Trubetskoy bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Prison of the Trubetskoy bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress Solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress
The political prison of the Trubetskoy bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress is no longer used for its intended purpose; a museum exhibition has been organized here. There is an opportunity to see in what conditions the Narodnaya Volya and Socialist Revolutionaries, the Bolsheviks and ministers of the Provisional Government, the enemies of the people during the Red Terror and the Grand Dukes of the Romanovs were kept before their execution.
Prisoners on political charges served their entire sentences in prison, while those sentenced to hard labor were held temporarily. From here no one was ever able to escape; the escaped anarchist Kropotkin disappeared from the hospital where he was sent from the prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion.
Condemnation to hard labor for political prisoners who escaped the death penalty was the most serious punishment. They were forced to do the hardest physical labor at important construction sites, in mines and factories. Before being transported to the place of work, convicts held in the prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion were prohibited from any correspondence and reading books, with the exception of the Bible.
They used a special form of outerwear with a red diamond sewn on the back, which served as an identification mark and also as a target when escaping. This category of prisoners was not required to wear underwear, but shackles were an indispensable attribute.
For those under investigation, the attire was more complete and included underwear and a prison robe. Clothes and shoes did not contain any parts that could be used to harm one’s health and life (belts, buckles, laces). The quality of the fabric was such that it could not be used for hanging in the cell.
In case of violent behavior of those under investigation and those serving sentences, the jailers had special clothing in their arsenal, known to this day - a straitjacket with very long sleeves, with the use of which it was possible to tie up a violent prisoner.
The prison corridor forms part of the exhibition area of the Trubetskoy Bastion Prison Museum. In addition to demonstrating the internal appearance of this part of the building, the corridor serves to display information materials. The tablets contain rules of behavior for prisoners, daily routines, excerpts from ancient laws and other information.
Of particular interest to visitors is information about the outstanding prisoners of these casemates, among whom there were many famous people. Here, the prominent populist and anarchist theorist Prince Kropotkin, the brother of the leader of the October Revolution, Alexander Ulyanov, one of the most famous Marxists, the actual creator of the Red Army, Leon Trotsky, who protested against the executions of 1905, Maxim Gorky and other personalities, served their sentences or were under investigation.
The interior of the holding cell gives an idea of the conditions in which the prisoners were kept. The furniture consists of an iron bed set into the floor with its legs, a wooden table and stool, and a kerosene lamp. The high-mounted window is equipped with a durable metal grill.
Hygienic procedures are ensured by a washstand at the entrance to the cell, on the other side of the doorway there is a latrine, or in prison jargon, a bucket. There were no other cells except solitary confinement in the prison of the Trubetskoy garrison.
One of the indispensable conditions for keeping prisoners and persons under investigation was the prohibition of any communication between prisoners not only with the outside environment, but also with each other. The most common method of negotiation in conditions of solitary confinement has always been tapping using a conventional alphabet.
Each letter corresponded to a series of beats of a certain duration. Thus, the letter B, the second of six in the first line, was indicated by one blow, then two after a pause. The procedure is long, but the inhabitants of the cells had enough time. Preventing knocking was done using soundproofing materials presented in the display case.
From the prison corridor you can get an idea of the structure of the cell's entrance door. Actually, there is nothing remarkable about it - only a peephole for observing the behavior of the prisoner and a door for transferring a portion of food. In addition, stoves were fired from the corridor, providing an acceptable microclimate in the rooms in winter.
Therefore, in addition to wardens, corridors and senior teams, the prison staff also had to have stokers responsible for heating the prison, or these functions were assigned to cleaners or other personnel. Electricians could also fire stoves, since the prison was originally lit by electricity.
A lived-in cell of a political prisoner differs little from an empty one. An Orthodox icon is placed in the red corner, which indicates the religion of the convicted person. The government-issued mattress and blanket are complemented by bed linen, and near the bed there are prison shoes - as expected, without laces. The bed with its legs is built into the floor of the cell, the table is similar to those installed in railway cars, with a permanent fastening to the wall of the room.
An electric lamp allows you to read books, the range of which is subject to strict prison censorship to exclude literature considered harmful to the existing regime. Only the prominent scientist, geographer and anarchist Kropotkin, was allowed to write in the cell, and then only by imperial order.
On each floor of the Trubetskoy Bastion prison there was a special penalty room called a punishment cell. Individual prisoners were placed here for a period appointed by the prison management for violations of the regime, altercations and other sins.
