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First aid for bites of domestic and wild animals

Bite wounds are always contaminated with various microorganisms found in the oral cavity of animals and humans. The bites of animals with rabies can infect humans.
Most often, domestic dogs bite, less often cats and wild animals (foxes, wolves). The bites of animals with rabies (an extremely severe viral disease) are of great danger.
The rabies virus is excreted in the saliva of sick animals and enters the body of the victim from bites through a wound in the skin or mucous membrane. Most animal bites should be considered dangerous in the sense of being infected with rabies. at the time of the bite, the animal may not have external signs of the disease. In dogs, rabies is more often manifested by strong excitement, dilated pupils, and increased anxiety. The dog can run away from home, pounce without barking and bite people and animals, swallow various inedible objects. Strong salivation and vomiting are observed. Hydrophobia is not a mandatory symptom of the disease.
First aid. When providing first aid to a victim of an animal bite, one should not strive to immediately stop the bleeding, because. it helps to remove the animal's saliva from the wound. The wound is washed with soapy water, the skin around it is treated with an antiseptic solution (iodine alcohol solution, potassium permanganate solution, ethyl alcohol, etc.), and then a sterile bandage is applied. The victim is taken to a trauma center or other medical institution. The issue of vaccination against rabies is decided by the doctor.

First aid for snake bites

Lesions that develop as a result of bites of the common viper, steppe viper and other snakes are reduced to pain, temporary intensification followed by a long-term decrease in blood clotting, tissue edema in the bite area and their necrosis (death). Signs of poison action:
In the first minutes, local redness, swelling, local hemorrhage (“bruises”) appear in the bite zone.
The hemorrhage spreads up and down from the bite area, swelling increases, the skin takes on a purple-bluish hue, blisters with light or bloody contents may form on the skin.
Necrotic ulcers form in the bite area, bite wounds can bleed for a long time.

In the affected limb, lymphangitis develops with damage to the axillary or inguinal lymph nodes.
With prolonged exposure to poison and failure to provide assistance, internal hemorrhage into the thickness of tissues or into nearby organs (liver, kidneys, etc.) is possible, which leads to signs of acute blood loss: agitation, followed by lethargy, pallor of the skin, increased heart rate, dizziness, severe weakness, decreased blood pressure up to shock.
Possibly nose or gastrointestinal bleeding.
The maximum severity of symptoms reaches 8-24 hours after the bite, with incorrect assistance, the patient's condition remains severe for 2-3 days.
In mild forms of damage, local manifestations in the bite zone predominate.
First aid. When assisting a victim of a snake bite, the following activities are strictly prohibited:
1. Cauterization of the bite site.
2. Chipping the bite site with any drugs.
3. Incisions at the bite site.
4. Pulling a limb with a tourniquet (except for a cobra bite).
5. Drinking alcohol in any quantities.
When bitten by a snake, first aid should begin with immediate vigorous suction of the contents of the wounds for 10-15 (20) minutes (in the first 6 minutes about 3/4 of the entire extracted venom is removed) with its spitting, which allows you to remove from 30 to 50% all poison introduced into the body. If the wounds have dried up, they are first “opened” by pressing on the skin fold. The procedure for suctioning snake venom is safe if there are no wounds in the mouth of the victim during self-help or in the mouth of the person providing assistance. Poison that has entered the stomach is neutralized by gastric juice!
The affected limb must remain motionless. For this, transport immobilization with improvised means (tires, planks, thick branches, etc.) is desirable.
The victim must be in a prone position both during the provision of assistance and during transportation. It is undesirable to try to move the affected limb. Plentiful drink (tea, coffee, broth) is useful. Alcohol in any form is contraindicated.
Wound treatment is carried out general rules treatment of wounds (the skin around the wound is treated with alcohol, brilliant green, iodine or vodka, a sterile bandage is applied from an individual package, the bandage is fixed tightly with a bandage or adhesive tape).
If breathing is disturbed, mouth-to-mouth or auxiliary breathing is carried out with the help of breathing bags with transfer to artificial respiration in stationary conditions.
In all cases, the victim is urgently sent to the doctor with further hospitalization in the toxicological department of the hospital, in the intensive care unit, in the general surgery department with intensive care units.

