I bring to your attention three videos of the landings collector - TheHardLandings:
The first is the most dangerous airfields for landing aircraft.
The second two are rough landings.
In the second video, starting from the 4th minute, historical footage of our Tu-144 is shown

Beautiful takeoffs and soft landings in the New Year!!!

Before the landing approach, the landing approach elements are calculated taking into account the landing mass, centering, runway condition, wind speed and direction, temperature and atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome, V sn , landing speed of the aircraft (Fig. 25).

Usually the landing approach to the VLR is controlled by the automatic control, and the co-pilot performs by the director. The commander of the aircraft controls the speed, monitors the maintenance of landing approach modes, makes a decision and performs a landing.

During the automatic approach, pilots must keep their hands on the controls and their feet on the pedals in order to be ready to take over manual control of the aircraft, especially when one of the pilots is busy with other operations.

During an automatic landing approach at the height of the circle, the "Altitude stabilization" mode of the autopilot is activated. It is installed on the radio altimeter altitude controller VPR (or 60m, if VPR is more than 60m). The speed is reduced to 410-430 km / h Pr and a command is given to the flight engineer to release the landing gear. After the release of the chassis, the speed is set to 390-410 km / h Ex. At this speed, the slats are extended by 25° and the flaps by 15°. The speed decreases in the process of release-mechanization to 350-360 km / h Pr. At this speed, the third turn is performed (see Fig. 25).

The release of the flaps into the slats should be done in straight flight. If the aircraft begins to roll during the release of the wing lift, it is necessary to suspend the release with the reserve flap control switch, eliminate the roll by turning the yoke and perform a landing with the wing lift in the position at which the aircraft roll began. After completing the third turn at a speed of 350-330 km/h, extend the flaps by 30° and reduce the flight speed to 320-300 km/h. Stalling speed with a mass of 175t and mechanization 30°/25° V sv \u003d 226 km / h Ave. At the same time, the aircraft is well stable in control. The fourth turn is performed at a speed of 320-300 km / h Ex. Before entering the glide path, 3-5 km away (at the moment the bar is off scale), set the speed to 280 km/h Pr on the UCS AT, and when the speed decreases to 300 km/h Pr, give the command to the co-pilot "Mechanization 40°/35°". If the extension speed is greater than the recommended one, then the flaps extend only 33°.

During the release of the wing mechanization, it is necessary to control the operation of the APS, which should ensure the position of the elevator close to neutral. After the full extension of the flaps, before entering the glide path, set the value of the approach speed on the UCS AT (Table 21).

Descent to landing on the glide path should be performed at a constant speed up to the height of the beginning of the leveling. It is not recommended to use the stabilizer when descending along the glide path. If necessary, they can provide longitudinal balancing until the pneumosignaling device "Rearrange the stub."

On the glide path, the co-pilot reports to the aircraft commander about the deviation of the speed from the calculated one, if the difference is more than 10 km/h.

At an altitude of less than 100 m, you need to carefully monitor the vertical rate of descent. During the flight of the LBM, the possibility of continuing the landing approach to the VLOOKUP is assessed. Aircraft deviations from the given trajectory along the course and glide path must not exceed one point on the PNP scale. The overflight height of the LMP should correspond to the value set for the given aerodrome. Banking angles must not exceed 8° after fitting into the course equisignal line.

After entering the glide path, when the AT is turned on, the movement of the throttle is controlled by the flight engineer. Upon reaching an altitude 40-60 m higher than the TLR, the co-pilot reports: "Assessment".

At an altitude that is 40-50m higher than the TLR, the pilot-in-command gives the command to the co-pilot: "Hold on instruments" and begins to establish visual contact with ground references. Having established visual contact with ground references and having determined the possibility of landing, he informs the crew: "We are landing."

If the aircraft position is assessed as non-landing before reaching the VLOOKUP, the aircraft commander presses the "2nd circle" button and at the same time informs the crew: "We are leaving".

Alignment begins at a height of at least 8-12m. In the process of alignment, making sure of the accuracy of the calculation, at N≤5m gives the command to the flight engineer: "Low throttle". Retracting throttles to idle before leveling off can result in loss of speed and a rough landing.

