Which lake has a tectonic origin. tectonic lakes

Europe

The science of limonology deals with the study of lakes. By origin, scientists distinguish several types, among which there are tectonic lakes. They are formed as a result of the movement of lithospheric plates and the appearance of depressions in the earth's crust. This is how the most deep lake in the world - Baikal and the largest in area - Caspian Sea. A large fault has formed in the East African rift system, where a number of lakes are concentrated:

Tanganyika;
Albert;
Nyasa;
Edward;
The Dead Sea (is the lowest-lying lake on the planet).

In their form, tectonic lakes are very narrow and deep reservoirs, with sheer shores. Their bottom, as a rule, is located below the level of the ocean. It has a clear outline, resembling a curved broken curved line. Traces of various landforms can be found at the bottom. The shores of tectonic lakes are made up of hard rocks and are weakly eroded. On average, the deep-water zone of lakes of this type is up to 70%, and shallow water - no more than 20%. The water of tectonic lakes is not the same, but in general it has a low temperature.

The largest tectonic lakes in the world

There are both large and medium-sized tectonic lakes in the Suna river basin:

Randozero;
Palier;
Salvilambi;
Sandal;
Sundozero.

Among the lakes of tectonic origin in Kyrgyzstan, Son-Kul, Chatyr-Kul and Issyk-Kul should be mentioned. On the territory of the Trans-Ural Plain there are also several lakes formed as a result of a tectonic fault of the solid shell of the earth. These are Argayash and Kaldy, Uelgi and Tishki, Shablish and Sugoyak. In Asia, there are also tectonic lakes Kukunor, Khubsugul, Urmia, Biva and Van.

In Europe, there are also a number of lakes of tectonic origin. These are Geneva and Weettern, Como and Constance, Balaton and Lake Maggiore. Among the American lakes of tectonic origin, the Great North American Lakes should be mentioned. The same type of Winnipeg, Athabasca and the Great Bear Lake.

tectonic lakes located on the plains or in the area of intermountain troughs. They have considerable depth and enormous dimensions. Not only the folds of the lithosphere, but also ruptures of the earth's crust take part in the process of formation of the lake basins. The bottom of tectonic lakes is below the ocean level. Such reservoirs are found on all continents of the earth, however, the largest number of them is located precisely in the fault zone of the earth's crust.

Not directly connected to the sea. Lakes occupy about 1.8% of the land surface, but are extremely unevenly distributed.

The area of the lake is very diverse. Especially large ones are even called seas ().

According to the origin of lake depressions, there are:

tectonic. These are usually the deepest lakes formed on the spot (Baikal - depth 1620 m; - 1470 m). The depth of most lakes of tectonic origin is usually less than 1000 m.
volcanic. These are lakes formed in craters or in calderas, as well as in depressions on the surface of lava flows: lakes, Kronotskoe lake on, lakes and Java;
glacial. These are lakes formed in areas that have undergone continental glaciation. They are created either as a result or as a result of a glacial. The erosional glacial type includes lakes located in, in (), (Russia), in the northeast. The shape of these lakes is long, narrow, and they are elongated in the direction of the movement of the glacier. Lakes that have arisen as a result of lacustrine accumulation are confined to areas of hilly-morainic relief (see Glaciation). Some lakes occupy lowlands between hills and usually have a lobed shape and shallow depths (). Others arose among the moraine relief. They are wide, oval and small: , White;
karst. They are located in or in karst sinkholes and arise in areas composed of soluble rocks. In the regions, thermokarst basins are formed, which are due to the melting of fossil ice and frozen, as well as subsidence of the soil. Many tundra lakes are thermokarst;
coastal lakes. They were formed as a result of the separation of part of the sea from the rest by sediments of sand or silt. There are many estuaries and lagoons on the coast and;
dammed lakes occur when a watercourse is dammed by landslides, landslides, lava flows and. So in 1911 Sarez Lake was formed with a depth of 505 m. It was dammed by a colossal mountain collapse. Dammed lakes are frequent and in. Many lakes of the Sikhote-Alin (Russia), Lake Sevan, Lake Tana () were formed as a result of the damming of the river by lava flows;
- ponds and;
oxbow lakes formed during the meandering of riverbeds.

The water mass of lakes is predominantly of origin and enters the lake by condensation on the water surface, when water enters from rivers and streams and due to ground feeding. The consumption of lake water is carried out through evaporation, and runoff in. In some lakes, the modern water mass has replaced the marine one, which occupied the basin in the recent geological past. On the site of modern, Ladoga and, as well as in ice age, there was the Yoldian Sea. After its collapse, lakes were formed, first with salty sea, and then with fresh water. Such lakes are called relict or residual. Animals that live there adapt to lake habitat conditions.