First aid for tick bites

Tags: Bruise, dislocation, fracture, sprains and ruptures of ligaments, tendons and muscles, first aid

Unfortunately, even the most experienced specialist cannot predict the behavior of our younger friends - pets. Therefore, cases when animals attack and bite a person are not at all uncommon. Naturally, such a situation cannot be called pleasant. It hurts, it's insulting and scary when an animal attacks you. However, this is not the worst thing - the greatest danger is the bites of animals with rabies. Moreover, a fox, a wolf, a raccoon, as well as a cat or a dog can be rabid. What to do if you are bitten by an animal or how to properly provide first aid when a pet is bitten - we will tell in our today's publication.

First of all, let's figure out what bites can be. A light bite is a shallow injury to the shoulder, forearm, lower extremities or torso without any special marks. If superficial single bites are quite pronounced or scratches from the teeth are visible, then such bites are classified as moderate. Any animal bites that damage the head, face, neck, fingers of a person with multiple wounds are classified as severe bites.

First aid: step by step instructions

First of all, wash the wound well with soapy water and press the wound for a few minutes with sterile gauze if there is bleeding.
When the bleeding has stopped, treat the edges of the wound with iodine or apply an antibiotic or antimicrobial ointment to the bite site.
Now a not too tight sterile bandage should be put on the wound.
Seek medical attention at a trauma center (preferably immediately after a bite).

Seeking qualified medical assistance in the event of an animal bite is the wisest thing you can do in this situation. The fact is that if the animal is sick with rabies, then the sooner you start treatment, the sooner you will protect yourself from negative consequences. What's more, be sure to tell your doctor if you haven't had a tetanus shot in the past five years. You should visit the doctor again if pain, redness or swelling, discharge and an unpleasant odor at the bite site appear in the wound area, and the temperature rises.

What to do with an animal that has bitten you?

If you are unfamiliar with the owner of the animal (or the pet does not have one), then immediately consult a doctor, as the animal may have rabies. As a rule, if the bite is made by an unknown animal, or after the bite it becomes ill, died or disappeared, then the victim is given a full course of rabies vaccinations.

If you managed to find the owner, then be sure to find out if he vaccinated the animal against rabies, and also specify the exact date of the vaccination. A certificate from the veterinarian about the state of health of the animal will not be superfluous.

Within 10 days after the bite, be sure to ask the owner to observe the animal and inform you of changes in its condition. If during this period signs of the disease appear, and the animal dies of rabies, then the victim must undergo a full course of vaccination. If during this period no changes have occurred with the animal, then vaccinations are not required.

How to protect yourself from animal bites?

To avoid such a situation and protect yourself and your loved ones from being bitten by animals, remember a few simple but very effective rules of behavior with animals:

never disturb the animal while eating;
do not pull the animal by the ears or by the tail;
try not to scare the animals;
wash your hands after playing with animals;
do not put your fingers in animal cages;
take the animal for a walk only on a leash.

To prevent a dog from biting you, never scream or run away from it, even if it shows aggression. Stand still with your arms at your sides and try not to make eye contact with your dog. As a rule, the dog will lose interest in you after a minute of such behavior, and you will be able to slowly back away from his field of vision.

If the dog attacks you, then use a jacket, a briefcase as protection, but in no case a stick or a stone. In the case when a dog knocks a person down, you should curl up into a ball, cover your ears with your hands and not move. Do not scream or run when the dog is aggressive - this will help you avoid animal bites and even save your life.

