On the famous places of the world Egyptian pyramids. Project work on the history of the "Mysteries of the Pyramids" (presentation)

Project work on the history of a student of the 6th grade of the Shumerlinskaya secondary school Sergey Nikolaev The Great Pyramids of Egypt and the no less famous pyramids of America and Asia ... They amaze with their majesty and durability, suppress with their massiveness, surprise with their simple and harmonious forms directed into space. They attract, they beckon... So what is the secret of the pyramids? What is the secret of their attraction? The pyramids are silent... Maybe we just don't hear them, just as we haven't heard the voices of fishes until recently? Who was the first of his contemporaries to understand and respond to the call of the pyramids coming from the depths of the Galaxy? 3 "These are mountains of stone built on mountains of stone," said the Greek philosopher. “Everything is afraid of time, and the time of the pyramids,” the Arabs proclaimed. afraid “Standing in front of the pyramids, you tightly wrap your coat, because you are trembling and you can’t utter a word,” Gustave Flaubert wrote. "Soldiers! Forty centuries are looking at you,” exclaimed Napoleon before the famous battle with the Mamluks on the Giza plateau. 4 The purpose of the project work: To study the pyramids as a historical artifact, architectural structure, their semantic purpose. 1. 2. 3. 4. Research objectives: To study the literature, sources on the research problem. Systematize existing knowledge about the pyramids. Determine the purpose of the pyramids. Formation of research skills. The object of research is the pyramids as a historical artifact, architectural structures that have a specific meaning. Means to achieve the goal - literature, sources on the research problem, theoretical (logical) research methods Hypothesis of the information project: Based on the studied literature, various sources, knowledge gained in the school history course and in the course of self-education, it can be assumed that the pyramids are a unique object and architectural structure, the purpose of which remains unclear to the end. There are a lot of pyramids in the world 7 - as a geometric shape - perhaps one of the most perfect in nature. Matter, trying to preserve itself in the eternal struggle with time, is looking for the safest, most stable, energetically comfortable forms. The pyramid is a brilliant find of nature, the space in it curled up in a special way, creating a unique energy structure. Let's take a look at specific and accessible examples of what kind of wonderful thing this is - a pyramid. 8 Egypt Pyramids are considered to be the hallmark of Egypt. They are located along the left, western bank of the Nile in small groups, not far from the place where in the era ancient kingdom was the capital city of Memphis. In Giza, there are three great pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure. Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. But not all10 of them have survived to this day. The oldest - the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser - was erected about five thousand years ago. Its height is 60 meters. The builder of the first pyramid, Imhotep, was an architect, physician, astronomer, writer, adviser to the pharaoh, and for many centuries was considered the greatest sage of antiquity. The pyramids served the pharaohs, according to their religion, as a ladder by which they ascended to heaven. Therefore, the most ancient pyramids were stepped, had the form of stairs, and only later ones had smooth walls. 11 the largest stone structure in the world height - 146.6 m base side - 225.7 m 12 ... And the ruler appointed one guard to each pyramid, ready to pounce on anyone who comes close, wrap his neck around him, strangle him, they could knock him down and kill any person, and then return to your refuge ... 13 The mountain-pyramid Kailash rises in absolute solitude, not surrounded by other peaks; its rounded top is symmetrical, has distinct horizontal and vertical grooves, which is the reason for its other name - "Swastika of Horus", height 6,714 m. Mount Kailash is considered sacred, it is mentioned in the Ramayana. It is believed that the mountain-pyramid and mirrors were built "with the help of the power of the five elements. Some believe that these are not artificial pyramids, but mountains. The pyramid complexes in Teotihuacan have a number of inexplicable parallels with the pyramids on the Giza plateau. Firstly, they are located in the same way in plan (that is, when viewed from above). The Pyramid of the Moon then corresponds to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun to the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Citadel to the so-called Pyramid of Menkaure. And both complexes reflect the location in the sky of three bright stars from Orion's belt. Secondly, in in both complexes, the tops of the two largest pyramids (the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon in the Valley of Mexico and the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre in Egypt) are on the same level, although their heights are different. complex in its proportions expresses the number π through the ratio of the height and perimeter of its base.15 Surprisingly, the largest pyramid in the world is located in Mexico. It is dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl and was built around 100 AD. The pyramid was built from sun-dried bricks and earth. Although its height is 53.9 m, it occupies an area of ​​18.2 hectares. 16 China is a magical country. Any miracles are possible there. But what once (namely in 1945) was discovered by US Air Force pilot James Gausman goes beyond the limits of probability theory. 17 In total, 8 pyramids are known in Greece and one mountain similar to a pyramid - Taygetos. The best preserved and least studied is the 9-meter pyramid in Crete in the area of ​​Chania. Pyramid near the village of Hellenikon (ca. 2700 BC) Over 10,000 years old. They were destroyed in the 20th century. The height of the Brother and Sister pyramids is about 300 m. The pyramids were destroyed under strange circumstances. There is an entrance on the west side. Nuraghi are structures that have a pyramidal shape and are built from huge boulders without any mortar, the height reaches 20, and the width is 30 m. Date of construction - 1700 BC. Purpose unknown. On the same island there is an underground sanctuary in Santa Cristina di Paulilatino. Underground tower with a pool of sacred water, water is collected in a few hours. The room is consecrated through a hole from above: “only on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, a sheaf of sunlight, falling on the surface of the water, reflected the image of a person not in a direct, but inverted form. Apparently, the ancient builders were well aware of this optical effect. The burial structures of the Nuragians, also called the tombs of the giants: only about 700 have survived. "Some are impressive tombs built of giant blocks, others are tall, vertically standing flat stones, similar to steles ... At the heart of the pyramid is a mastaba Not all pyramids have the correct geometric shape.The most ancient form is the step pyramid in Sakkara, which Pharaoh Djoser ordered to erect.Its dimensions are very impressive: the base is a rectangle with sides of 125 X 115 m, a height of about 60 m. Its age, according to archaeologists, is from 4600 to 4800 years 21 The first "explorers" of the pyramids were ... robbers. They did not stand on ceremony with the stone giants. Penetrating inside, they gutted the contents and for many years brought so much confusion to the knowledge of the pyramids that historians still cannot figure out what's what. They still fail to discover the secret of the ancient pyramids ... Scientists - historians and archaeologists - came for the robbers. physicists became interested in the pyramids later, but their share of discoveries fell 24 25 Many years of research by scientists showed how the pyramids were created. 