During a descent with bumpiness in the expected wind shear, the flight speed along the glide path should be increased in proportion to the wind gusts near the ground, but not more than 20 km/h. When the aircraft enters an intense downdraft, leading to an increase in the set vertical rate of descent according to the variometer by more than 2.5 m/s or when the increment in accelerometer overload is more than 0.4 units, and also if an increase in the engine mode is required to maintain flight along the glide path to the nominal, it is necessary to set the engines to takeoff mode, go around.

The descent of the aircraft from a height of 15 m and before leveling off should be carried out along the center line of the runway at constant vertical and forward speeds corresponding to the aircraft's flight mass and flight conditions; carry out visual observation of the ground to assess and maintain the angle of descent and direction of flight. Deviations of the controls at this stage should be small in amplitude, the actions are proactive, so as not to cause lateral and longitudinal swaying of the aircraft. It is necessary to ensure that the aircraft passes over the threshold of the runway at the specified altitude, with the selected course at the calculated indicated and vertical speeds.

As the flight altitude decreases, more and more attention should be paid to determining the height of the beginning of the alignment both by eye and by radio altimeter, which is 8-12m. With an increase in vertical speed, the height of the start of alignment should be proportionally increased. At leveling, attention should be focused on visually determining the distance to the runway surface (the gaze is directed forward at 50-100m, sliding along the runway surface) and on maintaining the aircraft without rolls and sliding. At the height of the beginning of the alignment, you should smoothly take the helm behind you to increase the pitch angle. This increases the angle of attack of the wing and the lift, which leads to a decrease in the vertical rate of descent. The aircraft continues to move along a curved trajectory (Fig. 26).

The amount of deflection of the control column largely depends on the flight speed and balance of the aircraft. With forward centering and lower speed, the steering column deviation is greater, with rear centering and higher speed, it is less.

In the landing configuration, it is forbidden to throttle the engines to the height of the start of leveling, because. this contributes to a rapid increase in vertical speed in a decrease in forward speed. The reduction of the engine operation mode to idle should begin in the process of further descent. During the alignment process, the throttle is set to the "MG" position (Н≤5m).

As the aircraft approaches the runway surface, the effect of ground proximity begins to affect, which also increases the lift and reduces the vertical rate of descent. Taking into account the influence of the change in the balancing of the throttled motors and the influence of the effect of the proximity of the ground, it is necessary to delay the deflection of the steering wheel towards yourself.

After landing, the front support smoothly lowers. In the process of lowering the nose gear, the pilot-in-command gives the command to the flight engineer: "Spoilers, reverse". After lowering the front landing gear of the aircraft, the control of the rotation of the wheels of the front landing gear from the pedals is switched on.

Rice. 28. Pre-landing descent of the aircraft

Rice. 27. Approach pattern according to ENLGS

Wheel braking is applied in proportion to the length of the runway.

As the ground speed decreases, the rudder efficiency decreases and the front wheel turning efficiency increases. The aircraft has good stability and, as a rule, maintains the direction of the run. The desire to turn often indicates unsynchronized braking, which can occur for various reasons.

At a speed of at least 100 km/h, the thrust reverser is switched off.

In case of emergency, at the discretion of the aircraft commander, it is allowed to use thrust reverse until the aircraft comes to a complete stop. After such a landing, the engines are carefully inspected.

Table 22

landing speeds

The plane picks up speed gradually. The take-off phase lasts a long period of time and begins with the process of movement on the runway. There are several types of takeoff and speed gain.

How is the takeoff

The aerodynamics of an airliner is provided by a special wing configuration, which is almost the same for all aircraft. The lower part of the wing profile is always flat, while the upper part is convex, regardless of the type of aircraft.

The air passing under the wing does not change its properties. At the same time, the air flow passing through the convex upper part of the wing narrows. Thus, less air passes through the top of the wing. Therefore, in order for the same air flow to pass per unit of time, it is necessary to increase the speed of its movement.

As a result, there is a difference in air pressure in the lower and upper parts of the wing of an airliner. This is explained by Bernoulli's law: an increase in the speed of air flow leads to a decrease in its pressure.