According to the inflow and outflow of water mass, all lakes are divided into:

well flowing. Rivers flow into and out of them. The water in these lakes is constantly changing. Such lakes are located in zones of excessive atmospheric moisture (Baikal, Geneva);
low-flow. Rivers also flow into them, but much less of them flow out. These lakes are located in a zone with insufficient moisture (Balaton, Tanganyika);
drainless. Formed in zones and . Rivers flow into such lakes, but not a single one flows out (, Dead Sea);
deaf. They feed on rain or melt water, since rivers do not flow into them and do not flow out of them. These are small lakes and zones or craters. Karst lakes turned out to be outside these groups, since their nutrition is primarily due to.

According to their lakes can also be divided into:

insipid(their salinity does not exceed 1%o);
salty(their salinity is from 1 to 47% o);
(their salinity exceeds 47%o). Of these, salts can precipitate (Elton, Baskunchak).

Salinity dead lake 270%©.

Ozer. In countries with warm climate it fluctuates slightly throughout the year. In summer, the water temperature decreases with depth. In winter, the top layer of water cools below freezing, and the lake is covered with ice, and the temperature of the water rises with depth. The saltier the water, the lower its freezing point. Large and deep lakes do not freeze longer than shallow ones. So, Baikal freezes only at the beginning of January, when all the water bodies around have long been covered with ice.

According to their biological properties, lakes are divided into:

up to a depth of 1 m there are thickets of sedge, arrowhead, etc.;
to a depth of 2-3 m - reeds, reeds;
up to a depth of 4 m - submerged plants: pondweeds and others.
lakes poor in nutrients. They are transparent, deep and cold;
lakes with a rich They are usually shallow, well warmed up;
lakes poor in life, with brown water lacking oxygen.

Most lakes are characterized by abundant vegetation, especially in the coastal zone. It is arranged in tiers:
Lakes in their development go through several stages. In a wetter climate, they overgrow and turn into. In a dry climate, lakes dry up; they become salty and with poor vegetation.

The movement of water in lakes, as well as in the seas, manifests itself in the form of currents, but very slow, as well as waves that reach large sizes only in large lakes. For example, up to 2-2.5 m are observed in and on. With differences in different parts of the lake, standing waves are also observed.

Lakes play a very important role both in nature and in human life. Like the seas, they have a warming effect on the world. Lakes also influence the relief, as they also carry out erosive and accumulative work.

The uniqueness of natural lakes lies in a number of their special characteristics. They are characterized by slow water exchange, free thermal regime, a peculiar chemical composition, and fluctuations in the water level.

In addition, they create their own microclimate and cause changes in the surrounding landscape. They accumulate mineral and organic substances, some of them have value and usefulness.

Geographical object "lake" (value)

There are about 5,000,000 lakes in our world. lakes on globe occupy almost 2% of the surface, which is almost 2.6 million km 3. Being a component of the hydrosphere, classical natural lakes are reservoirs of natural origin, which are lake bowls with water that do not have direct contact (contact) with the sea or ocean. There is a whole science that studies them - limnology. However, there are also anthropogenic lakes that have arisen as a result of human activities.

If we consider the lake as geographical feature, then its definition becomes clearer: it is a hole on land with closed edges, into which flowing water enters and, as a result, accumulates there.

Characteristics of lakes

To give an accurate description of a particular lake, one needs to determine its origin, position (above or below ground), type of water balance (waste or not), mineralization parameters (fresh or not), its chemical composition, etc.

In addition, the following parameters must be precisely defined: total area water surface, the total length of the coastline, the maximum distance between opposite banks, the average width of the lake (calculated by dividing the area by the previous indicator), the volume of water that fills it, its average and maximum depth.

Types of lakes by origin

The generally accepted classification of lakes according to the factor of origin is as follows:

Anthropogenic (artificial) - created by man;
Natural - arose naturally (exogenous or endogenous - either from inside the Earth, or as a result of processes on its surface), without human intervention.