The punishment cell was not provided with bed linen, it was not heated, and those punished for offenses were fed only bread and water. There was also no lighting in the punishment cell, and staying in it was, to put it mildly, not comfortable. During the winter, many of those who had committed crimes while serving their sentences in the punishment cell fell ill and needed treatment.
One of the corridors of the Trubetskoy Bastion prison is dedicated to an installation demonstrating the prisoner supervision system. The responsibilities of the guards were divided - some monitored the behavior of prisoners in solitary confinement, others controlled the performance of their duties first.
Any attempts by those serving sentences to enter into an agreement with the guards were harshly suppressed; punishment threatened both participants in conversations on suspicious topics. Surveillance was carried out secretly; felt tracks were laid on the floors of the corridors, muffling the sounds of footsteps.
The courtyard of the Trubetskoy garrison prison was used for prisoners' walks. One person at a time was taken out for a walk in the obligatory presence of a guard. A bathhouse was built in the courtyard for prisoners, visiting which was mandatory every month to prevent the occurrence of epidemics of infectious diseases and ensure compliance with basic hygiene requirements. For reasons of preventing contacts between prisoners, prisoners were taken out for washing and walked at different times.
The Lenin quote engraved on the memorial stone expresses grief for the prisoners of all places of detention of fighters against the tsarist autocracy. On the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress, executions of those sentenced to capital punishment were actually carried out, as revealed by the discovered burials.
Moreover, the executions date back to both the pre-revolutionary period and the time of the establishment of Bolshevik power and the beginning of the Red Terror. The use of the Trubetskoy Bastion prison as a prison was stopped only in 1921, and in 1924 a museum exhibition was opened here.
All tourists who come on an excursion or independently to the Peter and Paul Fortress have the opportunity to visit the prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion. The place of detention of many famous people, one of the most reliable prisons in Russia now introduces visitors to the situation and procedures of the institution for the detention of dissidents and political opponents of the regimes of all authorities.
The Trubetskoy Bastion prison was built in 1870-72 and worked for its intended purpose for almost 50 years. Today it is not only a museum, but also a symbol of the political confrontations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Russia.
Plan view. The situation on the second floor is identical, so I’ll show only the first:
1-27, 29-35 - cameras,
28 - punishment cell,
I - guard room,
II - reception room,
III - prison kitchen,
IV - service security room,
V, VI - warehouses,
VII - prison bath,
VIII - courtyard, place for prisoners to walk.
Entrance. 
We pay 130 (summer 2011) rubles and go inside. Inside, in the former guardroom and reception rooms, there is a small exhibition that complements the main part and tells about the prison as a whole.
In 1872-1917, the bulk of the prisoners were kept in the prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion until sentencing as persons under investigation.
Instructions for keeping prisoners under investigation prescribed solitary confinement with complete isolation of prisoners from the outside world and from each other: constant supervision by prison guards through a peephole in the cell door, prohibition of any activities other than reading.
It was allowed to improve nutrition at one's own expense, to receive books with uncut pages from outside, to have visits and correspondence with relatives.
Writing materials were given to the cell only for the purpose of drawing up investigative statements or writing letters.
For violation of the regime, penalties were determined: imprisonment in a punishment cell, ban on books, smoking, deprivation of correspondence and visits.
In addition to those officially approved, there were unspoken rules that allowed the use of a straitjacket, beating of prisoners, and the presence of a gendarme in the cell for direct observation of the arrested person.
The punishments imposed for violating the regime were also used as a means of putting pressure on prisoners who did not want to testify.
Wax productions showing the process of accepting a new prisoner.
Prison clothes.
In the 1880s, convicts were also held in prison at the same time as those under investigation.
Political hard labor was established in the Peter and Paul Fortress with the aim of subjecting convicts to more severe punishment than in Siberian prisons.
Special rules established a particularly harsh regime for convicts, which was not stipulated by the current legislation: solitary confinement, deprivation of books (except the Bible), any work or activities, meetings and correspondence, tobacco, meager food without the possibility of improving it, prohibition of having writing instruments .
For misdeeds, a convict could be imprisoned in a punishment cell, shackled, flogged with whips or rods, for crimes - punished with whips up to 80 blows and lashes up to 4000 blows.
Corporal punishment by that time had been abolished for all “free loyal subjects,” but for convicts “deprived of all rights of state,” they remained.