Lift is generated from the difference in pressure. Its action seems to push the wing up, and with it the entire aircraft. The aircraft lifts off the ground at the point in time when the lift force exceeds the weight of the airliner. This is achieved by accelerating (increasing the speed of the aircraft leads to an increase in lift).

Interesting. Level flight is achieved when the lift force is equal to the weight of the airliner.

Thus, at what speed the aircraft will take off from the ground depends on the lift force, the value of which is determined primarily by the mass of the airliner. The thrust force of an aircraft engine provides the speed required to increase lift and take off an airliner.

A helicopter flies according to the same principle of aerodynamics. Outwardly, it seems that the propeller of a helicopter and the wing of an aircraft have little in common, however, each propeller blade has the same configuration, providing a difference in airflow pressure.

takeoff speed

In order for a passenger aircraft to take off from the ground, it is necessary to develop a take-off speed that can provide an increase in lift. The greater the weight of an airliner, the greater the acceleration required for the aircraft to take off. What is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff - it depends on the weight of the aircraft.

So, the Boeing 737 will take off the ground only at the moment when the speed on the runway reaches 220 km/h.

The 747th Boeing model has a large mass, which means that it is necessary to develop a high speed for takeoff. The speed of the aircraft of this model during takeoff is 270 km / h.

Planes of the Yak 40 model accelerate to 180 km/h to break away from the runway. This is due to the lower weight of the aircraft compared to the Boeing 737 and 747.

Takeoff types

Several factors influence the takeoff of an aircraft:

• weather;
• runway length (runway);
• runway coverage.

The weather conditions that are taken into account during takeoff of the aircraft include wind speed and direction, air humidity and the presence of precipitation.

In total, there are 4 types of takeoff:

• with brakes;
• classic set of speed;
• takeoff with the help of additional means;
• vertical climb.

The first overclocking option involves achieving the required traction mode. To this end, the airliner stands on the brakes while the engines are running, and is released only when the required mode is reached. This take-off method is used in case of insufficient length of the runway.

The classic takeoff method involves a gradual increase in thrust as the aircraft moves along the runway.

Classic runway takeoff

Auxiliary means are special springboards. Ski-jump take-off is practiced on military aircraft taking off from an aircraft carrier. The use of a springboard helps to compensate for the lack of sufficient runway length.

Vertical takeoff is carried out only with special engines. Thanks to vertical thrust, takeoff is similar to that of a helicopter. Having taken off the ground, such an aircraft smoothly turns into horizontal flight. A striking example of vertical takeoff aircraft is the Yak-38.

Boeing 737 takeoff

To understand exactly how an airplane takes off and picks up speed, you should consider specific example. For all passenger jet aircraft, the take-off and climb pattern is the same. The difference lies only in reaching the required speed of the take-off aircraft, which is determined by the weight of the airliner.

Before the aircraft starts to move, it is necessary that the engine reaches the required operating mode. For a Boeing 737, this value is 800 rpm. When this mark is reached, the pilot releases the brake. The aircraft takes a takeoff run on three wheels, the control stick is in the neutral position.

To get off the ground, the aircraft of this model must first pick up a speed of 180 km / h. At this speed, it is possible to raise the nose of the aircraft, then the aircraft accelerates on two wheels. To do this, the pilot smoothly lowers the control down, as a result, the flaps are deflected, and bow rises up. In this position, the aircraft continues to accelerate, moving along the runway. The airliner will lift off the ground when the acceleration reaches 220 km / h.

It should be understood that this is an average speed value. With a headwind, the speed is less, as the wind makes it easier for the airliner to take off from the ground, further increasing lift.

Acceleration of the aircraft becomes more difficult with high humidity and the presence of precipitation. In this case, the takeoff speed must be faster for the aircraft to take off.

Important! The decision on what speed can be considered sufficient for climbing is made by the pilot, having assessed the weather conditions and the features of the runway.

Airspeed

The flight speed of the aircraft depends on the model and design features. Usually the maximum possible speed is indicated, but in practice such figures are rarely achieved and aircraft fly at cruising speed, which, as a rule, is about 80% of the maximum value.

