The main parts of the deck and superstructures of a sailing ship (starting from
nose), formed in the sailing fleet:

latrine - ? overhang in the bow of the sailing vessel, on which the bow decoration was installed, and on the sides? latrines for eqi-
page (at present, all toilets on ships and ships, regardless of location, are called latrines);

tank -? a superstructure at the fore end of the ship, starting from the bow, which serves to protect the deck from flooding on the opposite
wave, to accommodate office space (painting, skipper's
and etc.). Such a superstructure partially recessed in the ship's hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle;

waist ? - part of the upper deck from the foremast (first from the bow), or from the bow superstructure to the main mast (second from the bow), or aft superstructure;

quarterdeck (shantsy) ? - aft upper section of the deck, raised by a ledge, where all the controls for the sailing vessel were located;

ut ? - part of the deck between the mizzen mast (the third aft mast) and the aft flagpole.

In the XV? -XVI centuries, a fourth aft mast was also installed on ships, which the British called bonaventure ? mast, and the Italians? fell .

A strongly inclined bow mast is called bowsprit , the angle of its inclination to the horizon is now about 20 °, on ancient ships and galleons about 36 °.

Sails were placed on the masts, which ensured the propulsion of the vessel. Did the sails consist of several sewn panels of special linen fabric? canvases.

Are there two main types of sails? straight and oblique. Straight sails are carried on the yards, slanting -? on the stays (staysails) and on gaffs(trisely).

The edges of the sails, called luffs , for the fortress they are sheathed with a special rope, it was called lyktrosome . Due to the large number of different sails, rigging and gear, there are special names for them, which constitute a kind of maritime specificity and a source of special pride for real sailors.

An idea of ​​the sails of 18th century ships is given in Fig. 9.8, which shows a three-masted ship of the 1st rank with full armament. Such ships carried the following sails.

Straight sails (the names are indicated in the figure by numbers in order from bottom to top):

on bowsprit blind (1) and bowen blind (2); on the foremast? fock (3), fort marseille (4), fort bramsel (5); on the main mast? mainsail (6), mainsail (7), mainsail (8); on a mizzen mast? - cruise-marseille (9), cruise-bramsel (10). Oblique sails: on a bowsprit? fore or fore staysail (11), fore sten staysail (12), jib (13); between foremast and mainmast? mainsail (only on ships with less than 50 guns), mainsail-staysail (14), midshipsail (15), mainsail-bram-staysail (16), mainsail-bram-staysail; between the main and mizzen masts? mizzen staysail or apse (17), cruise-wall-staysail (18), cruise-bram-staysail (19); on a mizzen mast? mizzen (20).

In favorable weather, in addition to the main direct sails, additional ones were placed to increase speed? - foxes :

on the foremast and mainmast? under- and mars-foxels. By the end of the century, bram-foxels began to be used.

It should be noted that sailing equipment is very diverse, depending on the type of vessel and the period of development of shipbuilding.

The placement of weapons, ballast and provisions on sailing ships was strictly regulated, which was the result of a long test of time.

The loading of a sailing ship in the 18th century was carried out as follows (Fig. 9.9). In the lower part of the hull, in the so-called water hold, there was a cast-iron ballast. These were cast-iron bars weighing 8 and 2.4 pounds *), which were laid, tightly pressing against each other, from one side to the other. Moreover, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mainmast, in the center of gravity of the vessel, there was the largest number bars. To prevent the ballast from rolling from side to side during pitching, the hold was divided into longitudinal compartments, which were called banks. After the cast-iron ballast was covered with small stone, empty water barrels were placed on it. At the same time, the largest barrels in the bottom row were tightly placed against each other and half buried in stone ballast. After laying the lower layer (log, hence the marine term “stand lag”, i.e. side), the barrels, starting from the middle one, located in the diametrical plane of the vessel, were filled with water from a hose. The average lag of the smaller barrels was placed on the bottom layer.

For sailors to work in the hold above the barrels, a space of about one meter was left. The voids between the barrels were filled with firewood. Provisions (wine, oil, corned beef) were stored in some barrels.

The water accumulating at the bottom of the hold was pumped overboard using pumps installed near the main mast. To protect the pumps from clogging and damage from the very bottom to the lower deck, a special box was built around the mainmast, which was called lyalo or vel.