26 The most popular hypothesis states that the huge structure, similar to the petrified ray of the life-giving Egyptian sun, was created in twenty years. Thousands of slaves, shuddering from the blows of the whip and exhausted from fatigue, slowly erected giant mountain. Thousands of slaves, many of whom fell and could not rise, remained forever at its base. Such a pitiful and terrible picture is firmly established in almost all history books. Well, every view has the right to exist. “Whoever can believe this legend is his business,” Herodotus used to say in his time. 27 Proposed method of transportation and installation of stone blocks. Devices for moving stone blocks Tools of Egyptian masons and workers To lift the blocks, the Egyptians built an inclined mound of brick and stone with an elevation angle of about 150. As the pyramid was built, the mound was lengthened. On these embankments, the stone was dragged on wooden sleds, to reduce friction, the track was constantly moistened with water, so that the runners easily glided through the mud. Then, with the help of wooden levers, the blocks were installed in place. When the construction was basically completed, the sloping embankment was leveled, and the surface of the pyramid was covered with lined blocks. The construction of the pyramid took 2,590,000 m2 of blocks of stone, piled on a surface of about 54,000 m2. The cladding of its outer walls was apparently covered with a dense layer of plaster, and the Arabic name “painted pyramid” is associated with this. 29 Until now, Egyptologists are struggling to figure out the purpose of the Pyramid. Back in the tenth century, the Arab historian Masudi argued that it was not only a repository of knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in astronomy, art and religion, but also contained "historical and prophetic predictions." And in 1865, Robert Menzies suggested that if we take the sacred inch of the Egyptians as a basis and measure the length of the inner chambers of the Cheops pyramid, then we can find the chronological dates of the most important events of the past 30 and the future. . It is unlikely that they were only made. The narrow shafts cut into the walls of the tombs and worked with the precision of a cannon barrel are also a mystery to ventilation, as some Egyptologists claim. The shafts rise from the pyramid at a certain angle. German engineer Rudolf Gantenbring explored southern part The tombs of the queen with the help of a small modern camera robot and determined that the shaft was blocked by stone doors with metal parts. These doors have never been opened. Other shafts lead directly to the top without obstacles. In the 1960s, astronomers proved that the shafts pointed towards the stars with amazing accuracy. In the last decade, people with radio engineering education, including specialists in antenna technology, have joined in revealing the secret of the pyramid. They suggest looking at the pyramid as an antenna used to communicate with space. The fact that the pyramids of the antenna are terrestrial and extraterrestrial is said, for example, in V.P. Babanin's book "Secrets of the Great Pyramids", published in 1999. There is also a comparison of a pyramid with a dielectric antenna. The word "pyramid" comes from the word "feast" - fire, means a symbol of the Divine flame, the life of all creatures. The pyramid can be treated. Almost any pyramid, similar in proportion to the Egyptian ones, has healing properties, but these properties are concentrated only inside the pyramid, and only in its upper third. What about two thirds? Oddly enough, they can be harmful to health. And here everyone who wants to heal himself with the help of a pyramid faces a dilemma: either build a pyramid the size of a country house, or heal something, and cripple something. Pyramid and health With the help of the pyramid it is easy to get the so-called charged water, which is useful for washing with problematic skin and drinking with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. With its help, you can normalize sleep and pressure, restore many functions of the body. Fractures grow together faster, postoperative sutures - too. In a month and a half, you can get rid of osteochondrosis, obtained twenty-five years ago. Treatment with pyramids can be done by the following methods: Place the patient under a large pyramid. Place the diseased organ (arm, leg) under the pyramid. Charge for a day or more, under the pyramid, aluminum foil and bandage it to the sore spot for several hours. Place 1-4 pyramids under the patient's bed so that at least one is 2 cm below the patient's navel (towards the legs) with its peak. Put the patient on a chair with a back, and put a pyramid under the chair (north-south orientation is required). Charge water in a closed bottle under the pyramid (1-14 days). Water must be charged in the lower third of the pyramid (conditionally dead water) and separately above the lower third of the pyramid (conditionally living water). When charging, water should not exceed 10% of the volume of the pyramid. Pyramids of the new time 36 37 Everything blows away, like water pouring, The cities will disappear for centuries, Walls and vaults will collapse, Tribes and peoples will pass; But our covenant will sound Through the hosts of restless years! What is in us is forever unchanged, Everything is illusory, mortal and perishable, The song of the lyre, the creation of the chisel. But we will stand to the end, Like the truth under the veil of Isis, Only we, the pyramids... V. Bryusov Literature and sources 1. Babanin VP Secrets of the great pyramids. Series "The World of Culture, History and Philosophy". SPb.: Publishing house "Lan", 1999. 512 p. 2. V. Babanin "Pyramids - antennas terrestrial and extraterrestrial" and others posted on the website: http://www.shaping.ru/mku/babanin10.asp International Club of Scientists). 3. Verzhbitsky A.F. Pyramidal antennas of the Earth. Part 1. Purpose and principle of action / A.F. Verzhbitsky. - St. Petersburg, 2006. - 128 p. 4. Andrey Verzhbitsky. Pyramidal antennas of the Earth. http://www.pyramidantenna.ru/index.html 5. Timofeeva A.A. Could the pyramid of Cheops serve to communicate with space? Electrosvyaz, No. 1, 2007. 6. Alexander Makhov. The end of the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids? (http://slavruss.narod.ru/osnown/Pr1.htm)