Close contact with wildlife sometimes does not end quite the way we would like. A walk in the forest can end with a snake or tick bite, an excursion to the apiary - a negative reaction of bees, and inept communication with a pet - a cute cat or dog - sudden aggression. Even worse, if the attack of the animal is not motivated by any of your actions - in this case, doctors may suspect rabies.

One way or another, animal and insect bites are almost always unpleasant, painful, and sometimes fraught with very disturbing consequences in the future.

What animals and insects pose a danger, what exactly it is, and how to help the victim - let's look at the details.

Animal bites

All animals that bite a person are dangerous, and there are many reasons for this.

Firstly, such bites are always a "gateway" for infections, because the mouth and teeth of the animal are literally teeming with bacteria (in humans, too, but at least we brush our teeth).
Secondly, an animal that attacks a person can be a carrier of infectious and viral diseases dangerous to health and even life, the most terrible of which is rabies. Normally, animals try to avoid contact with a person, a wild animal is more likely to bypass him in such a way that a person will not even notice his presence. A domestic animal, on the contrary, is tuned to benevolent contact with people, it is at least calm (and most often very positively) treats people. If animals show aggression, especially not provoked by humans, this may be one of the symptoms of rabies, a formidable deadly disease transmitted through the bites of infected animals.
And, thirdly, there are poisonous animals (snakes), whose toxins, penetrating into the human blood when bitten, cause serious consequences, even death.

Types of animal bites and first aid for them

What are the consequences of bites, and what are the ways to provide assistance in each case?

Mammal bites

Most often, people suffer from the bites of dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, etc. These can be pets, unfamiliar street or stray animals, and wild forest animals that come to people in search of food or as a result of the loss of the safety instinct in rabies. Bites are most often painful, wounds are distinguished by ragged edges (therefore, they must be sewn up in a hospital setting to speed up healing and avoid ugly overgrowth with the formation of pronounced scars). If, as a result of a bite, a disease is transmitted to a person, the symptoms will be special in each case.

You can help in this situation in the following ways:

do not stop the blood immediately - if dangerous bacteria get into the wound, they will be partially washed away by the bloodstream;
wash the wound with clean water and soap, treat the edges with an antiseptic solution (hydrogen peroxide, iodine alcohol solution, etc.), and apply a sterile bandage;
morally support the victim, because a person is often in a state of shock when bitten, especially for children or people in a situation where the bites are severe, multiple, or made by a pet from whom “no one expected this”;
organize the immediate delivery of a bitten person to a hospital, where the doctor will decide on the necessary vaccinations: most often we are talking about vaccines against tetanus and rabies, if there is a suspicion of this disease in an animal (external signs such as arousal, dilated pupils, profuse salivation, “glassy "wandering gaze, multidirectional aggression against anything and anyone, sometimes hydrophobia, refusal to drink);
also, if possible, the animal should be captured, or the owner (if any) should be persuaded to take it to a veterinary clinic for examination for rabies. This is important because the injection program for this disease is painful and lengthy, and there is no point in subjecting a person to heavy treatment if it is not necessary. But, on the other hand, if the necessary timely measures for vaccination are not taken when it is really necessary, the outcome can be sad.

snake bites

The vast majority of snakes that live in our country are not poisonous. However, a “safe” snake can bite - defending itself when frightened. Such a bite does not require special care: it is treated like a normal wound - that is, it is disinfected with alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or iodine, and then bandaged to prevent dirt from entering the wound if you are in nature.

The problem is that when bitten by a snake, rarely will anyone be able to assess, without experience, whether it was poisonous or not. Therefore, it is important to know how their poisons work and how you can help with a bite.

There are three types of snake venom:

coagulating blood, causing swelling and necrosis of tissues at the site of the bite (viper venom, efa, gyurza, muzzle);
paralyzing the nervous system, muscles, respiratory centers and the work of the heart muscle (this is how cobra venom works, as well as the poison of tropical sea snakes);
combined - that is, acting according to both schemes: they coagulate blood with subsequent tissue necrosis, and act on the nervous system (this is the poison of a rattlesnake and an Australian asp).

Help for a person bitten by a snake depends on what type it belongs to, that is, what effect its poison has. Again, without being a specialist in snakes, it is difficult to orient yourself and instantly determine which snake attacked, especially since it often disappears instantly after its attack.

Therefore, the first and most important thing to do is to organize the delivery of the victim to the hospital, to the intensive care unit or to the toxicology department as soon as possible (depending on the severity of the condition), even if at first there were no special signs of poisoning - it is important that the victim receives as soon as possible an injection of antidote serum. Next, evaluate the symptoms that are observed to understand what type of poison and report this to the doctors upon arrival at the hospital.
As for pre-medical measures, it is almost always recommended to “open” the wounds first (press a little on them), squeeze out the first portion of blood with poison with your fingers, and then suck the poison out of them (this is done intensively, for 10-15 minutes). This is effective only in the first 10 minutes after the bite - later the poison will have time to interact with the blood, and the procedure will be useless.
Instead of sucking the poison, you can provoke its partial outflow from the wound by applying a “jar”: for this, air is set on fire in a glass or glass with alcohol and immediately after that it is applied to the bite site (the resulting vacuum draws out the poison).
Since the poison spreads much faster throughout the body with increased blood circulation, it is necessary to do so as not to add intensity to the blood flow, that is, to ensure the immobility of the victim, complete rest and lying position, and also to calm him down as much as possible, because stress also increases the intensity of metabolic processes due to the release of hormones ( adrenaline).
If possible, wash the wound with clean water and soap, treat with alcohol or hydrogen peroxide solution, and apply a bandage.
Cold can be applied to the bite site: so the poison will be absorbed more slowly, and the pain will decrease.

Common First Aid Mistakes for a Snake Bite

What can not be done categorically, but often advised to do by non-professionals:

incise the bite site (this impairs healing and provokes the possibility of infection of the wound in addition to the consequences of the action of the poison);
cauterize it with anything (for the same reason, besides, the high temperature at the site of the poison will only accelerate its spread);
chipping, creating a "blockade", - including painkillers
apply a tourniquet on a bitten arm or leg, or tightly bandage the affected area (except in cases of a cobra bite, in this case the tourniquet is applied above the bite site, and for no more than half an hour). Such actions can cause tissue necrosis and even gangrene, as a result of which the affected limb is amputated;
drink any alcohol “to reduce pain”: this will only aggravate the condition and accelerate all ongoing processes.

Prevention of animal bites

In most cases, trouble can be avoided if you behave correctly and do not provoke a dangerous situation.

In no case should you tease animals, both domestic and wild, because such behavior can cause fear, and fear always triggers aggression. These are the basics of dealing with living beings that people in modern world they began to forget, because they were too far removed from nature. It is necessary to explain this to the children without fail - and, of course, follow this rule yourself.
You can’t pet someone else’s dog without the permission of the owner - it is especially important to explain this to children, who initially do not expect anything bad from pets, not even their own.
It is also dangerous in the presence of a dog to suddenly show feelings for the owner, invade his personal space (hug, shake hands, and so on) - a dog trained to guard can regard this as an attack and go on the attack on you. Even if this is not the first time you see this dog, wait until the owner calms him down or gives the appropriate command, confirming that "all are yours."
Do not touch any animal when it is eating.
Do not take animal cubs in your arms, even if the parents are not visible nearby: all cute helpless kittens, puppies, foxes have a mother who may not like your excessive interest in her offspring, which she will regard as aggression, for which you will be immediately punished.
Moreover, it is impossible to intentionally demonstrate aggression and show threatening behavior towards animals (especially snakes and large strong mammals - dogs, wolves).
Snakes attack only if they are frightened, if they are disturbed unexpectedly, therefore, being in the forest, walk with a stick and push the grass and branches around you - in this way you will warn the snake of your appearance and will not become an unexpected stress factor for it.
Consider the fact how the snake attacks: its throw is directed forward and upward, so if you find a reptile, and at the same time do not fall into the zone of its possible attack, just retreat quietly and without screaming: snakes are deaf, but they react to vibration.
High durable shoes for walks in the mountains, forests or grassy meadows can also save health and even life: if a suddenly disturbed snake attacks, it will not be able to bite through the dense material of the shoe.

Insect bites

Almost 100% of cases of insect bites occur in the warm season in our climate, or in contact with them in hot countries on vacation or during work. As a rule, insect bites are painful, dangerous to health, and sometimes fatal, especially when:

individual allergies - up to shock or Quincke's edema, especially if the bite fell on the respiratory tract (nose, mouth, neck);
getting too a large number bites (single bites of ants, bees, wasps are painful, but not life-threatening, but a large number of them can lead to a serious condition as a result of intoxication, pain shock and even death);
infection with a serious disease that the insect carries (malaria, encephalitis, Lyme disease, etc.).

Bites of wasps, bees, hornets, spiders (for example, poisonous karakurt), scorpions, ticks, and even ants or mosquitoes are dangerous for humans. However, each of the cases will have its own special risks, and its own nuances of assistance, so let's dwell on this in detail.

Types of insect bites and help with them

A person suffering from an individual reaction to insect toxins (and such an allergy can even be observed to midge stings, not to mention bees, wasps or hornets) needs immediate medical attention if he has:

severe swelling began (especially in the head area),
difficulty breathing,
impaired cardiac activity (determined by probing the pulse: very frequent, as well as slow, thready - dangerous symptoms),
severe pain that cannot be endured,
convulsions;
a sharp increase in temperature;
if hurt Small child(in children, all such processes proceed more sharply and faster).

First aid for stinging insect bites

It is important to alleviate the condition of the victim and reduce pain. For this you need:

carefully remove the sting if there is one in the bite wound (it is better not to use tweezers, as it can put pressure on the poison sac at the base of the sting, in which case the dose of poison will increase);
rinse the bite site with clean cold water, then treat with alcohol, vodka or iodine;
put ice or a cold compress on the bite area, which will need to be changed periodically - this will soothe the pain a little and reduce swelling;
drink a cup of strong tea with sugar (or slowly chew a piece of refined sugar, because glucose can slightly neutralize the poison and help eliminate it from the body);
give an antiallergic medicine (the so-called antihistamine - for example, suprastin, claritin);
since many insect bites have a depressing effect on the nervous system and respiratory centers in particular, the state of breathing must be monitored until the doctors arrive;
but what you can’t do in any case is follow the “folk” advice: wash the affected area with urine, saliva, apply earth (except for infection of the lesion site, this can do little).

First aid for tick bites

The bite of a tick is potentially dangerous by infection with diseases that ticks carry: tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme disease, etc. They affect the activity of the central nervous system and the functioning of the brain, therefore they are considered very dangerous for humans. Help will consist in removing the tick as carefully as possible without crushing it and without provoking the secretion that it secretes when it bites into the blood:

Plentifully drip on a cotton swab of vegetable oil and attach it to the site of the "introduction" of the tick. This will block his ability to breathe, and he will get out on his own back to the surface of the skin.
Wrap the protruding part of the tick with a thread, tie it, but do not pull with force, but twist it around its axis, and then pull both ends in different directions: the tick will begin to unscrew with a rotating thread and come out entirely.
You can also try to twist the tick with your fingers, without pressing hard, so as not to crush it.
But it is best to entrust the removal of the tick to doctors, especially since it will still need to be examined for carrying diseases.

First aid for bites of poisonous spiders and scorpions

These bites are reminiscent of snake bites in their action and strength, and most importantly, they are just as dangerous.

when bitten by a spider, the victim must be immediately hospitalized, especially in the case of a bite of a karakurt, which may go unnoticed at first, but after a while provokes terrible muscle pain and can lead to death in 1-2 days without assistance;
also in this case, cold is recommended (compresses with ice or just cold water) to the bite site or treatment with a solution of ammonia;
if possible, the poison from the wound must be squeezed out or sucked out, taking into account all the nuances that are the case with snake venom;
it is important to immobilize the affected place, and to ensure complete rest for the person so that the poison is absorbed more slowly;
if it was not a spider that stung, but a scorpion, it is necessary to smear the affected area with vegetable oil, apply heat and give an analgesic so that before the doctors arrive, pain can be endured without the risk of developing pain shock.

Prevention of insect bites

Insects are primitive creatures, guided by instincts, and therefore much less predictable than animals. To reduce the risk of their bite, it is important to remember the following rules:

in nature, use insecticides, repellents that repel insects - both individual (creams, sprays) and general action (smoke spirals, etc.);
at home in the warm season it is also useful to have means to repel mosquitoes and midges;
use mosquito nets, install them on the windows of your home for the summer;
when going to the forest, wear light-colored clothes with long sleeves and completely covered skin of the legs (that is, not shorts or breeches), as well as closed shoes and a panama hat or a cap on your head - this way you will protect yourself from a tick attack;
do not behave provocatively in the apiary, do not stand near the beehives, especially - do not come there in a state of intoxication - the bees react negatively to this smell;
do not touch forest ants, do not ruin anthills by sticking sticks in them - their bites can be very painful;
on vacation in the southern regions of our country, be careful when examining the garden, house, car interior, which was open, do not walk barefoot to avoid being bitten by a spider or scorpion.

One way or another, animal and insect bites are dangerous, but it is in our power to avoid them or, if possible, reduce the consequences. Take care of yourself!

Bite wounds are always contaminated with various microorganisms found in the oral cavity of animals and humans. The bites of animals with rabies can infect humans.

Most often, domestic dogs bite, less often cats and wild animals (foxes, wolves). The bites of animals with rabies (an extremely severe viral disease) are of great danger.

The rabies virus is excreted in the saliva of sick animals and enters the body of the victim from bites through a wound in the skin or mucous membrane. Most animal bites should be considered dangerous in the sense of being infected with rabies. at the time of the bite, the animal may not have external signs of the disease. In dogs, rabies is more often manifested by strong excitement, dilated pupils, and increased anxiety. The dog can run away from home, pounce without barking and bite people and animals, swallow various inedible objects. Strong salivation and vomiting are observed. Hydrophobia is not a mandatory symptom of the disease.

First aid. When providing first aid to a victim of an animal bite, one should not strive to immediately stop the bleeding, because. it helps to remove the animal's saliva from the wound. The wound is washed with soapy water, the skin around it is treated with an antiseptic solution (iodine alcohol solution, potassium permanganate solution, ethyl alcohol, etc.), and then a sterile bandage is applied. The victim is taken to a trauma center or other medical institution. The issue of vaccination against rabies is decided by the doctor.

Bites of stinging insects (bees, wasps, bumblebees, hornets).

In most cases, insect bites do not cause serious consequences, but only quickly passing symptoms, such as slight redness, slight swelling, burning or itching in the damaged area. However, in such a situation, immediate medical attention may be required.

For example, numerous bites in the event of an attack by a bee swarm or bites in the oral cavity, in the head, in the face, complicated by swelling of the pharynx and larynx. In addition, there are people with hypersensitivity to insect venom, they may develop a state of deep shock with loss of consciousness.

How can you help the victim in the first minutes?

If a sting remains at the site of the bite, it must be carefully removed with tweezers, being careful not to crush the thickening of the sting where the poison sac is located.

On the damaged area it is necessary to apply cold lotions, ice (but not on open skin), even better - lotions from an aqueous solution of ammonia 1:5. If the casualty has difficulty breathing, let him suck on an ice cube or drink cold water little sips. In this case, as well as in the case of the appearance of blisters all over the body (urticaria), pallor, cold sweat, severe swelling of the face, hoarseness, you should immediately go to the hospital. Never put earth on the wound, do not moisten the wound with saliva. This contributes to the development of infection. If burning and swelling bother you for several days, contact your family doctor for help. He will prescribe creams with glucocorticoids or antihistamines.

Damage caused by contact with marine animals.

These skin lesions usually do not have serious consequences, but they are very painful.

Jellyfish, sea anemones, etc. cause on contact with them a strong burning sensation and redness of the skin with the formation of blisters, as in urticaria (like a burn with nettle leaves). sea urchins leave needles deeply penetrating the skin of the victim. Taking them out is a difficult task, as they are very fragile.

There are fish with poisonous fins that like to burrow into the sand at shallow depths near the shore, exposing these fins. If you accidentally step on such a fish, a very painful swelling occurs on the foot.

First of all, it is necessary to pull out a foreign body from the skin - a needle or a fin bone. If possible, it is best to immerse the affected area in very hot sea or salt water 15 minutes, this will speed up the destruction of the poison. If this is not possible, it is recommended to apply lotions with an aqueous solution of ammonia 1:5 or (and) an anti-inflammatory cream with glucocorticoids or an antihistamine cream recommended by the family doctor to the skin.

Pet bites.

As a rule, these are scratches or bites of dogs and cats. These wounds are always very dirty (in the oral cavity of animals contains a huge amount of bacteria), with ragged edges and difficult to heal. It is very important to immediately wash the wound with running water and soap, if possible, then with hydrogen peroxide. Then apply a sterile dressing and take the victim to the nearest medical Center. The family doctor, after analyzing the wound, will determine the need for vaccination - against tetanus and/or rabies, the causative agent of which could be in the saliva of the sick animal. As a rule, rabies vaccination is prescribed for an unprovoked, unexpected attack of an animal. The bites of wild animals - foxes, bats - are especially dangerous for infection with the rabies virus. They can also be carriers of the disease to pets.

Bites of snakes.

Snakes tend to avoid human contact and only attack if they are in danger. In half the cases, snake bites are not accompanied by injection of poison into the wound. The severity of the victim's condition will depend on the area of damage (the most dangerous bites are in the upper half of the body, face, neck), on age (old people and children are more difficult to tolerate bites) and on the amount of poison.

A viper bite mark is two bleeding points at a distance of about 1 cm between them. After a few minutes, the skin around the wound swells and becomes purple. Possible deterioration of the general condition: nausea, abdominal pain, signs of shock - pallor, cold sweat, weak pulse, frequent shallow breathing, agitation, quickly turning into drowsiness.

First of all, try to calm the victim and immobilize the affected area, keeping it completely calm - so the poison will spread more slowly. A tourniquet from improvised means, 10-15 cm wide, should be immediately applied to the affected limb, or bandaged tightly above the affected area, squeezing the superficial veins and lymphatic vessels and not affecting the deep vessels (the correct application of the tourniquet will be seen by the swelling of the superficial veins).

If the snake has bitten on the face or neck, it is necessary to press around the wound so that blood oozes slightly, thereby slowing down the spread of the poison.

Then you need to wash the wound well with soap and water and apply ice or cold lotions to the affected area and send the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.

First aid for tick bites

The infection is transmitted by the bite of a tick, as well as through cow and goat milk.

The incubation period lasts 10-12 days. The disease begins acutely with the manifestation of the main syndromes: common infectious, meningeal, focal lesions of the nervous system. Body temperature - up to 40 degrees.

First aid. If a tick is found, it should not be crushed or removed with force. It is necessary to apply a cotton swab moistened with vegetable oil to the tick. Within 20-30 minutes, the tick disappears by itself or can be easily removed with slight sipping. The wound should be treated with iodine and urgently contact a medical institution for the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis. At the same time, it is advisable to bring a tick with you so that experts can determine whether it is encephalitic or not. From the results of the research, the course of the necessary treatment is determined.