To accommodate all dry provisions (sacks with flour, salt, cereals) and cook facilities (boilers, plates, cups, scales) under the lower deck for the entire width of the ship at a distance of 1.9 m, a platform was made
(cockpit).

The space under the cockpit (hold) was divided by transverse bulkheads into a number of large compartments: in the central part of the vessel? water hold, bow (large) and stern (small) hook chambers.
Kruyt chambers were intended for storing gunpowder in barrels, which were tightly stacked on racks. Gunpowder was poured into caps *) in specially designated places.

Provisions were stored in the captain's and officer's cellars, which were located in front of the aft hook chamber. The bottom of these cellars was covered with sand. They also had special compartments for bombs.
and pomegranate. Artillery accessories and supplies (horns, kokors, leathers and incendiary pipes) were laid out above the kruyt chambers. Skippers' cabins were located near the exit from the hook-chamber. Canvas, awnings, sailing threads, lines, piles, hammers and other ship accessories were also stored here.

Galleries along the sides of the cockpit were used by carpenters and caulkers to seal holes during battles.

For the sick and wounded, the middle part of the cockpit was intended, as a place with the least impact of pitching.

Sailors, gunners and soldiers lived on the lower deck, closer to the bow of the ship. Here were the anchors. In the place where the anchor ropes were drawn in, there was a clubhouse for storing the anchor chain or rope. Cluzback was appointed to prevent water from spreading over the vessel when choosing an anchor, it was well caulked and tarred, and had scuppers for water drainage.

Artillery officers and navigators lived in a cabin behind the mainmast. Nearby was the ship's office. Boarding weapons (muskets, pistols, pikes, etc.) were stored nearby. In front of the mizzen mast there was a special place for guns.

For sampling anchors, a large spire was used, which was located between the main and mizzen mast. It had two drums: one on the first and the other on the second battery deck. For lifting heavy
Stey used a small spire, which was located on the upper deck between the fore and main masts.

The captain-lieutenants and lieutenants occupied a wardroom, which was located in the aft part of the ship on the upper deck (operdeke). Midshipmen and midshipmen lived under quarter quarters.

On the quarterdeck there was a ship's compass in a binnacle. On the upper deck between the foremast and the main mast there were rosters? Stands for boats and spare spars. Captain's cabin
relied in the stern of the ship.

The ship's priest lived in a cabin on the starboard side.

Galley (kitchen on the ship) was in the bow under the forecastle.

In front of him, on one side, there was a ship's infirmary, and on the other, a wick was attached and a barrel of water was installed.

On the upper deck between the small and large spiers during the voyage there were fences and cages for chickens, ducks, geese, pigs and calves.

On the ships of the slave traders (in the middle part), when taking on board the “live goods”, the upper yards and bram-stengs were lowered onto the deck, which were fixed at a height of 2.5-? 3.0 m. logs. Boards were stuffed onto the resulting frame. So the entire upper deck turned out to be under a lattice with holes of about 30 cm. From above, to protect from the sun, the structure was covered with bamboo mats. Slaves entering the ship could not jump overboard: the part of the deck where they were, fenced off by a wall of thick wooden boards? "barricade".

Nets were stretched around the entire ship along the sides inside, in which rollers were stored in a folded state -? team personal belongings. During the battle, they protected the personnel from buckshot and enemy bullets.

The placement of artillery on sailing ships of the navies deserves special attention. The heaviest guns were located on the lower deck - gondek, medium-caliber guns - on the upper deck, and the smallest -? on the dowels and the tank. This arrangement was dictated by the desire to better ensure the stability of the vessel.

The guns were mounted on carriages (Fig. 9.10) and together with them they were fastened with thick (5? -8 inches) tarred ropes (trousers) 2.5 times the length of the gun, connected to the side eyelets (rings). Under
gun carriages were crowbars and gunshpugs (wooden levers for changing the sight of guns when firing), but under the guns? banniki (in the form of a ruff? for cleaning the bore), piercers (for sending the charge to the place) and fawns (devices similar to a corkscrew for removing wad residues). Next to the cannon, in rings of thick rope (fenders), which did not allow the cannonballs to roll around the deck, there was a part of the cannonballs. To protect the deck from damage, wooden pillows with recesses were “littered” under the cores. The rest of the cores were placed in the middle of the deck and around the hold hatches. The cores were stored in boxes located in the hold near the main mast.