We have developed a research plan 1. Familiarize yourself with the theories about the construction of the pyramid, which are covered in ancient sources and literature. 2. Determine the size of the pyramid. 3. Analyze the methods of building a pyramid. 4. Draw your own conclusions based on the opinions of experts about how the pyramids were most likely built.

Version 1: Wooden machines According to Herodotus, who was the first to describe in detail the pyramids of Giza, Herodotus' slaves were simultaneously employed in the construction of the pyramid of Cheops. Construction went on for 20 years.

Having considered all the proposed versions, we made a comparison. Wooden Machines Inside OutKites The Embankment Behind: A huge number of people simultaneously employed in construction. Pros: "Strange" cavities under the masonry. Pros: Huge height could be easily overcome without ground lifting devices. Pros: construction of a stone "serpentine" around the outer perimeter of the Great Pyramid. Cons: Herodotus lived in the 5th century BC and was not contemporary with the construction of the pyramids. Stepwise construction Against: It would take the most accurate calculations. Con: Too gigantic block weight, against a light kite. Heaviness. Against: such a road will inevitably interfere with the calculations and measurements carried out during construction. Conclusions: The Great Pyramid of Cheops was most likely built with the help of an embankment, although this could in many ways interfere with the accuracy of the calculations by the architects. According to our assumptions, ancient architects and builders could compensate for these difficulties with their remarkable skill.

