Legends of Lake Ilmen - Mollenta - Youth Information Portal. Legends of Lake Ilmen - Mollenta - Youth Information Portal

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The grandson came and ran away with the guys on skis: to ride. And Baba Dunya, having revived at once, briskly fussed around the house: she cooked cabbage soup, made pies, got jams and compotes, and looked out the window to see if Grisha was running.

Today, with Grisha's arrival, she forgot about the ailment. The day flew by in vanity and worries. I didn’t have time to look back, and it was already turning blue outside the window, evening was approaching.

Went to bed. Baba Dunya, ashamed, said:

At night, maybe I'll make noise. So you wake up.

Grisha waved it off:

I'm a motherfucker, I can't hear anything. I sleep dead.

Well, thank God. And then I'm making noise, you old fool. I can't do anything.

Both Baba Dunya and her grandson fell asleep quickly.

But in the middle of the night Grisha woke up screaming.

Help! Help, good people!

Waking up, in the darkness, he did not understand anything, and fear seized him.

Kind people! Lost cards! The cards in the blue handkerchief are tied up! Maybe who picked it up? - and fell silent.

Grisha understood where he was and what. This was Baba Dunya screaming.

In the darkness, in the silence, grandmother's heavy breathing was so clearly heard. She seemed to breathe, gaining strength. And she wailed again, until she was out of her voice.

Cards... Where are the cards... In a blue handkerchief... Good people. Children... Petyanya, Shurik, Taechka... I'll come home, they'll ask for something... Give me some bread, mother. And their mother ... - Baba Dunya stammered, as if stunned, and shouted: - Good people! Don't let me die! Petyanya! Shura! Taechka! - she seemed to sing out the names of the children, subtly and painfully.

Grisha could not stand it, got out of bed, went into his grandmother's room:

Baba! Baba! he called. - Wake up...

She woke up, tossed and turned.

Grisha, are you? Woke you up. Sorry, for Christ's sake.

You, grandma, lay on the wrong side, on the heart.

On the heart, on the heart ... - Baba Dunya obediently agreed.

Can't be in the heart. You lie on the right.

I lie, I lie...

She felt so guilty.

Grisha returned to his room and went to bed. He knew about cards. They were given bread. Long ago, during the war and after. And Petyanya, about whom her grandmother grieved, is her father.

In the morning Grisha went fishing. And in the evening I went to the post office home, to the city, to call. During the conversation, the mother asked:

Does Baba Dunya let you sleep? - and advised: - She will just start talking, and you shout: "Be silent"! She will stop. We tried.

On the way home, I started thinking about my grandmother. Now, from the side, she seemed so weak and lonely. And then there are these nights in tears, like a punishment. Father reminisced about the old days. But for him they passed. Not for grandma. And with what, no doubt, she waits for the night. All people have lived bitter and forgotten. And she has it again and again. But how to help? 52

And the night came. They put out the light. Grisha did not lie down, but sat up in bed, biding his time.

Baba Dunya soon fell asleep. Grisha was waiting. And when at last another indistinct muttering came from his grandmother's room, he got up and went. He turned on the light in the kitchen, stood by the bed, feeling an involuntary trembling seize him.

Lost ... No ... No cards ... - muttered Baba Dunya still quietly. - Cards ... Where ... Cards ... - and tears, tears rolled up.

Grisha took a deep breath to shout louder, and even raised his foot to stomp. To be sure.

Bread ... cards ... - in heavy flour, with tears, Baba Dunya pronounces.

The boy's heart was flooded with pity and pain. Forgetting what he had thought about, he knelt down in front of the bed and began to convince, softly, affectionately:

Here are your cards, old woman ... In a blue handkerchief, right? Are yours in a blue scarf? It's yours, you dropped it. And I raised it. You see, take it, - he insistently repeated. - All whole, take ...

Baba Dunya was silent. Apparently, there, in a dream, she heard and understood everything. The words didn't come right away. But they came.

My, my... My handkerchief, blue. People will say. My cards, I dropped. God bless you good man...

Don't cry, he said loudly. - The cards are whole. Why cry? Take some bread and bring it to the kids. Bring, have dinner and go to bed, - he said, as if ordering. - And sleep peacefully. Sleep.

Baba Dunya was silent.

Grandma Dunya was sleeping. And he sat by the stove and cried. Tears rolled and rolled. They came from the heart, because the heart ached and ached, pitying Baba Dunya and someone else ... He did not sleep, but was in a strange oblivion, as if in distant years, other and in someone else's life, and this life, so bitter, such misfortune and sadness that he could not help but cry. And he wept, wiping his tears with his fist.

But as soon as Baba Dunya spoke, he forgot about everything. The head became clear, and the trembling passed in the body. He approached Baba Dunya just in time.

There is a document, there is a document ... here it is ... - she said in a trembling voice. - To my husband, I'm making my way to the hospital. And the night is outside. Let sleepover.

Grisha seemed to see a dark street and a woman in the darkness, and flung open the door to meet her.

Of course we will. Please pass. Come on in. Your document is not needed.

There is a document! shouted Baba Dunya.

Grisha realized that he had to take the document.

Okay, let's go. So... I see. A very good document. Correct. With photo card, printed.

Correct ... - Baba Dunya sighed with relief. - Vyatka province, Orlovsky district.

Everything converges. Come on in.

I'd like to be on the floor. Only until the morning. Wait it out.

No gender. Here is the bed. Sleep well. Sleep. Sleep. On the side - and sleep.

Baba Dunya obediently turned on her right side, put her hand under her head and fell asleep. Now until morning.

Grisha went to bed, anticipating how tomorrow he would tell his grandmother and how they were together ... But suddenly a clear thought burned him: "You can't talk." He clearly understood: not a word, not even a hint. It must stay and die in it. You need to do and be silent. Tomorrow night and the night after it. You need to do and be silent. And healing will come.

(According to the story "The Night of Healing")

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Lake Ilmen is located in the western part of the Novgorod region. Scientists attribute the reservoir to the pool Baltic Sea.

The history of the lake and its environs is rich, interesting and mysterious. This is due to the fact that the lake has been shrouded in legends, myths, and secrets since ancient times.

Origin of Lake Ilmen

A reservoir was formed almost 2.5 thousand years ago, due to the fact that in this place, after the retreat of the glacier, a break in the earth's crust occurred.

Lake Ilmen on the map

Historical events

The banks of the Ilmen were inhabited a very long time ago, but scientists have not been able to establish the name of the tribe / nationality / ethnic group for sure. Archaeologists have found traces of the Ural and Finnish ethnic groups, which were then forced out by the Slavs. It is possible that representatives of the Scandinavian and Germanic tribes lived here.

Historical chronicles testify that on Lake Ilmen on July 7, 1471, Prince Danilo Kholmsky of Tver, who was in the service of the Moscow Tsar, defeated the army of Veliky Novgorod. Three weeks later, a peaceful Moscow-Novgorod treaty was signed here.

Which rivers flow into Lake Ilmen

Almost 50 rivers flow into the Ilmen - both large and small. Among the biggest it is worth noting:

• Veryazh;
• Veronda;
• Mstu;
• Lovat;
• Shelokhon;
• Mshagu.

But only one river flows out of the lake, which is called the Volkhov. It is this river that connects Lake Ladoga with Lake Ilmen.

Relief

The shores of the lake are distinguished by a large number of wetlands and lowlands. Along the coast you can find deltas, channels, flat floodplain islands. Most of all swamps and swamps are near the eastern and southeastern shores. Depressions and ridges predominate in the north and northwest.

Cities

The closest to the lake is the city of Veliky Novgorod, from where excursions around Ilmen are regularly carried out. 90 km from Veliky Novgorod is located locality called Staraya Russa. The city belongs to the basin of the reservoir, and is connected with the Ilmen lake by historical and cultural ties.

Animal world

Lake fauna represented different types fish. Most of all, there are such river inhabitants as pike, burbot, smelt, bream, perch, sabrefish, etc., whitefish is rarely found. There were more of this fish, but after the Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station was built, the whitefish population decreased sharply.

lake Ilmen. sunset photo

On the shores of Lake Ilmen there is a huge number of insects, which is associated with wetlands and coastal areas, high humidity. There are especially many blood-sucking insects here, among which it is worth noting gadflies, mosquitoes, horseflies, midges.

Many birds that nest are mallards, crake and many others. Otters live, which are listed in the Red Book.

Characteristics of Lake Ilmen

• The area of ​​the lake during the flood is 2,230 km2, when the water subsides, then the area is reduced by almost four times and is 660 km2. The average area is equal to 1 thousand km2;
• The length of the lake is 45 km, and the width reaches 35 kilometers, the depth varies from 10 to 13 meters;
• The Ilmenskoye Lake is fed by rivers in the spring, when they overflow with floods, in winter the low water is responsible for the "nutrition";
• The water level fluctuates within 7.4 meters, reaching a maximum in May, and a minimum in March;
• Between November and April, the lake is frozen over;
• The water in the lake contains a huge amount of organic matter (mainly peat), which is why the color of the water is yellow or brown. But organic elements do not affect the purity of water. Once every one and a half to two months, the water is renewed in the reservoir;
• In summer, the water temperature in the lake exceeds +20 C, which is why the water near the shores constantly “blooms”;
• A feature of Ilmen are storms that cause the formation of high, but short, waves;
• The height above sea level is 18.1 m;
• The climate is temperate continental;
• The average annual rainfall is 550mm;
• Characteristic of the lake are the processes of siltation, the drift of river sediments, due to which the lake begins to gradually disappear under such a “veil”.

• In the times of Kievan Rus, the lake was part of the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”;
• The epic name of Ilmen is Sadko Lake, and in the Middle Ages the reservoir was called the Slovenian Sea - because of the boundlessness and the unique system of water spills;
• On the south coast Ilmen is the so-called Ilmensky glint - this is a cliff-ledge. Its height is 15 m, and its length is 8 km, occupying the territory between two villages - Pustosh and Korostyn. In the limestone that makes up Glint, geologists have found many marine fossils dating back to the Devon period. Here they were discovered mineral springs and very rare plant species.

The lake appeared about 12 thousand years ago at the outer edge of the glacier and therefore often moved under pressure or with its retreat. After Ilmen took on its modern shape, the first people came here. The Ilmen Slavs finally entrenched themselves on its shores, after which the name of the lake flashed in ancient chronicles. Having “imprinted” prehistoric geological processes, the lake later attracted the scientific interest of Lomonosov himself.

ON THE WAY "FROM THE VARANGIANS TO THE GREEKS"

Lake Ilmen is mentioned in The Tale of Bygone Years (XII 8.), which tells about the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, the Lovat River flowing into the lake, the Ilmen Slavs and the city of Novgorod; “The Slavs sat down near Lake Ilmen, called by their own name and made a city and called Novgorod.”

Lake Ilmen is located in the northwest of the East European Plain. Ilmen is in the twelfth place in terms of area among the lakes of Russia.

There are many options for the origin of the name of the lake, and none of them can be considered definitively proven. In all ancient Russian sources known to science, the lake is referred to as Ilmer until the 16th century. It is widely believed that this name comes from the Finnish "ilm" (weather) and the Russian ending "-er", which together means "Lake that creates the weather." Since the middle of the XVI century. the modern form of the name Ilmen is introduced, using the Proto-Slavic ending "-men".

Science assigns the role of a kind of “museum” to the lake and Priil-menyu, which displays a series of long-term geological processes, 2.5 billion years ago a deep fault formed here, along which volcanic eruptions occurred. In the Paleozoic, the basin of the future lake was flooded by the sea, and sediments accumulated on its bottom. In the Cenozoic, huge rivers appeared here, cutting through deep valleys. Modern rivers that feed Ilmen flow precisely through these valleys. At the same time, a lake appeared: its depth reached hundreds of meters. and the area was many times larger. The lake was finally formed in its present form during the ice age, under the influence of ice layers.

The current Ilmen is a shallow swampy reservoir, with yellowish water, classified as “disappearing” as a result of the impact of silting and drifting by river sediments.

Ilmen is the only Russian body of water in which the level difference during the flood reaches 7 meters, and the mirror area triples at once. This is due to both the abundance of tributaries and the shallow water of the lake itself.

Representatives of different ethnic groups lived on the banks of the Ilmen: Baltics close to Lithuanians, Baltic Finns - Ests, Vods, Izhoras, Vepsians, Chuds.

The first Slavs began to develop the banks of the Ilmen in the VIII-IX centuries, they also received the name Ilmen. Many of them survived archaeological sites around the lake in the form of settlements and burial mounds. In the ancient settlement Staraya Ladoga on the Volkhov (VII-VIII centuries), the foundations of extensive wooden huts were found, which indicates that the Ilmen Slavs lived in large families, and iron coulters indicate developed agriculture in those places. Over time, the cities of Novgorod and Staraya Russa arose on the lands of the Ilmen Slavs, legends about the “calling of the Varangians” were mentioned in the annals, Prince Oleg’s campaign against Tsargrad in 907 was described. The scattered settlements of the Ilmen Slavs laid the foundation for the Novgorod feudal republic.

The significance of Lake Ilmen was very great in the old days: the famous route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” ran here: the water trade route of Kievan Rus, connecting Northern Russia with Southern, and the Baltic and Scandinavia with Byzantium. The path went from the Varangian (Baltic) Sea along the Neva to Lake Ladoga, then along the river. Volkhov to Ilmenskoye Lake, from there along the Lovat River, and further merchant dugout boats, which accommodated up to 40 people with goods, were dragged to the Dnieper.

Along the entire lake, the shores are low, there are many swampy areas, mainly in the south and at the confluence of rivers, where wide mouths are formed with name islands and numerous channels. The rivers bring a lot of silt and sand into the lake, which settles at the bottom and changes the shape of the lake shores. Since ancient times, the shores of Lake Ilmen have been a populated commercial and cultural Slavic center.

ON ABUSED CORES AND RICH WATERS

Novgorod lands, on which Lake Ilmen is located, is a land of lowlands, swamps and marshy floodplain sections of many rivers, the waters of which have fed Ilmen for thousands of years

For its size, Lake Ilmen received the name Slovenian Sea from the ancient Slavs. If you are in the geometric center of the lake, then it is impossible to see its shores, the lake surface is lost behind the horizon, and the effect of the sea creates the sound of the surf near the high southwestern shore, especially in strong winds. The only place on the entire lake where high shores have been preserved is the area of ​​the village of Korostyn. where the height of the lake cliff reaches 15 m (Ilmensky Glint), from here you can observe even the most remote shores.

The ancient Slavs who lived on the banks of the Ilmen called it a "gold mine" for its rich fish stocks.

Today the lake is pretty shallow, but there are still a lot of fish in it. The reason lies in the fact that the flow of the lake, noticeable waves and shallow depth help saturate the water with oxygen. There are about 40 species of fish in the lake: pike, perch, pike perch, asp, catfish, bream, blue bream, silver bream, burbot, ide, roach, sabrefish, tench, ruff, smelt, bleak... Both amateurs and whole artels of fishermen. Here and today you can see the original Ilmen soims lying on the sandy shore, whose design has not changed even a thousand years later: a flat-bottomed, deckless vessel with a small keel 15-18 m long and a pair of short masts.

They were built on the southern bank of the Ilmen, in the village of Ustrik. It was on such a soyma that the epic merchant Sadko walked around Ilmen.

Previously, fisheries were interfered with modern ships, walking along Ilmen, but now there are very few of them left, and mostly these are tourist boats. The shores of the lake themselves are a historical landmark here: in these places, between the Yuriev Monastery and the village of Rakomo, in 1015 the first Novgorod veche was held.

The dense forests on the banks of the Ilmen are full of game, which became especially abundant after industrial production was closed here, the population of workers' settlements was reduced and forest roads were overgrown. The most common here are the fox, raccoon dog, hare, squirrel, ermine, beaver, muskrat, marten, mink. The population of brown bears, lynx, wolves, wild boars, roe deer and elks, which were on the verge of extinction, is growing. The system of dams and dams that regulated the river flow fell into decay, and in the swamps, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich has increased many times, now many geese, ducks, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouses, partridges, woodcocks, snipe, waders live.

On the river Volkhov has a hydroelectric power station, which since 1926 carefully controls the water level in the lake. This has to be done, since in the old days the peasants used the floodplains as water meadows, and the current inhabitants of these places planted gardens and kitchen gardens here, built houses. If a lot of water accumulates in the lakeside territories, water is dumped at the hydroelectric power station as much as is necessary for the normal operation of the station, and the level drops.

In the vicinity of the lake - two big cities: Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa, which competes with it in antiquity. If the first was always a princely city, then the second got rich in salt works. Already in the XI century. it was a wealthy city. True, the desire to expand salt production led to the fact that all the surrounding oak forests were converted to firewood, since excellent charcoal was required for salt works.

CURIOUS FACTS

■ In the XIX century. a resort was created on the salt springs of Staraya Russa. In order to attract holidaymakers here, in 1878 the St. Petersburg merchant Vargunin built a private narrow-gauge railway Novgorod - Shimsk - Staraya Russa. Later converted to a regular track, the road operated until the Great Patriotic War, when it was destroyed and remained unrepaired.

■ In the last century, the following phenomenon was observed on Lake Ilmen: bacteria living in the lake and processing rotting algae and peat simultaneously emitted combustible gas. AT winter time fishermen used this: they punched a hole in the lake, set fire to the released gas, boiled water on it and cooked fish soup. At present, this phenomenon is no longer observed.

■ In the vicinity of Ilmen there are several tracer stones: cult stones of the ancient peoples who lived on the shores of the lake. There are images on the stones, the meaning of which has been lost. Each stone has its own name (for example, "Elesina Mother of God"), and they are considered healing, because they supposedly help get rid of various ailments.

■ Ancient chronicles more than once described a strange phenomenon when the Volkhov River flowed backwards, or, as they wrote then, “upstream”. In 1176 this phenomenon lasted five consecutive days. This is explained by the backwater flow of the Volkhov by the waters of its tributaries, when the water level in Ilmen is extremely low.

■ On July 14, 1471, on the left bank of the Shelon River, which flows into Lake Ilmen, the historic Battle of Shelon took place between the Moscow army of governor Daniel Kholmsky and the Novgorod militia under the command of Dmitry Boretsky, the son of Martha Posadnitsa. Novgorodians were defeated, the Novgorod Republic ceased to exist, Novgorod became part of Muscovy.

■ Staraya Russa is in second place (after Novgorod) in terms of the number of birch bark letters found: 45 samples.

■ Ilmensky Glint - a cliff approx. 8 km and up to 15 m high between the villages of Korostyn and Pustosh. It contains a lot of geological data, being the longest exposed formation of the Devonian period on the Russian Plain. Since 2001 - in the list of specially protected natural areas.

■ The underground karst river Poneretka in the Borovichi district of the Novgorod region is the left tributary of the Meta, which flows into Lake Ilmen. - a unique monument of nature: it flows underground until it flows into the Meta for almost two kilometers.

■ Lake Ilmen is part of the Vyshnevolotsk water system: the oldest artificial water system in Russia. In 1703, Tsar Peter I signed a decree on the construction of the first canal of the system, which later connected St. Petersburg with the regions of Central Russia and the Volga.

ATTRACTION

■ Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve;
■ Golino village (XIII century);
■ Detinets and Sigtuna gates (Veliky Novgorod, XV century);
■ Rurik's Settlement (Veliky Novgorod, IX century);
■ Monument "Millennium of Russia" (XIX century);
■ Religious buildings: Sophia Cathedral (Veliky Novgorod, XI century). Yuriev Monastery (Veliky Novgorod, XII century), Transfiguration Cathedral (Staraya Russa, XII century), Church of the Great Martyr Mina (Staraya Russa, XIV century), St. George Church (Staraya Russa, XV century), Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Mother of God (village Korosten, 18th century), Resurrection Cathedral (village Buregi, 18th century), St. Nicholas Church (village Buregi, 18th century), Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior (village Gostezh, 18th century);
■ Novgorod Museum of Folk Wooden Architecture Vitoslavlitsy (Veliky Novgorod);
■ House-Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky (Staraya Russa).

Atlas. The whole world is in your hands #108

What secrets does the mysterious reservoir hide?

There are many places in Russia that fascinate not only with their beauty, but also with mystery. These include Lake Ilmen, which attracts thousands of admirers of everything mysterious and inexplicable. What are the legends about the lake?

Ilmen is a lake located in the Novgorod region, not far from the borders with Pskov and Tver. This reservoir is unique in nature, it has the largest water level difference in Russia during a flood - about 7 meters. When the lake floods in spring, its surface area almost doubles. At the same time, the reservoir itself cannot be called small - its dimensions at an average water level are 47 kilometers long and 38 kilometers wide.

Ilmen is one of those lakes about which there are a lot of legends and myths. We will talk about the most famous of them further.

Legends about the origin of the name of Lake Ilmen

There is still no unequivocal answer about how the name of Lake Ilmen appeared. According to one version, it is rooted in the Finno-Ugric languages, where Ilmeri means "sky" or "heavenly forces". According to another point of view, the lake got its name in honor of the sister of the Scythian princes Sloven and Rus Ilmera. Another version correlates the name "Ilmen" with the name "Eliya", which, as you know, means "the power of God."

There are more prosaic versions of the appearance of the name Ilmen - among some peoples of our country, this word was used to call any lake formed by blurring a river. Some associate the name of the reservoir with the word "silt" - they say, the muddy bottom gave the name to the lake.

Legend of Slovene and Rus

We have already said above that according to one of the versions, the name of Lake Ilmen is associated with the legend of the princes Slovenia and Ruse. So what is it?

The legend about Slovenia and Rus is contained in the Joachim Chronicle. According to him, two millennia BC, the princes with their families left their native lands, located on the Black Sea coast. For about 14 years, people wandered the earth, and eventually came to the shores big lake where they decided to stay forever. The lake was named after the beloved sister of Sloven and Rus - Ilmera. By the way, she was especially revered in these places, it is known that our ancestors often named ships in her honor.
Having settled in a new place, the princes founded the cities - Slovensk, on the site of which Veliky Novgorod stands today, as well as Rusa, which today is called Staraya Rusa.

The legend of two brothers: Ilmen and Seliger

One of the most beautiful legends Lake Ilmen is connected with another famous reservoir - Lake Seliger. According to her, a long time ago there lived two brothers who fell in love with one girl named Volga. The heart of the beauty made its choice in favor of one - Seliger. The second brother - Ilmen - was very upset and decided to leave his native land forever. Gathered at night and decided to take a last look at his sleeping brother. Jealousy overshadowed Ilmen's mind, and in his hearts he cursed his own person, wishing him to become crooked and acquire a hundred humps.

Ilmen left home and did not see that his curse had come true, and his brother became a hunchback. But his heart felt that not everything was in order at home. And then one day Ilmen had a dream in which he saw his brother lying helplessly and unable to rise from the ground. Waking up, the young man exclaimed: “Since my brother suffered because of me, I will not rise from this place either!” And so two great lakes appeared: Seliger with a hundred hump-islands and Ilmen. And the Volga turned out to be a windy beauty, and after crying a little about the groom and his jealous brother, she went to the Caspian Sea.

Legend of Sadko

On the shores of Lake Ilmen, a legend about Sadko, known to all of us from childhood, takes place. According to her, an ordinary Novgorod gusler once sat on the shore and played a cheerful melody. Suddenly, the sea king himself appeared from the abyss of water, who liked the music. He decided to reward the talented young man and ordered him to go to the market and bet with the merchants that he could catch three fish with amber eyes and fiery feathers from Ilmen. Sadko fulfilled the order of the sea king and surprised the merchants who laughed at him by actually catching amazing fish from the water. Having won the dispute with the help of Bishop Ilmen, the ordinary gusler became a successful merchant.

Ilmen is not only a mysterious, but also a very picturesque lake. In addition, it is a very important place from a historical point of view: there is a mention of Ilmen in the "Povet of Bygone Years" and other important sources, shipping flourished here for many centuries and important military battles took place. Therefore, regardless of whether you believe in legends and legends, it is worth seeing this famous reservoir with your own eyes.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? List the answer numbers in ascending order.

1) The feeling of a holiday is sometimes made up of the most insignificant details.

2) A person’s immersion only in work, life in the city interfere with fully enjoying the joy of life.

3) A person's good mood is unlikely to cheer up others.

4) Family, caring for loved ones fill a person's life with joy.

5) Newspapers brought relief to the hero and made him feel better.

Explanation.

Wed sentences 42-43: (42) Not only me and the neighbors, but it seems that the whole car was already listening to the girl’s happy story about New Year’s gifts. (43) Probably, everyone, like me, retreated, forgot the daytime, unsweetened, but woke up, something else flooded in, after all, really New Year is close... So the 3-assumption is wrong.

Proposition 16 just denies that there are positive emotions in the newspapers, therefore, 5 is false.

Answer: 124

Answer: 124

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Which of the following statements are true? List the response numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 14-15 present the narrative.

2) Proposition 43 presents reasoning.

3) Sentence 45 provides a description.

4) Sentence 47 contains a descriptive fragment.

5) Sentences 7-12 present the narrative.

Explanation.

The first statement is correct: sentences 14-15 present a narrative.

The second statement is correct: the 43rd sentence contains reasoning.

The third statement is correct: in the 45th sentence there is a description.

The fourth statement is correct: sentence 47 contains a descriptive element.

The fifth statement is incorrect: sentences 7-12 contain a narrative with elements of reasoning.

Answer: 1234

Answer: 1234

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

From sentence 44, write out a phraseological unit that means "in high spirits, calmly, without fear."

Explanation.

In sentence 44, the phrase "with a light heart" meets the requirement.

Answer: with a light heart

Answer: with a light heart

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Julia Kosykh (Magnitogorsk) 01.11.2015 17:17

Tatiana Statsenko

In the USE forms, words are written without spaces.

Oleg Sagittarius 14.11.2015 19:06

Is spelling "ё" as "e" considered a mistake?

Tatyana Yudina

Yes, it counts.

From sentences 5−8, write out the word that is formed in a non-suffix way (using a zero suffix).

Explanation.

The word TRANSITION is formed in a non-suffix way from the verb TRANSITION.

Answer: transitions

Tatyana Yudina

You have made the right chain. Word shinesь itself was formed from the word light with a suffix And. That's why it doesn't fit.

For words formed in a non-suffix way, the following meaning is characteristic: Tan formed as a result of sunbathe , transition as a result of an action cross over and the like. And here light not as a result of an action shine.

Among sentences 43-48, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

(46) Thank you girl, which was carried away by the train. (47) BUT to help her- crimson clear sunset over black firs.

The personal pronoun HER corresponds to the word "girl" from the previous sentence.

Answer: 47

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.

23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.

1. Words of one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport etc.

Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew Birch. How many memories I have associated with this tree...

field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another part of the sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in the tasks of the exam will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break

Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.

Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing

Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union too , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same subject (sign, action).

Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all efforts on my part to talk her.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.

Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.

Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Suggestion examples: On the work this man was gray mouse. Houses woke up in it a lion.

ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication by means of morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (oneself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);

5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT rank the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.

Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I and her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second they(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third they.

What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.

Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Suggestion examples: We got to work. at first it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. Then got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Near clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex one. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So that There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.

4. Particles

Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. And only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• if adjective - gender, number and case
• if pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
• if verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.

Information for the teacher.

Consider, as an example, the most difficult task of the real USE in 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in "Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Examinees' difficulties in completing task 23 were caused by cases when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the options for the USE in 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!

(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "is he"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house "National Education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. One side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.

We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the nominative form, "her" is the genitive form.

In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union too, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting and didn't want to get close.

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“In the text, the author uses various tropes: (A) _____ (“a silent human river flows” - the transfer of signs of one object to another based on their similarity), (B) _____ (“like a bell” in sentence 36). Explaining his inner feelings after an unintentionally overheard conversation, the author uses a lexical means of expression - (B)_____ (“with a light heart” in sentence 44). The syntactic means of expression - (G)_____ (sentences 1, 5) - helps the author to depict the environment in which the action takes place, and conveys the mood of the hero.

List of terms:

1) metaphor

2) phraseological unit

3) lexical repetition

4) rows of homogeneous members

5) comparison

6) parceling

7) colloquial word

8) question-answer form of presentation

9) dialectism

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the gaps.

“In the text, the author uses various tropes: metaphor(“a silent human river flows” in sentence 6), comparison(“like a bell” in sentence 36). Explaining his inner feelings after an inadvertently overheard conversation, the author uses a lexical means of expressiveness - phraseological unit(“with a light heart” in sentence 44). The syntactic means of expression - rows of homogeneous members(in sentence 1 there are homogeneous predicates “went up, wandered, rode”, in sentence 5 there are homogeneous circumstances “at the doors, at the turnstiles, at the escalators, in the passages”) - helps the author to depict the environment in which the action takes place, and conveys the mood of the hero ".

Answer: 1524.

Answer: 1524

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all funds are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From a simple definition, the epithet differs in artistic expressiveness and figurativeness. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, signs, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

AT painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

And eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This is extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values ​​of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.