Particular attention was paid to the fastening of the guns in a marching manner (Fig. 9.11). This is not surprising, because the mass of guns reached 500 kg. It is easy to imagine what such a mass moving along the deck when the ship was rolling could do. It should be noted that the strong connections of the gun decks were made of large sizes (Fig. 9.12).

Among the design features sailing ships(their appearance dates back to the 19th century) experts note the replacement of lever steering systems with calderstock to more modern steering wheel (helm). Since then, the steering wheel has become one of the symbols of the maritime profession.

The design of the steering gear with a calderstock and a steering wheel with cable wiring (which is called a steering cable) is shown in fig. 9.13. Sturtrosovaya wiring made it possible to significantly increase the angle of deflection of the rudder blade (up to 15 ° against the previous 5 °), which improved the maneuverability of sailing ships.

It must be said that attention was paid not only to internal structures during the construction of a sailing ship. During the period under review, shipbuilders considered appearance no less important. Each vessel was an individual production facility, and
shipbuilders tried to give it the features of a work of ship art.

carved sculptural images religious and mythological content, ornaments and gilding? everything went to the decoration of the ship. Especially a lot of decorations were on the bow and stern. Fig. 1 gives an idea of ​​this kind of decor. 9.14.

In the subsequent period of development of the sailing fleet (the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century), the decoration of the ships became more modest; sculptures, bas-reliefs from the stern practically disappear, only the nasal carvings remain. With the advent of metal and steam, shipbuilders completely abandon this kind of hull decoration.

(Level IV, Importance "high")

This article is thematically related to Project: Admiralty, which aims to produce quality and informative articles on topics related to the Admiralty. If you'd like to help the project, you can go to which this discussion belongs, or visit the project's page, where you can, among other things, join the project and take part in its discussion.

Shkantsy. Why did they distort the article. I started it (I just didn’t sign up then), I found that the quarters Holy place to build the team and before the quarterdeck on main deck. I do not argue that on each ship the place-shantsy could be determined by order, depending on the design of the ship. But to write that the quarterdeck (a holy place, not part of the ship) and the quarterdeck are the same or sometimes the same - one is the deck as part of the ship, and the second is the place where the crew is built or assembled. Where are you rolling??? But most importantly, the original source indicated by me (taken from the book of a writer-sailor of the sailing fleet, and not from Brockhaus and Efron) has disappeared altogether. And there was an absolutely correct definition.

SHAME WIKIPEDIA!!! Grischuk UN 13:42, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

• Is there any version that you consider correct (see the "History" tab)? And what is this book, and what is written in it? Macuser 08:25, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

inaccuracies

THE ARTICLE REQUIRES DELETE, AND THE TOPIC REQUIRES RESEARCH, AS THERE ARE CONTRADICTIONS IN ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND OTHER SOURCES. IN THIS VIEW, THE ARTICLE IS ABSOLUTELY CONFUSED AND INCORRECT. DONES ARE NOT A QUARTERDECK, AT LEAST THEY HAVE NOT ALWAYS BEEN.

Frigate quarters of the 18th century. On this sailboat, the quarterdeck is the second deck from the stern, and the first deck from the stern (highest) is not the quarterdeck. The team was going to sacred place for prayer, for listening to instructions or sayings of the captain. The captain, on the other hand, spoke from the very upper deck, as from a rostrum, that is, to the deck above the quarter quarters. And the topmost deck is small for gathering the crew. The quarterdeck is the deck of the apartments, the second from the stern (according to the English Wikipedia, this is so, but then why was it associated with this article). But then quarterdeck and quarterdeck are only the same here, while other types of sailboats have no quarterdeck and quarterdeck on another deck. But, if on this sailboat the quarterdeck and waist are the same, then this is not the uppermost deck and not the captain's place - then this is the second deck from the stern. Where, one asks, is the logic in the definition in this article? Absolutely not a complete definition and most likely not true. The modern marine dictionary published in Leningrad is full of errors that are transferred to Wikipedia. Initially, the waist was the name of the deck and place, and then just a place that could be part of some kind of deck. It is necessary to dig well and find the primary sources, and Russian writers-navigators have them. And today's people are confused where and what, since each ship has its own way. Therefore, not everything is correct in the Marine Encyclopedia.