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By famous places peace the world Grade 3 Completed Oksana Nikolaevna Konovalova, primary school teacher of the first qualification category

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Taj Mahal The mausoleum of the Taj Mahal, located in Agra, is one of the most recognizable landmarks not only in India, but throughout the world. The construction was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth. The Taj Mahal is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, as well as a symbol eternal love. In 1983, the Taj Mahal was included in the list of objects world heritage UNESCO.

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Taj Mahal Inside the mausoleum are two tombs - the shah and his beloved wife. Muslim tradition forbids the decoration of graves. Consequently, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were placed in a simple crypt.

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The pedestal and tomb of the Taj Mahal were built in 12 years, while the rest of the complex took another 10 years to complete. For the construction of the complex, materials from all over Asia were used. More than a thousand elephants were used for transportation. In total, twenty-eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were set in white marble. Shortly after the completion of the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan was overthrown by his own son Aurangzeb and arrested at the Delhi Fort. After his death, he was buried in a mausoleum next to his beloved wife. By the end of the 19th century, parts of the building fell into disrepair. The Taj Mahal was looted by British soldiers and officials who carved precious materials from the walls of the building. In 1942, the government erected scaffolding in an attempt to disguise the Taj Mahal from attack by Luftwaffe and Japanese air forces. The same action was taken during the India-Pakistan Wars of 1965 and 1971. This had an effect, and the structure remained unharmed. The history of the construction of the Taj Mahal

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The Taj Mahal is the main attraction of India. The complex is currently threatened by pollution. environment. Due to the pollution of the Jumna River, there is a threat of its shallowing and soil erosion. Cracks began to appear in the walls of the tomb, and the mausoleum began to subside. Due to air pollution, the building began to lose its whiteness, a yellow coating appeared, which has to be cleaned every year. The Indian government is taking urgent action by shutting down hazardous industries in Agra and expanding the conservation area, but this has not yet had an effect. Taj Mahal

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Egyptian pyramids Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments ancient egypt, among which one of the "seven wonders of the world" - the pyramid of Cheops and an honorary candidate of the "new seven wonders of the world" - the Pyramids of Giza. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped stone structures used as tombs for the pharaohs of ancient Egypt.

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Egyptian pyramids The Great Pyramid of Cheops, which is known anywhere in the world. It is she who is the face of the Egyptian pyramids and the largest building of antiquity, giving rise to many secrets and legends around her. The construction of the pyramid took two whole decades and was completed in 2560 BC. Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are three chambers - tombs. The lowest one is carved into the base of the rock on which the pyramid is built. For unknown reasons, its construction was not completed. Above it are the chamber of the Queen and the chamber of the Pharaoh.

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Egyptian pyramids The second most important is the pyramid of Khafre, the son of Cheops. It was built on a 10-meter plateau, because it seems to be higher than the pyramid of Cheops, but it is not. Its height is 136.4 meters, while that of Cheops is 146.5 meters. Not far from the pyramid of Khafre is the Great Sphinx - a monument carved into the rock. The facial features of the Sphinx repeat the face of Pharaoh Khafre.

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Egyptian pyramids of the Third great pyramid is the pyramid of Menkaure. It is the smallest of them, and built the latest. In height, it is only 66 meters, and the length of the base is 108.4 meters. Despite its small size, it is considered to be the most beautiful of the three pyramids. In addition, the pyramid of Menkaure marked the end of the era of the great pyramids. All subsequent buildings were small in size.

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Egyptian pyramids The Egyptian pyramids do not end there, we move from Giza to other parts of Egypt. The Step Pyramid of Djoser is one of the largest in Egypt. It is located in the village of Sakkara, and was built for Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep himself. It occupies an area of ​​125 by 115 meters, and its height is 62 meters. This is the first pyramid in Egypt, and also very well preserved.

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Egyptian Pyramids The pyramid in Meidum can be safely called the most unusual in form. It is located 100 kilometers south of the capital of Egypt, it was built for Pharaoh Huni, but his son Sneferu completed it. It originally had 8 steps, but in our time only the last 3 are visible. After construction, its height was 118 meters, and the area was 146 by 146 meters.