Natural lakes, in turn, have their own division according to the principle of origin:

Tectonic - cracks in the earth's crust that have arisen for one reason or another are filled with water. The most famous lake of this type is Baikal.
Glacial - the glacier melts and the resulting water creates a lake in the basin of the glacier itself or any other. Such lakes, for example, in Karelia and Finland: lakes appeared along the trajectory of the glacier along tectonic cracks.
An oxbow, lagoon or estuary - a decrease in the water level cuts off part of the river or ocean.
Karst, suffusion, thermokarst, eolian - leaching, subsidence, thawing, blowing, respectively, create a depression that is filled with water.
A dammed lake occurs when a landslide or earthquake cuts off part of the water surface from the main water body with a land bridge.
In mountain basins and craters of volcanoes or channels of their eruption, water often also collects.
Other.

The importance of lakes in nature and for humans

Lakes are natural reservoirs of water that can regulate river flow: take in excess water and, conversely, give it away with a general decrease in the water level in the river. A large water mass has a large thermal inertia, the action of which can significantly moderate the climate of nearby territories.

Lakes are an important object for fishing, organizing the extraction of salt, laying waterways. Water from lakes is often used for water supply. Reservoirs can be used to organize an energy reservoir for a hydroelectric installation. Sapropels are extracted from them. Some lake muds have medicinal properties and are used in medicine. The importance of lakes in the planet's ecosystem can hardly be overestimated, they are an organic element of the entire natural mechanism.

The largest lakes in the world

Among the lakes, there are two main record holders:

The Caspian Sea is the largest in area (376,000 km 2), but relatively shallow (30 m);

(Lake Baikal)

Baikal - depth record (1620 meters!).

The average record holders in terms of size in the lake brotherhood are tectonic lakes.

Origin of lake basins
Sedimentation in lakes

lakes- natural reservoirs with stagnant or low-flowing water, formed as a result of flooding of land depressions (hollows) with water masses. Lakes have no connection with the ocean and, unlike rivers, have a slow water exchange.

Each lake consists of three interconnected natural components:

hollows - landforms of the earth's surface,
water mass with substances dissolved in it,
plants and animals that inhabit the water.

Origin of lake basins

Lake basins arise as a result of various relief-forming processes and are divided into several groups according to their origin.

The manifestation of endogenous activity is associated with the formation of tectonic and volcanic basins.

Basins of tectonic origin formed as a result of the movement of parts of the earth's crust. Many lakes that have arisen in basins of tectonic origin occupy a vast area, are characterized by great depth and are of ancient age. Characteristic examples of lakes belonging to this group are the Great African Lakes (including Tanganyika with a depth of -1470 m), confined to the East African rift system, where the processes of stretching and subsidence of the continental crust take place. Lake Baikal in Russia (which is the largest freshwater reservoir and has a maximum depth of -1620 m among lakes), Lake Biwa in Japan (famous for freshwater pearls mined in it) and others have a similar origin. Basins are often confined to isometric troughs (Chad, Eyre) or large tectonic faults. Formation is also associated with tectonic processes. residual lakes, which are the remains of ancient oceans and seas. So, Caspian lake separated from the Mediterranean and Black Seas as a result of tectonic movements of the earth's crust.

Basins of volcanic origin confined to craters and calderas extinct volcanoes or located among the frozen lava fields. In the latter case, lake basins are formed when hot lava flows from under a colder surface lava horizon, which contributes to the subsidence of the latter (this is how Yellowstone Lake was formed), or when rivers and streams are dammed by lava or mud flow during volcanic eruptions. Basins of this origin are found in areas of modern or ancient volcanic activity(Kamchatka, Transcaucasia, Iceland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand and etc.).

The variety of exogenous processes leads to the formation of various groups of lake basins.

A large number of lake basins have glacial origin. Their formation may be associated with the activity of mountain and lowland glaciers. In the mountains, glacial lake basins are represented by moraine-dammed and cirque. Moraine-dammed ones are formed when river valleys are dammed up by glaciers. When the cirque basins are filled with water, small picturesque lakes are formed with clean and cold water.
On the plains, basins of glacial origin are common in the territory subjected to Quaternary glaciation. Among them, one can distinguish hollows of exaration, glacial-accumulative and moraine-dammed origin. Exaration basins are associated with mined-out moving ice by negative relief forms. A famous example of a lake that owes its origin to the destructive activity of glaciers is Loch Ness in Scotland, formed in a glaciated river valley. Thousands of lakes formed in the basins of glacial ploughing, are found on the territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula, in northern Canada. Glacial-accumulative basins are formed in the area of development of moraine deposits. Lake basins in the area of the moraine-plain relief are wide, have an oval shape and shallow depth (Chudskoye, Ilmen); in conditions of hilly-western and hilly-ridged terrain, they have an irregular shape, islands, complex coastline, dissected by peninsulas and bays (Seliger). Moraine-dammed basins arise when a moraine pre-glacial river valley is dammed up (for example, Lake Saimaa in Finland).

In areas of permafrost, basins of thermokarst origin, which owe their origin to the melting of fossil ice and frozen rocks and subsidence of the soil. Many basins of tundra lakes have this origin. All of them have a small depth and are small in area. Another area of development of thermokarst basins is the area of distribution of Quaternary fluvioglacial deposits. Here, during the melting of ice caps, huge blocks were buried under a layer of sediments carried out by melted glacial waters. dead ice. Many of them melted only after hundreds of years, and in their place there were basins filled with water.

Lake basins of karst origin are formed in areas composed of soluble (karst) rocks. The dissolution of rocks leads to the formation of deep, but usually insignificant basins. Here, failures often occur due to the collapse of the vaults of underground karst cavities. Examples of karst basins are the famous "Failure" in Pyatigorsk (known from the novel by Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs") and Lake. Zhirot in french alps, having a depth of -99 m with an area of only 57 hectares.

Lake basins of suffusion origin are formed during subsidence of soils due to the removal of loose silt particles by groundwater. Basins of this genesis are found in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the West Siberian Plain.

Basins of fluvial origin associated with the geological activity of rivers. Most often these are oxbow and deltaic lakes. Sometimes the formation of lakes is due to the obstruction of the riverbed by alluvial sediments of another river. For example, the formation of Lake St. Croy (USA) is associated with the damming of the river. St. Croy alluvial deposits of the river. Mississippi. Due to the dynamism of erosional and accumulative fluvial processes and the small size of basins, the latter are relatively quickly filled with sediment and overgrown in some places and re-formed in others.

Some lake basins are formed as a result of springing by landslides, mountain landslides or mudflows of rivers. Usually such lakes do not exist for long - there is a breakthrough of sediments that form a "dam". So, in 1841. The Indus in present-day Pakistan was dammed by a landslide caused by an earthquake, and six months later the "dam" collapsed, and a lake 64 km long and 300 m deep was drained in 24 hours. Lakes in this group can remain stable provided that excess water is drained through erosion-resistant hard rock. For example, Lake Sarez, formed in 1911 in the valley of the river. Murghab in the Eastern Pamirs still exists and has a depth of -500 m (the tenth deepest lake in the world).
The process of damming the river with a powerful collapse also contributed to the formation of one of the "pearls" of the Caucasus - Lake Ritsa in Abkhazia. A giant landslide on the slope of Mount Pshegish dammed the Lashipse River. The waters of the river flooded the gorge (tracing a large tectonic fault in the strata of rocks) for more than 2 km, the water rose by 130 m. A river with a different name, Yupshara (in Abkhazian “split”), is knocked out from under a natural stone dam.

lakes artificial origin associated with the filling of artificial basins (quarries, etc.) with water, or with the damming of river flows. During the construction of dams, reservoirs of various sizes are formed - from small ponds to huge reservoirs (located in Africa are the Victoria reservoirs on the Victoria Nile, Volta on the Volta and Kariba on the Zambezi river; the largest in Russia is the Bratsk reservoir on the river Angara). Some dams were built to generate electricity for aluminum smelting from large deposits of bauxite. It should be added that dams are created not only by man. Dams built by beavers can reach lengths of more than 500 m, but they exist only for a short time.

Basins of coastal marine origin formed mainly as a result of the separation sea bays bars from the sea area during the movement of the alongshore sediment flow. At the initial stage, the basin is filled with salty sea waters, which later formed salt Lake gradually softens.

Hollows of organogenic origin occur in the sphagnum swamps of the taiga, forest-tundra and tundra, as well as on coral islands. In the first case, they owe their origin to the uneven growth of mosses, in the second - to coral polyps.

Lakes on the scale of geological time exist for a relatively short time. The only exceptions are some lakes with basins of tectonic origin, confined to active zones of the earth's crust, and large residual lakes. Over time, the basins are filled with sediments or become swampy.

Sedimentation in lakes

Lake deposits are represented by terrigenous, chemogenic and organogenic sediments. The composition of sediments accumulating in lakes is primarily determined by climatic zoning.