Shkantsy(Dutch. schans) or quarterdeck(eng. quarterdeck) (quarter is apartments, housing, apartments in Russian. That is, quarterdeck is the deck on which the apartments are located, that is, the second from the stern. In the English Wikipedia, it turns out that the deck is behind the main mast. And if the quarterdeck is the uppermost deck, then then it's not a quarterdeck!!!)- a platform either (Not always in front of the formation - it is often today. But at the beginning, on sailboats, above the formation, that is, the captain or priest stood on the deck above and turned to the crew). The placement of quarters on a ship of each type was determined by order of the Maritime Department. Insolence to the chief on the quarter-deck aggravated the punishment, since the quarter-deck on a warship is considered to be a sacred place.

According to the Danish Wikipedia: "on the quarters, inter alia, church services, parades and judgments of the service were held." That is, this is not the most aft upper deck, where the helm and watch service were located, and where there is not enough space for everyone, as a rule.

Interest in modeling internal device the ship was formed over the centuries. Many models of the Petrine era showed a sailing ship in a section or with planks removed, exhaustively demonstrating its architecture and layout - down to the smallest detail. Initially, such models were built as design samples in order to clarify the location of the keel, frames, beams, various ship mechanisms and carved decor elements. This is how the "Admiralty" style in modeling was gradually formed - the style of exact reproduction of the original ship.

But how and who first came up with the idea to supplement the cuts with everyday scenes from ship life still remains a mystery. But it is precisely this approach that allows not only to recreate, but to revive a complex structure, clearly showing the purpose of individual mechanisms, compartments and decks of the ship. Truly unique in this regard is the model work from the French Museum de Lorient - a two-deck merchant ship of the famous East India Company. Let's walk along its decks together - from the bottom up, from the hold to the quarterdeck...

Hold

When preparing the ship for sailing, it was pre-equipped, filling the hold with various supplies and food. But before - to give the ship stability - cast-iron ballast was loaded into the bottom of the hold in the form of bars, which were laid tightly against each other, from one side to the other. A small stone was poured over the cast-iron ballast. And so that the ballast does not roll from side to side during pitching, the hold was divided into compartments by bulkheads.

Hold device

The compartment at the fore end of the ship was called the water hold - here were all the fresh water reserves, designed for a long sea voyage. Of course, they always tried to load the water hold to capacity. The bottom row (lag) of barrels, the largest in size, was buried up to half in stone ballast. After filling them with water, a log of smaller barrels was placed on top, and then the smallest barrels of the upper log were tightly packed. When laying above the barrels, a minimum space was left (about 1 m) so that the sailors could somehow work in the hold. The gaps between the barrels of the middle and upper lags were not filled with ballast, but were filled with firewood. Provisions were stored in some barrels of the water hold - wine, oil, corned beef.

Between the fore and main mast was a compartment for storing ropes and spare rigging. Pumps were installed near the main mast, which pumped water overboard from the bottom of the hold. A special box was built around them, the so-called vel, or lyalo. He went from the very bottom to the lower deck, protecting the pumps from clogging and damage. Immediately behind the main mast was a cargo hold filled with bales. As you can see in the photo, a small passage for sailors remained only at the hatch.

The captain's and officer's cellars were adjacent to the cargo hold, in which provisions and ammunition were stored. The bottom of these cellars was covered with sand, and in the cellars themselves on a military ship, special compartments for bombs and grenades were arranged. In the bow and stern of the vessel there were hook chambers for storing gunpowder and its filling into caps. Over the hook-chambers, the team laid out artillery supplies: horns, kokors, wads and incendiary pipes.

Cockpit

At a distance of 1.9 m below the upper deck, shipbuilders built a solid platform that occupied the entire width of the vessel - it was called the cockpit. On warships, the lower deck carried the heaviest guns, while the medium-caliber guns were placed on the upper deck, and the lighter guns were mounted on the forecastle and quarterdeck. Merchant ships did not have large-caliber guns, and the cockpit was used exclusively for economic purposes. All dry provisions were kept in it - coolies with flour, salt, cereals. Coca's household was also kept there - boilers, plates, cups, scales. The deck of the cockpit was fought especially carefully, and in the free time from the watch it was possible to play chess ...

