How thick is the ice that the icebreaker pierces. Nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" part 1: outside views
Giant dogostroy
The largest icebreaker in the world today is the 50 Years of Victory. It was built in Russia in 2007 at the Baltic Shipyard. The construction of the icebreaker was started in 1989, then it was stopped due to a lack of funding, and resumed in the late nineties. The length of the icebreaker is 159 m, the width is 30 m. The power plant consists of two reactors with a total capacity of 75,000 hp.
Such power could provide electricity to a modern metropolis with a population of 2,000,000 people. Displacement of the icebreaker - 25 thousand tons. The giant is capable of breaking through ice up to 2.8 m thick at a speed of 18 knots.
Champion Virtues
"50 let Pobedy" is the eighth icebreaker built at the Baltic Shipyard, and is the result of a modernized project of Arktika-type nuclear-powered icebreakers. During its development, the designers used the spoon-shaped bow shape, which was first used in the construction of the Canadian icebreaker Kenmar Kigoriyak, which proved to be highly effective during sea trials.
The ship is equipped with an automatic control system complex, which uses new generation digital sensors. The system of radiation and nuclear safety has also been modernized. power plant, which received re-examination in Gostekhnadzor. The nuclear-powered ship is equipped with a modern anti-terror security system. The ecological compartment of the icebreaker is equipped the latest equipment for the accumulation and disposal of waste produced during the life of the vessel.
Icebreaker equipment
The icebreaker has 138 crew and can take 128 passengers on board. Comfortable cabins are equipped with air conditioning systems, separate bathrooms and toilets, safes, refrigerators, TVs, DVD players and telephones. Passenger cabins are divided into standard, junior suite, suite, Victoria suite and Arctic suite. The infrastructure also includes a restaurant and two bars, a music salon, a swimming pool with warm sea water, two saunas, a gym, a sports ground, a shop, a library, a lecture hall, a hospital and a laundry.
Cruises to the North Pole are becoming more and more popular, although it is, of course, an expensive form of recreation. Many are attracted by the opportunity to visit the northernmost geographic point Earth, see marine life in natural conditions: seals, walruses, polar bears. Passenger access to the navigation bridge is not closed almost around the clock.
triumphal procession
Recently, 50 Years of Victory completed another escort of sea tankers through the ice Gulf of Finland. More than 100 vessels used the services of the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker during the scheduled voyage.
During my trip to Murmansk, like everyone else, I visited the nuclear icebreaker Lenin. Therefore, I will describe this vehicle in my multi-photo manner :-)))
Icebreaker Lenin is a three-screw vessel. By architectural type, it is a smooth-deck vessel with a moderate sheer, four continuous decks, an elongated superstructure and two masts. In the aft part of the boat deck there is a runway and a hangar for a helicopter. The chimney is missing.
The unusually large size of the mainmast is due to its use for ventilation of the steam generator plant.
The use of atomic energy determined the features of the internal arrangement of the power, residential and service premises of the vessel. The hull of the icebreaker is divided by the main transverse watertight bulkheads into twelve compartments.
Two longitudinal bulkheads, going from the second bottom to the upper deck, form compartments along the sides, in which mainly ballast, fuel and other tanks are located, above the lower deck - various storerooms, service rooms and crew cabins.
The hull of the icebreaker Lenin is significantly different in design from other Russian-built icebreakers. The bottom, sides, inner decks, platforms and the upper deck at the extremities are built according to the transverse system, and the upper deck in the middle part - along the longitudinal system.
Spacing size 800 mm. Intermediate frames are installed along the entire length of the vessel from the second bottom to the living deck. A set of bow and stern ends is fan-shaped; the frames in these areas are located normally to the skin.
The outer skin in the area of the ice belt and the adjacent belts above and below it are made of high-strength steel. The thickness of the ice belt is 36 mm in the middle part, 52 mm in the bow and 44 mm in aft end.
The stem and stern of the icebreaker are cast-welded. The total weight of the stem is 30 tons, and the stern stem is 86 tons. The icebreaker's rudder is welded and has a sheathing made of sheet steel 40 mm thick. The area of the rudder blade is 18.5 m2. Stock forged from alloy steel with a diameter of 550 mm.
The icebreaker crew is accommodated in single and double cabins. Water heating with air conditioning was used for residential, cultural and community and medical premises on the icebreaker.
AT engine room and ancillary rooms with steam heating. A powerful automatic refrigeration unit and a large number of provisional storerooms.
The cargo facilities on the icebreaker are: in the bow - two cargo booms with electric winches with a lifting capacity of 1.5 tf,
in the middle part - a crane with a lifting capacity of 12 tf for servicing the compartment of a nuclear installation;
in the stern - two cranes with a lifting capacity of 3 tf.
The icebreaker is equipped with three dead anchors (one of them is spare) with swivel legs weighing 6 tons each, a stop anchor weighing 2 tons and four ice anchors (two 150 kg each and two 100 kg each). The anchor anchors are retracted into the hawse flush with the skin. Cast anchor chains of caliber 67 mm have a length of 325 m.
In the stern there is a cutout for towing ships close, which is equipped with fenders and rubber-lined fenders. An automatic double-drum towing winch with a pulling force of 40 tf on the main drum and 25 tf on the auxiliary one is installed at the aft end.
The electro-hydraulic steering machine shifts the rudder from side to side in 30 seconds at a vessel speed of 18 knots and one of the two installed pumps is operating. The unsinkability of the icebreaker is ensured by the simultaneous flooding of the two main watertight compartments.
The icebreaker has two lifeboats for 58 people each, two motor lifeboats for 40 people each, two six-oared yawls, a crew boat and a tugboat. The launching and recovery of lifeboats and boats is carried out with the help of rolling davits.
The power plant of the icebreaker operates according to the following scheme. The heat released in the reactor is used to produce superheated steam in steam generators. The steam is directed to the main turbine generators, from which electricity is supplied to the propulsion motors.
The armatures of the propulsion motors are connected to the propeller shafts. The steam generators are powered by feed pumps operating in parallel, so that in the event of an emergency shutdown of one of the pumps, the others automatically increase the capacity to the required level. They control the entire power plant of the icebreaker from one post.
The biological protection of the nuclear plant guarantees the protection of the icebreaker crew from the effects of radioactive radiation, which are controlled by a special dosimetric system. The control panel of this system is located in the radiation control post.
The main turbine generators are located in two compartments: bow and stern. Each compartment has two active-reactive turbines with a capacity of 11,000 hp each. Each turbine is connected through a gearbox to two double-armor DC generators with a continuous power of 11,500 hp. at rated voltage 600 V.
Turbine-generator units feed three propeller two-anchor DC electric motors: the middle one and two onboard ones. The middle engine receives 50% of the power generated by the turbogenerators, while the onboard engines receive 25% each. The power of the medium electric motor is 19,600 hp, and the onboard motors are 9,800 hp each. propeller shafts icebreakers are made of alloyed steel. Middle shaft diameter 740 mm, length 9.2 m, weight 26.8 t; side shaft diameter 712 mm, length 18.4 m, weight 45 tons.
Propellers are four-bladed, with removable blades. The weight of the middle propeller is 27.8 tons, the side propeller is 22.5 tons.
The icebreaker has bow and stern power stations. Three turbogenerators are installed in the bow, two turbogenerators and one backup diesel generator with a capacity of 1000 kW each are installed in the stern. Each turbogenerator consists of an active type condensing steam turbine and an alternating current generator. In addition, the ship has two emergency diesel generators.
The nuclear-powered icebreaker project was developed at TsKB-15 (now Iceberg) in 1953-1955 (project No. 92) after the decision to build a nuclear icebreaker was made on November 20, 1953 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The chief designer was V. I. Neganov. The nuclear plant was designed under the guidance of I. I. Afrikantov. Hull steel grades AK-27 and AK-28 (almost "stainless steel") was specially developed at the Prometheus Institute for icebreakers.
The ship was laid down in 1956 shipyard them. A. Marty in Leningrad. Chief builder - V. I. Chervyakov.
Launched on December 5, 1957. On September 12, 1959, already from the shipyard of the Admiralty Plant, he went to sea trials under the command of P. A. Ponomarev
On December 3, 1959, it was handed over to the Ministry of the Navy. Since 1960, part of the Murmansk Shipping Company.
It had good ice penetration. In the first 6 years of operation alone, the icebreaker traveled over 82,000 nautical miles and independently navigated more than 400 ships.
The icebreaker "Lenin" worked for 30 years and in 1989 was decommissioned and put into eternal parking in Murmansk.
Now let's move inside. The entrance is free, and at the entrance a group of students of a local sailor has already developed.
The nuclear-powered ship stands at the pontoon berth of the Murmansk seaport.
Moored nearby "Klavdiya Elanskaya"
It provides local transportation.
The atomic icebreaker "Rossiya" is visible in the distance, if I'm not mistaken.
On the other side, such yachts are moored.
Monuments on the opposite bank of the bay.
Time 12 o'clock: forward...
We pass from the ladder to the board.
In the following parts, we will see what is inside it and take a closer look at the wheelhouse.
June 16, 2016 Baltiysky Zavod-Shipbuilding launched the lead nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika of project 22220. In the presence of several thousand spectators, the godmother of the icebreaker, Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matviyenko, broke a traditional bottle of champagne on the side of the icebreaker,
sending from the slipway the largest and most powerful nuclear icebreaker in the world, the press service of the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) reports.
« Today is a solemn day for the Russian nuclear industry. The world's largest and most powerful nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika has left the slipway of the Baltic Shipyard. Harsh region - harsh technology. I am sure that the Arktika icebreaker will give a new impetus to the development of the Arctic latitudes. I am very glad that young shipbuilders come to the industry and continue everything that has been accumulated by other generations of shipbuilders. Thanks to the shipbuilders of this creation. You look at it, and such pride overflows for the country and the people who are building it. Thank you for saving the St. Petersburg shipbuilding school. Our country is proud of the result of such work! Seven feet under the keel to you, the great "Arctic", - wished Valentina Matvienko.
The Kirov Shipyard shipped a turbine for the Arktika icebreaker to the Baltic Shipyard >>
The day of the launch of the nuclear-powered icebreaker in a significant way coincided with the day of the start of the Economic Forum in St. Petersburg.
Director General of Rosatom - the customer of nuclear icebreakers of project 22220 - Sergey Kiriyenko, in his welcoming speech, noted: " Today's event is a huge victory in every sense! A lot of work has been done, and today there are no analogues to such an icebreaker as the Arktika in the world. Thanks to the staff of the Baltic Shipyard, everything was done according to the schedule, and by the end of 2017 the Arktika will be put into operation. This icebreaker is the most modern in terms of its characteristics; it has all the technical capabilities that have never been used on other ships before. The icebreaker "Arktika" is a truly new opportunity for our country!»
After the command of the chief builder of the lead nuclear-powered ship Vadim Golovanov to start launching, the delay was cut, holding back more than 14,000 tons of the weight of the ship's hull, the Arktika smoothly descended into the waters of the Neva River.
ahead of the shipbuilders« Baltiysky Zavod-Shipbuilding» completion of the lead nuclear-powered icebreaker on the water, the contract deadline for the delivery of the order is December 2017*.
* The construction of the lead nuclear icebreaker LK-60YA "Arktika" required the intervention of Vladimir Putin - only he could decide to move the project from 2017 to 2019. Serial "Siberia" and "Ural" will be handed over in 2021 and 2022. The failure to meet deadlines, one of the key reasons for which was the conflict between Russia and Russia, could turn into a scandal: the president has already instructed to make "personnel, organizational and managerial decisions", the Accounts Chamber, the Prosecutor General's Office and the FSB will begin inspections. Both the customer Rosatom and contractors, in particular USC, can answer. But high-profile layoffs should not be expected, because the project was launched even when Rosatom was headed by the first deputy head of the presidential administration, Sergei Kiriyenko.
In May 2017, Vladimir Putin instructed to postpone the delivery of the lead nuclear icebreaker LK-60Ya Arktika from 2017 to 2019. In addition, the president demanded that personnel, organizational and managerial decisions be made in connection with the failure of the state contract. At the same time, the Accounts Chamber, the Prosecutor General's Office and the FSB should check the project.
The second largest nuclear-powered icebreaker in the world left the slipway of the Baltic Shipyard >>
FSUE Atomflot (owns nuclear icebreakers, controlled by Rosatom) and Baltic Shipbuilding Plant (BZS, part of USC) agreed on the construction of the Arktika in 2012, the money for the icebreaker - 37 billion rubles - was allocated by the budget. In 2014, a contract was signed for 2 more icebreakers of the series - Sibir and Ural - for 84.4 billion rubles. Arktika was supposed to be commissioned at the end of 2017, Siberia - at the end of 2019, Ural - at the end of 2020.