For example, speed passenger aircraft Airbus A380 is 1020 km / h, this value is indicated in technical specifications aircraft and is the maximum possible flight speed. The flight is carried out at cruising speed, which for this aircraft model is about 900 km / h.

Boeing 747 is designed to fly at a speed of 988 km / h, but flights are made at cruising speed, which varies between 890-910 km / h.

Interesting. The Boeing Company is developing the fastest passenger airliner, maximum speed which will reach 5000 km / h.

How does the plane land

The most crucial moments during the flight are the takeoff and landing of the airliner. Movement in the sky is usually provided by the autopilot, while landing and takeoff are handled by the pilots.

Landing is what most excites passengers, as this process is accompanied by a frightening sensation when descending, and then a jolt when the airliner lands on the runway.

Often, when asking how the flight went, you can get the answer that the landing was soft. It is a soft landing that is considered an indicator of the skill of the pilot.

Landing preparations begin in the air, at an altitude of 25 m above the threshold of the runway for large aircraft, and 9 m for small aircraft. Until the moment when the aircraft is landing, the vertical rate of descent and the lifting speed of the wing are reduced. Decreasing speed causes a reduction in lift, allowing the aircraft to land.

Planes land on the runway immediately. When landing, first contact with the runway occurs, and the aircraft lands on the landing gear. The airliner then continues down the runway on wheels, gradually decelerating. It is the moment of contact with the runway that is accompanied by shaking in the cabin and causes anxiety among passengers.

As a rule, the landing speed is approximately equal to or slightly different from the takeoff speed. So, the Boeing 747 will be able to land at a speed of about 260 km / h.

Video

When the plane lands, all decisions about the need to reduce speed are made by the pilot. Thus, a soft landing characterizes the professional skills of the pilot. However, it should be remembered that the features of the landing of an airliner also depend on a number of climatic factors and runway features.

The engine is working, and the plane is taxiing to the starting position. The pilot sets the engine at low speed, the mechanics take away the tragus from under the wheels and support the wings by the edges.

The aircraft is heading for the runway.

Takeoff

On the runway, the liner is placed against the wind, because it is easier to take off. Then the controller gives permission to take off. The pilot carefully assesses the situation, turns on the engine at full speed and presses the helm forward, raising the tail. The airliner increases speed. The wings are preparing to rise. And now the lifting power of the wings overcomes the weight of the aircraft, and it breaks away from the surface of the earth. For some time, the lifting power of the wings increases, due to which the aircraft gains the desired height. When climbing, the pilot keeps the helm slightly tilted back.

Flight

When the required altitude is reached, the pilot looks at the altimeter and then slows down the engine speed, bringing it to the average level in order to fly level.

During the flight, the pilot observes not only the instruments, but also the situation in the air. Receives commands from the dispatcher. He is focused and ready at any moment to quickly respond and make the only right decision.

Landing

Before starting the descent of the aircraft, the pilot evaluates the landing site from above and slows down the engine speed, slightly tilts the aircraft down and starts the descent.

For the entire period of descent, he constantly makes a calculation:

What is the best way to land

Which way is better to turn

How to make an approach so that when landing you go against the wind

The landing itself mainly depends on the correct calculation for landing. Errors in such a calculation can be fraught with damage to the aircraft, and sometimes lead to disaster.

As the ground approaches, the plane begins to glide. The engine is almost stopped, and the landing begins against the wind. Ahead is the most crucial moment - touching the ground. The plane is landing at high speed. Moreover, the lower speed of the aircraft at the moment the wheels touch the ground, gives a safer landing.

As it approaches the land, when the ship is only a few meters away, the pilot slowly pulls back on the yoke. This gives a smooth lift of the elevator and the horizontal position of the aircraft. At the same time, the operation of the motor is stopped and the speed gradually decreases, therefore, the lifting power of the wings is also reduced to nothing.

The pilot still pulls the steering wheel towards himself, while the bow of the vessel rises, and her tail, on the contrary, falls. The lifting power to keep the aircraft in the air is exhausted, and its wheels gently touch the ground.

The airliner still runs some distance on the ground and stops. The pilot revs the engine and taxis to the parking lot. Mechanics meet him. All stages completed successfully!