Cockpit

Sailors and soldiers lived closer to the bow of the lower deck. The photo clearly shows the lockers with the team's personal belongings, on top are folded hammocks that replaced the bunks. Nearby were the skippers' cabins, from which it was always possible to get hold of canvas, awnings and threads for repairing sails. Lines, piles, hammers and other ship accessories were also stored here.

The middle part of the cockpit was intended for the sick and wounded. Often next to them behind a thin fence was a live cargo - slaves or domestic animals.

The middle part of the cockpit

Upper gun deck

The upper gun deck, or opera deck, lived the most intense life. For self-defense, a large merchant ship was armed with 12-20 guns of small and medium caliber. The gunners almost never left their guns, they ate and slept there, and the lockers with their personal belongings stood right next to the gun carriages. In the forward part of the deck, under the forecastle, there was a galley - the ship's kitchen. Let's look at the photo: how quickly the work of the cook and his assistants is arguing. And how appetizing two huge turkeys on a spit look - you just forget that they are made by a skillful hand from papier-mâché!..

Galley

In front of the galley, a ship's infirmary was equipped on one side, and a wick was attached on the other. Next to the wick, be sure - God saves the safe! - there was a barrel of water.

Behind the foremast on the upper deck, rosters were installed - a stand for boats and spare spars. On both sides there were aisles (waistlines).

A large spire, which served as a selection of anchors, was usually located between the mainsail and the mizzen mast. On the other side of the mainmast, a small spire was placed, which was used for lifting weights. For the duration of the voyage between the small and large spiers, cages were built for living creatures, which brightened up the harsh marine diet: chickens, ducks, geese, piglets.

On the upper deck there was also a ship's office, not far from which boarding weapons were laid down - blunderbusses, pistols, pikes. For the storage of guns, a special place was allocated in front of the mizzen mast.

Part of the deck behind the mainmast, under the quarterdeck, was reserved for artillery officers, navigators, midshipmen and midshipmen (in the photo they were already preparing for a dinner meal).

under the quarterdeck

In the aft part of the ship there was a wardroom - it was occupied by captain-lieutenants and lieutenants. A large table was also set up here, at which, at the call of the ship's bell, the bells, all the senior officers gathered for a meal - a good opportunity to discuss ship affairs. At the stern windows, under the bench, was hiding wine Vault, in which not everyone was allowed to host. Miniature officer cabins with berths were highlighted along the sides by curtains. The steward's cabin was adjacent to the wardroom, where there was a buffet with crockery and cutlery for serving the officer's table.

Cabin

Shkantsy

From the main mast began the quarterdeck, or quarterdeck, which extended all the way to the stern. A ship's compass (binnacle) was installed on the quarter-deck. Shkantsy served as a place for walks for noble passengers, there was also a bench where, smoking a pipe or two, the captain rested. This did not mean at all that the quarterdeck was not used for household purposes - its entire central part was occupied by cages with poultry.

quarterdeck) the raised part of the upper deck in the stern of the ship during the sailing and rowing fleet. The quarterdeck housed the ship's controls: a helm or tiller, a compass, and usually the ship's captain.

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See what "Quarterdeck" is in other dictionaries:

- (Quarter deck) 1. Raised by 0.8 1 m aft upper deck. 2. See decks of a sailing warship. Samoilov K.I. Marine vocabulary. M. L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 Quarterdeck ... Marine Dictionary

quarterdeck- The stern part of the upper deck of the vessel, rising as a ledge to an incomplete height of the distance between decks. [GOST 13641 80] Subjects ships and vessels Generalized terms for the deck and platform of the ship's hull EN quarter deck ... Technical Translator's Handbook

- (English quarterdeck) sea. the raised part of the upper deck in the aft part of the vessel. New dictionary foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. quarterdeck [English] quarterdeck] - sea. raised part of the deck in the stern of the vessel A large dictionary of foreign ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

quarterdeck- 90. Quarterdeck The stern part of the upper deck of the vessel, which rises as a ledge to an incomplete height of the distance between decks Source: GOST 13641 80: Structural elements of the metal hull of surface ships and ships. Terms and definitions ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation