The Danes, like most Scandinavians, are liberal-minded people, and this worldview is reflected in the political and social structure of the country. Denmark's post-war development was based on an agreement that allowed the country to retain its best achievements while meeting the requirements of a modern democratic state. The result of this development was a fusion of monarchy, democracy and market economy, backed up by one of the most advanced welfare systems in the world.

Political structure
Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, where the Queen acts as the head of state, and the government is formed from a parliament, or "folketing". Parliament in Denmark is unicameral; MPs are elected by proportional representation, although each MP also represents an electoral district. Four of the 179 members of Parliament are elected from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. In general, the Danish Government is a minority government (not containing a parliamentary majority), which means that Danish politics is based on compromises between different political parties. In the event that the Folketing expresses no confidence in the government, the government must resign or hold elections.

According to the Constitution, elections must be held every four years. If the distribution of seats after an election clearly points to a particular party or parties, the monarch appoints them as government. In the event that the result of an election is not clear, the Queen organizes a series of meetings in which the elected parties express their wishes. The Queen then appoints a royal attorney to negotiate the formation of a government with the elected parties. At the end of the negotiations, another meeting is held, headed by the Queen, after which the monarch appoints a new prime minister.

Judicial branch
Independent courts are part of the separation of powers in Denmark. Typically, cases are heard first by the local or city court; appeals from the decision of the city court are heard in one of the two High Courts of the country. Some important cases involving administrative matters are dealt with by one of the high courts first. The supreme body of judicial power is the Supreme Court. The judges are appointed by the Queen.

Denmark in the EU
Denmark, along with the UK, Norway and Ireland, applied for membership of the European Union (EU) in 1961 and 1967. However, in both cases, French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed UK membership of the EU, and Denmark, not wanting to join the Union without the UK, also remained outside the European Union. It wasn't until January 1973 that Denmark, along with the UK and Ireland, became a member of the EU.

Despite its small size, Denmark is a wholly independent country, and this is reflected in its sometimes capricious relationship with the EU. The most striking example of this behavior is when a country voted against the Maastricht Treaty, which was seen as slowing down progress towards a united Europe, in a referendum in 1992 (the Treaty was subsequently ratified through negotiations the following year). In 2000, Denmark voted against joining the European currency, the euro, in a referendum.

North
The North has always been and remains an important ideological partner for cooperation, which can be seen in the work of the Nordic Council and the new Baltic Council. The intersection of cultural interests, as well as the Nordic passport union and the free internal labor market, created close ties between Denmark and other Nordic countries. One of Denmark's tasks was to combine common northern interests with European politics. With the accession of Sweden and Finland to the EU, Denmark is no longer the only Nordic member of the EU, but Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Faroe islands remain outside the EU, and northern cooperation today is largely based on the accession of the Baltic countries to the Union.

NATO
Denmark has done a lot to support NATO as the main tool for achieving political security in Europe, and it is especially important for Denmark that the US is an active member of NATO. In the field of security policy, Denmark occupies positions close to the United States. Denmark is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Religion in Denmark
The religious activity of the country is subject to the Constitution of Denmark, the main principle of which is the premise that the Lutheran Church - the official church of Denmark - must be supported by the state, as well as the principle of freedom of religion, speech and conscience. The support provided by the state is partly moral and political (legislating the Sunday holiday, as well as legislation on religious issues), partly financial and administrative (sharing in the salaries and pensions of the clergy, collecting church taxes, supporting the management of the national church with the help of the Ministry of Church Affairs, assistance in monitoring, consulting services, etc.).

Scandinavian welfare model
The Nordic welfare model is often used as a general term to describe how Denmark, Sweden and Norway organize and fund their social support systems, health and education programs.

The principle underlying the welfare model is that assistance should be provided to all eligible citizens, regardless of their social or family status. This system is universal, and assistance is given to an individual, so, for example, a married woman has rights regardless of her husband. In the area of ​​health and employment, however, entitlement to benefits depends on previous employment and sometimes union membership and dues. However, the largest share of financial responsibility lies with the state and is carried out through a system of taxation, which is characterized by a wide coverage and a high level, and not through special subsidies.

In area political structure all Scandinavian countries are parliamentary republics, and there is close cooperation between the political system and organizations representing the interests of workers and employers. In addition, the loyal attitude of the population to the central government and other public authorities is a fundamental characteristic of the political structure of the country and plays an important role in the Scandinavian model of well-being.

AT recent times there has been much debate about maintaining the welfare model that was developed forty years ago at a time of low unemployment and strong economic growth. The growing need for public funding for such a generous system of social support has led to some changes to this model to keep pace with changes in the economy and society.

The Persian Gulf region is of great interest, primarily because it is one of the most oil-rich areas of the earth's crust. The geology of the region surrounding the Persian Gulf has been well studied. In the Persian Gulf itself, hydrobiological, hydrological and oceanographic research. Persian Gulf area 239 thousand km2, the volume of water is only 6 thousand km3. Length of the Persian Gulf 1138 km, width varies from 388 km to 65 km in the Strait of Hormuz Average depth 91 m. However, depths exceeding 110 m occur at the entrance to the Persian Gulf; maximum depth Persian Gulf 170 m.

The Persian Gulf is divided into two parts - eastern and western, which are connected by a narrow depression passing through a shallow area located within the Strait of Hormuz. great depths also separated from the coast of Iran by a narrow shoal. In the southwestern part of the Persian Gulf there is an extensive shallow water, where the depths do not exceed 40 m; it expands to the south and wedges out to the top of the Persian Gulf.
There are many islands and shoals in the Persian Gulf; some are either fold crests, salt domes, or structures composed of unconsolidated or partially consolidated Quaternary deposits.

Climate in the Persian Gulf

The air temperature in the Persian Gulf region is high, but the winters are quite cool, especially at the top of the Persian Gulf. Precipitation is negligible; in the northeast of the Persian Gulf, the amount of precipitation increases slightly. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of occasional short-lived heavy showers between November and April. Relative humidity is high. Cloudiness is small, and more in winter than in summer. Thunderstorms and fogs are rare phenomena, not typical of this area. But in the summer there are often dust storms and haze. Most often strong wind blows from NW and WNW; it bears the local name "shamal". The strength of a shamal sometimes reaches 6 points and rarely reaches 8 points. The wind speed during such periods increases to 26 m/s in 5 minutes. Often there are waterspouts, especially in autumn.

Hydrological regime. Fresh water flows to the top of the Persian Gulf from the Tigris, Euphrates and Karun rivers; less significant inflow of fresh waters in the region of the coast of Iran. The water temperature is high; it ranges from 18 to 32°C at the entrance to the Persian Gulf and from 16 to 32°C in the extreme northwest.

Maximum water temperatures observed in shallow water along the coast. High salinity is due to low river flow (high air temperatures and high evaporation exceed the influence of incoming fresh water). Salinity varies from 37-38 ppm. at the entrance to the Persian Gulf to 38-41 p.m. in the extreme northwest, where salinity depends on river runoff. In the southwest of the Persian Gulf, a salinity of 42–60 ppm was recorded off the coast. It has been established that the salinity of the waters entering the Persian Gulf increases, while more saline waters sink and leave through the Strait of Hormuz, and less dense waters come in their place.

Tides in the Persian Gulf wrong daily allowance. The highest tides are recorded east of the Qatar Peninsula. Daily inequality decreases NE and SE from this point.

Tide fluctuations insignificant - from 1.22-1.64 m around the Qatar Peninsula to 3.15-3.38 m at the top of the Persian Gulf and up to 2.76-3.15 m at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. Strong, shoreward winds sometimes raise the water level near the shore; low banks are flooded.

Powerful tidal currents(up to 4 knots) are observed on the southern side of the Strait of Hormuz. In other regions of the Persian Gulf, these currents are weak, usually their speed does not exceed 1-1.5 knots, but can increase at the entrance to lagoons, in river mouths and narrow straits. Wind drift is sometimes so powerful that tidal currents going in the opposite direction cannot overcome it, and therefore the resulting current does not change direction, only slightly slowing down.

Waves in the Persian Gulf are usually small but steep. Swell influence indian ocean felt only at the entrance. In this section, the wind blowing in the opposite direction of the tide can create a strong turbulent flow. In the southern part, the local shamal wind causes the greatest excitement. Here fixed big waves, but the height rarely exceeds 3 m.

Geology of the regions surrounding the Persian Gulf. pretty well studied. In the west, the Persian Gulf limits the Precambrian Arabian Shield overlain by gently NE-dipping and weakly dislocated Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic deposits. The axes of gentle folds are oriented in the meridional direction.

The Omani mountains are the only intensely folded structure on the Arabian Peninsula. In the east, the foothills and ridges of the Zagros Mountains (folded to normal faults), oriented to the NW-SE, adjoin the Persian Gulf. In the cores of large anticlines, mainly Mesozoic rocks composing the mountains are exposed, while in the foothills these rocks are overlain by Cenozoic deposits. In the northeast, the folded zone consists of several large fault blocks in which Paleozoic and younger rocks are exposed. The folded mountains and fault blocks are separated from the complex massif of the Central Iranian Highlands by a thrust zone, along which deposits of various geological epochs are exposed at the northeastern tip of the Zagros Mountains. Superimposed on this wide area are extensive salt domes, which are especially well developed in southwestern Iran and in the southern part of the Persian Gulf.

Story they date back to the Tertiary period. Although tectonic movements began in the Cretaceous period, and in some areas even earlier, the basic structure of the mountains and all the geomorphological features of the Persian Gulf are the result of Miocene-Liocene folding and subsequent deformations. The fault-blocky structure of the Early Domiocene, apparently, had some influence on the Tertiary folding superimposed on it. The egot region is tectonically active at the present time. Numerous raised coastal ridges and terraces and raised diving surfaces testify to Quaternary tectonic movements.

The geological structures of the framing were formed as a result of folding and accumulation of a thick layer of sediments in a trench oriented to the NW–SE and finally formed in the Mesozoic. The Cambrian is represented by plastic material, salt, and a thin layer of carbonates. From the Permian to the Miocene, carbonate deposits were mainly accumulated with rare inclusions of plastic material. These carbonate deposits, accumulated in deep waters, consist of marly sediments, often containing a significant admixture of organic matter; marly sediments pass into sediments of the shallow zone, including skeletal, oolitic, reef, and dolomitic limestones. The sediments of the shallow water zone are especially distinct in the southwestern tea trough.