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Egyptian pyramids pink pyramid unusual in that it has a pink tint due to the special stone used for construction. This is the third highest pyramid after Cheops and Khafre, 104.4 meters high. Researchers believe that this pyramid was also built by Pharaoh Sneferu, already known to us.

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Egyptian pyramids Not far from the Pink is broken pyramid built in the 26th century. BC e. She got her name because of the irregular shape. It was built in 3 stages, at each of which it was given different angles of inclination.

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The Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty was built on October 28, 1886. The French gave the statue to the American people as a token of friendship between France and America. Over the past years, the monument has been recognized not only as the personification of the friendship of the two peoples, but also as a symbol of the freedom of the American people, a symbol of the United States and New York as a whole.

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Statue of Liberty The history of the Statue of Liberty, as well as the place where it was built, is closely connected with the history of the formation of the United States. The monument was placed on a pedestal inside Fort Wood, which was built specifically for the war of 1812 in the shape of a star. For the first few decades, the complex was serviced by the US Lighthouse Service, and only in 1924 it became a National Monument. And in 1937, the area of ​​the monument was expanded to the borders of the entire island of Bedloe, in 1956 it was renamed Liberty Island.

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The Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island in New York State. The goddess of freedom holds a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left. With one foot, "Freedom" stands on broken chains. 354 steps lead to the top of the statue, and 192 steps to the top of the pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown, which symbolizes the precious stones of the Earth and the rays of the sun that illuminate the world. The seven rays on the crown of the statue symbolize the 7 seas and 7 continents. The plaque the statue holds in its left hand reads: "July 4, 1776". This date is the day of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. 31 tons of copper were used to cast the statue, and the total weight of the steel structure was 125 tons.

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Sydney Opera House Sydney Opera House is a musical theater in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol of largest city Australia and one of the main attractions of the continent - the sail-like shells that form the roof make this building unlike any other in the world. The Opera House is recognized as one of the outstanding buildings of modern architecture in the world and since 1973 has been calling card Sydney. Since June 28, 2007, the theater has been under the protection of UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

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Sydney Opera At the heart of the Opera House project is the desire to bring people from the world of daily routine into the world of fantasy, where musicians and actors live. Every year, 1600 performances are held here - symphony concerts, ballets, operas, theatrical, dance and musical productions, comedy and children's shows. This has made the Sydney Opera House one of the most creative and busiest centers for the performing arts in the world. The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Dance Company and the Australian Opera Company and other companies perform here regularly.

When referring to the Egyptian pyramids, as a rule, they mean the Great Pyramids located in Giza, not far from Cairo.

The largest of them is the pyramid of Cheops, the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty. This pyramid is still the largest architectural creation of human hands. At the base, it is a square with a side of 227.5 meters. The height during construction is 146.6 meters, and now the pyramid is 9 meters lower: the upper stones fell during earthquakes.

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The Pyramid of Cheops

Even in ancient times, the pyramids of Giza were considered one of the seven "wonders of the world." But even today they are able to hit anyone. The largest of them is the pyramid of Cheops, the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty. This pyramid is still the largest architectural creation of human hands. At the base, it is a square with a side of 227.5 meters. The height during construction is 146.6 meters, and now the pyramid is 9 meters lower: the upper stones fell during earthquakes. The construction of the pyramid (and it was completed around 2590 BC) took 2.3 million stone blocks weighing two and a half tons each. The total volume of the pyramid is 2.34 million cubic meters. The faces of the pyramid are oriented to the cardinal points, and their angle of inclination to the base is 51o52". The entrance is located on the north side. Separate blocks, according to the Arab historian Abdel Latif (XII century), fit so precisely to each other that it is impossible to slip between them blade of knife.

There are no inscriptions or decorations inside the Cheops pyramid. There are three burial chambers. The burial chamber of the pharaoh is a room about 11 meters long, five meters wide and almost six meters high. The walls of the tomb are finished with granite slabs. The red granite sarcophagus is empty. Neither the pharaoh's mummy nor grave goods have been found. It is believed that the pyramid was plundered in ancient times.

On the south side of the pyramid is a structure shaped like a ship. This is the so-called Solar Boat - one of the five on which Cheops was supposed to go to other world. In 1954, a boat 43.6 m long, disassembled into 1224 parts, was discovered during excavations. It was built of cedar without a single nail and, as evidenced by traces of silt preserved on it, before the death of Cheops, it was still floating on the Nile.

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"Horizon of Khufu" is the name of the Pyramid of Cheops.