In the lakes of humid regions, predominantly silty-argillaceous deposits accumulate, often with a large amount of organic matter. Dead organisms, as well as material carried into the lake, are deposited at the bottom and form gyttia(from Swedish gyttja - silt, mud) - lake deposits, consisting of organic residues. The organic matter of gyttium is formed mainly due to the decay products of plant and animal organisms living in water, and to a lesser extent due to the remains of terrestrial plants brought from the surrounding land. The mineral part consists of sandy-clay material and oxides of calcium, iron and magnesium precipitated from water. Gyttia is also called sapropel(from the Greek sapros - rotten and pelos - silt, mud - "putrefactive silt"). In Lake Nero, located near the city of Rostov-Yaroslavsky (Rostov Veliky), the layer of sapropel reaches 20 m. Sapropels are used as fertilizer or as a mineral feed for livestock; sometimes for balneological purposes (mud therapy).

In semi-desert and desert arid zones, lakes are endorheic with intense evaporation. Since rivers and underground waters always bring salts, and only pure water evaporates, there is a gradual increase in the salinity of lake waters. The concentration of salts can increase so significantly that from the water (brine) supersaturated with salts, salt is deposited on the bottom of the lake (self-settling lakes). Salinization of continental lakes accumulates carbonate, soda, sulfate, salt and other chemogenic deposits. In Russia, modern soda lakes are known in Transbaikalia and in Western Siberia; abroad, Lake Natron in Tanzania and Lake Searls in California are very famous. Natural soda deposits are associated with fossil deposits of such lakes.
In general, arid regions are characterized by halogen-carbonate deposits, poor in organic matter.

In a number of cases, the origin of lake basins plays a decisive role in the nature of sedimentation. Glacial lakes are characterized by banded clays formed by a combination of lacustrine and glacial deposits. In karst lakes, carbonates accumulate, sometimes heaps of blocks of landslide origin.

Familiarization with varieties, geographical location, temperature regime of waters and chemical composition of lakes in Russia.

Study of the location, area and depth indicators of the largest domestic reservoirs - Baikal, Ladoga and Onega lakes.

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Significant water reserves are concentrated in lakes. There are more than 2.5 million lakes in Russia. The largest lakes are the Caspian, Ladoga, Onega and Baikal.

The Caspian Lake is the largest lake in the world, the deepest is Lake Baikal. The lakes are very unevenly distributed.

In particular, in the Vilenovsky basins, the West Siberian Plain and the northwestern layer of Europe - in Karelia. All these areas are in too much humidity. In the south, in the zone of the steppe and semi-sedimentary zone with a weak climate, the number of lakes decreases sharply, and many lakes have salt or salt. Salt is such huge large lakes as the Caspian, as well as lakes Elton and Baskunchak, where salt is eliminated.

Hydrographic characteristics of large lakes in Russia

There are different lakes and sources of basins.

Lakes of tectonic origin are located in trenches and cracks in the earth's crust. The largest tectonic lake Baikal is located in the Graben, reaching a depth of 1637 m.

Ice-tectonic lake basins were created as a result of processing liquid depressions of the glacial crust of the glacier: Imandra, Ladoga, Onega.

in Kamchatka and Kuril Islands The lake is mainly of volcanic origin. In the northwest of the European Plain, the sources of lake basins are connected with continental ice. Many caves are located between the hills of the sea: Seliger, Valdai.

Because of the landslides in the mountain valleys there was a lake of a lake: Sarez in the Pamirs, Ritsa in the Caucasus. Small lakes are formed by karst nests.

In the south of Western Siberia, there are many lakes in the form of plates, which were created as a result of stoning stones. When ice melts on the surface of the permafrost, shallow slab-like waters also form. Lake people are located on the flood plains of low-lying rivers. There are estuary lakes on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas.

All the largest and largest lakes in Russia are often used in the national economy. Catch and catch in them. Especially a lot of fish, including the most valuable sturgeon, end up in the Caspian.

In Baikal, the harvest is omul. Lakes are also used for navigation - geoglobus.ru. Numerous minerals were acquired in the lakes of lakes: oil and mirbilite in the Caspian Lake, salt in Elton and Baskunchak. Water for freshwater lakes is used for drinking. There are many sanatoriums and rest houses on the shores of many lakes.

There are nine lake districts on the territory of Russia:

1) northwest lake, iceberg icebergs;
2a) Azov-Black Sea estuaries associated with marine activities;
2b) North Caucasian - glacial and karst lake;
3) salt formation of the Caspian Lake;
4) West Siberian-Tuscan and bitter-salty lakes;
5) Altai - sea view lakes (Teletskoye, Markakol);
6) Zabaikalsky - the remaining lakes;
7) Lower Amur lakes, which have a hydrological connection with the Amur River;
8) Yakuti - lakes of thermocouples;
9) Lake Kamchatka - lakes of volcanic origin (Kronotsky, Kurilsky).