Turbines have become a key problem for the Arktika. They were supposed to be supplied by the Ukrainian Kharkov Turbine Plant, but after 2014 the supplier had to be replaced by KEM (inaccuracy - in fact, KhTZ was not supposed to supply turbines; when in 2013 KEM won a tender for the production of turbine units, it was planned to be manufactured at the Kirov Plant turbines can only be tested at KhTZ, where there is a special stand for this -). A source in the government says that there are no serious technical difficulties: the first turbine is being tested at the KEM stand, the second should be tested by October. USC complained about personnel problems, a large time gap in the implementation of such projects, loss of competencies, alteration of the technical project and documentation.
In general, the icebreaker's contractors are shifting the blame for the missed deadlines on each other. So, USC believes that manufacturers of steam turbine units (SEM) and electric propulsion systems (FGUP Krylov State Scientific Center - Krylov State Research Center) have become weak links in cooperation. The Kirov Plant reported that during the execution of the contract for the Arktika, checks are being carried out that “do not reveal any violations of the law on the part of the plant.” The company added that the Krylov State Research Center delayed the delivery of generators for more than two years. Mikhail Zagorodnikov, Executive Director of the Krylovsky State Research Center, believes that USC is to blame for the delay: the competition was held for five months, while, although the technical project was ready in 2009, detailed design began only in 2013.
BZS also overdue the deadlines for the delivery of both the LK-25 diesel icebreaker Viktor Chernomyrdin and the Akademik Lomonosov FNPP.
Now the Taimyr and Vaigach nuclear icebreakers are in operation, the resource of their nuclear installations is being extended, which cannot happen indefinitely, when the Yamal icebreaker leaves, only the 50 Years of Pobedy icebreaker will remain from the Arktika class. If by 2022 there will be only four icebreakers, this is not enough, since a sharp increase in cargo traffic from oil and gas fields, from Vostokugol and Norilsk Nickel is predicted, and there are attempts to increase transit along the Northern Sea Route. By 2022, at least two new two-draft icebreakers should be built.
Help 24RosInfo:
The lead nuclear icebreaker of project 22220 is being built to the class of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping on« Baltiysky Zavod-Shipbuilding» commissioned by the State Corporation Rosatom (the laying of the vessel took place on November 5, 2013) and will become the largest and most powerful nuclear-powered icebreaker in the world.
The main characteristics of the nuclear icebreaker project 22220:
power ..... 60 MW (on shafts);
speed ..... 22 knots (in clear water);
length ..... 173.3 m (160 m on DWL);
width ..... 34 m (33 m on DWL);
height ..... 15.2 m;
draft ..... 10.5 m / 8.65 m;
maximum icebreaking capacity.....2.8 m;
total displacement ..... 33 540 tons;
designated service life.....40 years.
Nuclear - court, built specifically for use in waters covered with ice all year round. They break the ice with a specially adapted bow, and in some cases - with a stern.
Nuclear icebreakers much more powerful than diesel. They were designed in Russia to provide navigation in the cold waters of the Arctic. One of the main advantages of nuclear power is the absence of the need for frequent refueling, which can occur when sailing in ice, when this is not possible, or such refueling is very difficult. All nuclear have an electrical transmission to the propellers. In winter, the ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean varies from 1.2 to 2 m, and in some places reaches 2.5 m. Nuclear icebreakers capable of passing in waters covered with such ice at a speed of 20 km / h (11 knots), and in ice-free waters - up to 45 km / h (up to 25 knots).
Since 1989 nuclear power plants have been used for tourist trips to the North Pole. , which lasts three weeks, costs $25,000. For the first time atomic Russia"was used for this purpose in 1989. Since 1991, nuclear power has been used for this. Soviet Union "and since 1993 - nuclear" Yamal". It has a special section for tourists. Built in 2007 50 years of Victory» also has the same section.
cruise trips to Greenland are carried out on such an icebreaker
All ten existing nuclear power plants in the world (although one of them is actually not an icebreaker, but with an icebreaker prow) were built in the USSR. These ships were built at the Admiralty Shipyards and the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. Two icebreakers - river " Vaygach" and " Taimyr"- were built at the new Helsinki shipyards in Finland and then transported to Leningrad for the installation of nuclear reactors.
icebreaker "50 Years of Victory"
Today the world's largest icebreaker is an " 50 years of Victory» built at the Baltic Shipyard. The vessel is equipped with a new generation digital automatic control system. The complex of means of biological protection of the nuclear power plant has been modernized. An ecological compartment has been created, equipped with the latest equipment for the collection and disposal of all waste products ship. Vessel belongs Russian Federation FSUE " Atomflot».
Technical data of the icebreaker« 50 years of Victory»:
Length - 160 m;
Width - 30 m;
Draft - 11 m;
Displacement - 25,000 tons;
Power plant - 2 nuclear reactors with a capacity of 75,000 hp;
Cruising speed - 21.4 knots;
The maximum fuel supply is about 4 years;
Crew - 140 people;
Passengers - 128 people;
icebreakers of the Arktika class
Icebreakers class " Arctic"- the basis of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet: 6 out of 10 nuclear icebreakers belong to the Arktika class. Since these icebreakers have been built for thirty years, there are some differences between them. As a rule, new icebreakers are faster, more powerful and require smaller crews to operate.
Technical data of the Arktika-class icebreaker:
Length - 150 m;
Width - 30 m;
Draft - 11.08 m;
Height - 55;
Maximum speed: 25 knots;
Crew - 150 people (including 50 officers and engineers);
Passengers: 100 people;
Ship power plant: two reactors - 900 with a capacity of 171 MW;
Icebreakers of this class have a double hull; the thickness of the outer hull in places of ice breaking is 48 mm, in other places - 25 mm. Between the hulls are water ballast tanks, which serve to change the trim in difficult ice conditions. Some court coated with a special polymer to reduce friction. Icebreakers of this class can break ice, moving both forward and backward. These are designed to operate in cold Arctic waters, which makes it difficult to operate a nuclear plant in warm seas. This is partly why crossing the tropics to work off the coast of Antarctica is not among their tasks. Typically, to ensure ship only one of the ship's two reactors is enough energy, but both are used during the voyage (at less than 50% power).
As a rule, on the class Arctic" there are all necessary amenities for the crew and passengers: swimming pool, sauna, cinema, gym, bar, restaurant, library and volleyball court. For everyone nuclear-powered ships class " Arctic» there is a helipad, for two helicopters that can be attached to them, for difficult flights or tourist cruises.
The Yamal nuclear-powered icebreaker is one of ten Arktika-class icebreakers, whose construction began in 1986, back in Soviet times. The construction of the icebreaker "Yamal" was completed in 1992, but already at that time the need for its use to ensure navigation along the Northern Sea Route disappeared. Therefore, the owners of this vessel, weighing 23,455 tons and 150 meters long, converted it into a ship with 50 tourist cabins and capable of delivering tourists to the North Pole.
The "heart" of the icebreaker "Yamal" are two sealed water-cooled reactors OK-900A, which contain 245 fuel rods with enriched uranium. The full load of nuclear fuel is about 500 kilograms, this reserve is enough for the continuous operation of the icebreaker for 5 years. Each nuclear reactor weighs about 160 tons and is located in a sealed compartment, shielded from the rest of the ship's structure by layers of steel, water and high-density concrete. Around the reactor compartment and throughout the ship, there are 86 sensors that measure radiation levels.
The reactors' steam power boilers generate high-pressure superheated steam that drives turbines that drive 12 electric generators. Energy from the generators is supplied to the electric motors that rotate the blades of the icebreaker's three propellers. The engine power of each propeller is 25 thousand horsepower or 55.3 MW. Using this power, the Yamal icebreaker can move through ice 2.3 meters thick at a speed of 3 knots. Despite the fact that the maximum thickness of ice through which an icebreaker can pass is 5 meters, cases of overcoming ice hummocks with a thickness of 9 meters have been recorded.
The hull of the Yamal icebreaker is a double hull coated with a special polymer material that reduces friction. The thickness of the upper layer of the hull in the place of ice cutting is 48 millimeters, and in other places - 30 millimeters. The water ballast system, located between the two layers of the icebreaker's hull, allows you to concentrate additional weight in the front of the vessel, which acts as an additional ram. If the power of the icebreaker is not enough to cut through the ice, then an air bubble system is connected, which ejects 24 cubic meters of air per second under the ice surface and breaks it from below.
The design of the reactor cooling system of the Yamal nuclear icebreaker is designed to use sea water with a maximum temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Therefore, this icebreaker and others like it will never be able to leave the northern seas and go to more southern latitudes.