Such a harsh regime did not exist in any convict prison of that time.
After looking around a little, we go further into one of the main corridors. Walking is allowed in all corridors, except one, where the wax stylization of the guards is located - a reasonable measure, since there are many visitors and so they can disperse, but, with the exception of the fact that there were different prisoners in different cells, the situation is repeated.
Over the course of 50 years, the chambers have “survived” two small reconstructions.
Original camera. You can compare, by the way, with.
Stylization of wall decoration.
During the construction of the prison building, sound insulation was installed to prevent knocking.
The side walls of the cells were covered with felt; at a distance of 5 centimeters from it, a metal mesh was stretched along the slats, in which the second layer of felt was attached, and canvas was stretched on top and wallpaper was pasted.
However, the prisoners were tapping, hitting hard parts of the cell with hard objects - due to acoustics, this ensured excellent communication. After a riot in 1879, the soundproofing was removed.
Facilities.
At the end of 1878 there was a riot in the prison. 
What entailed the first re-equipment of the cameras. 
The situation after 1879. 
In 1897, the prison was connected to water supply, and in 1904 electricity appeared here.
The situation became a little different again.
The lamp, like the kerosene lamp before 1904, was constantly burning, but at night, instead of the main one, a lamp with blue light was turned on in the cell to monitor the prisoner. 
Facilities. 
Here are the doors to the cell. They fed me through the window. At the top right is a peephole.
A huge number of people managed to visit these doors.
Maria Vetrova.
Born in the Chernigov province, the daughter of a Cossack woman and a county notary. After high school she worked as a teacher and entered higher women's courses in St. Petersburg.
In 1895, she joined the “Group of Narodnaya Volya” and collaborated in an underground printing house.
She was arrested in December 1896, taken to a pre-trial detention center, and then to the Trubetskoy bastion.
The conditions of imprisonment led to a nervous breakdown; on the evening of February 8, 1897, after a kerosene lamp was brought into the cell, Maria poured kerosene on herself and set herself on fire.
The guards rushed in and put out the fire, but on the fourth day she died from extensive burns.
According to the priest invited to the dying woman, Vetrova admitted:
“It was so hard for me here, this dead silence around, these terrible walls made me sad and despondent... I screamed during the day, screamed at night... My patience was exhausted, and so I decided to commit suicide.”
The suicide did not remain a secret and caused student unrest.
After Vetrova’s death, kerosene lamps were replaced with candles, the prison regime was not softened, but female servants were added to the prison staff.
G.M. Gelfman.
She was born in the Minsk province into a family of wealthy townspeople. While studying at obstetric courses at Kiev University, she began to help populist propagandists.
In 1875 she was arrested and sentenced to 2 years. In 1879 in St. Petersburg she joined the People's Will party and conducted propaganda among students and workers.
On the day of the assassination of Alexander II, at her safe house, the throwers received bombs for an attempt on the life of the emperor.
Arrested on March 3, 1881, taken to Trubetskoy Bastion.
Sentenced to death due to pregnancy delayed for 40 days after birth. She was denied a meeting with Narodnaya Volya member N.N. Kolodkevich, who was sentenced to hard labor.
Under pressure from the European public, the death penalty was replaced by lifelong hard labor. In August she was transferred to a pre-trial detention center, where on October 12 she gave birth to a daughter, and on February 1, 1882 she died of purulent inflammation.
The child died that same year.
A.M. visited here Peshkov (I used the cell in which he was imprisoned as an example for a cell of the 1904 model). 
Another very famous figure spent two months in this cell. 
Lev Davidovich Trotsky. 
And in this one Lenin’s brother awaited the verdict. 
Since the only allowed activity in prison was reading, there was, of course, its own library.
But apart from the library, there are perhaps no bright spots. Supervision is the key word of the Trubetskoy bastion prison.
This is what it looked like. 
Punishment cell. View from the corridor. The punishment cell is a black door in the back of the photo, in the foreground there is something like a vestibule.
The punishment cell is dark and scary. Light is a flash.
One of the interesting issues is the maintenance of such buildings. In particular heating.
The prison was heated by many stoves, one for every two cells. Access, of course, is from the outside.
It is strange that central heating was not provided, but I assume that such a system was made specifically - with the aim of adding additional pressure on the prisoners.
The stove is on one of the stairs. 
Another interesting part of the prison’s museum exhibition is old photographs taken “during the life of” the prison.
On one of them you can see a chapel equipped in one of the cells. 
Corridor. 
Entrance. 
Construction process. 
The most interesting thing is, perhaps, a photograph of the drawings made on the wall of one of the cells.
In addition to the main story about the prison, every prison must also display a small stand dedicated to the prison alphabet of tapping. The system is quite functional, but God forbid that this knowledge would be useful to anyone in practice.
On my own behalf, I can add the following - the prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion may not be the main fragment on the list of “must-sees in St. Petersburg,” but when choosing between the Hermitage, the Kunstkamera or the Russian Museum, it’s better to look here.
The Peter and Paul Fortress began to be used as a place of imprisonment a decade and a half after its foundation. The Secret Chancellery, which was in charge of political investigation, was located here; the fortress quickly earned the fame of the “Russian Bastille”. One of its first prisoners in 1718 was Tsarevich Alexei. In the 18th century, in addition to the nameless counterfeiters, Old Believers and the philistines who had the imprudence to speak disrespectfully about the sovereign, the author of the “Book of Poverty and Wealth” I. T. Pososhkov and the creator of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” A. N. were imprisoned in the fortress. Radishchev, diplomat Count A. I. Osterman and favorite of Anna Ioannovna E. I. Biron, painter I. N. Nikitin and architect P. M. Eropkin, founder of the Chabad teaching Rabbi Shneur-Zalman and historian V. N. Tatishchev, head of the Polish uprising of 1794 T. Kosciuszko and the impostor Princess Tarakanova, Ataman M. I. Platov and Admiral P. V. Chichagov.
In the 19th century, the Peter and Paul Fortress finally turned into the main political prison of Russia. Soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment were kept here, who rebelled in 1820 due to the appointment of a new regimental commander; about 500 participants in the Decembrist movement; historian N. I. Kostomarov and publisher F. F. Pavlenkov, one of the leaders of the Slavophiles Yu. F. Samarin, writers F. M. Dostoevsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky and K. M. Stanyukovich, poet A. N. Pleshcheev, travelers and ethnographers G. N. Potanin and N. N. Miklouho-Maclay. Curtains and bastions of the fortress were used to house prisoners; in addition, a one-story stone building of the Mint workshops, located near the walls of the Trubetskoy bastion, was adapted for the prisoner's house.
At the end of the 1860s, the commandant of the fortress N.D. Korsakov turned to the Main Engineering Directorate with a proposal to adapt the casemates of the Trubetskoy Bastion for prison needs, and in 1870-1872, in place of the dismantled internal walls and casemates of the Trubetskoy Bastion and the prisoner's house, according to the design of military engineers K.P. Andreev and M.A. Pasypkin built a new prison building that met all the requirements for keeping prisoners. The prison, officially called the “Prison Quarters of the St. Petersburg Fortress,” received its first prisoners in January 1872.
The two-story building, pentagonal in plan, included cells for solitary confinement (at first there were 71, later 69), utility rooms and an apartment for the prison keeper. In the courtyard intended for prisoners to walk, a bathhouse was built, which the prisoners visited individually twice a month. Here the prisoners were shackled before being sent to hard labor.
All cells were the same - an asphalt floor, a high window through which only the fortress wall was visible, with mandatory sound insulation made of two layers of thick felt to prevent “prisoners’ negotiations by knocking”
However, the prisoners knocked, hitting the window frame with a hard object or knocking their heels on the floor. The acoustics in the building were such that it made it possible to hear sounds coming not only from neighboring rooms, but also from another floor. The cells contained wooden furniture - a bed, a table and a stool, and in the corners of the doors there were cast-iron washbasins and wooden buckets.
On each floor there was one punishment cell where prisoners were placed for violations of discipline. The term of imprisonment in a punishment cell could be from one to six days. Punishment cells differed from ordinary cells in their smaller size. One of the types of punishment was considered a “dark” punishment cell, when the window was tightly closed with shutters. Prisoners placed in punishment cells were given only bread and water.
You could get sent to a punishment cell not only for knocking, but also for coughing loudly
Rules were developed specifically for the new prison that ensured an extremely strict regime of solitary confinement, which excluded not only contact between prisoners with each other, but also with the guards, and also provided for round-the-clock supervision of prisoners. Two non-commissioned officers were constantly on duty in the corridors, a combatant (“juror”) and a gendarmerie, who acted as guards. They continuously monitored the prisoners: they walked along the corridor, looking through the peephole of the door, and also watched each other. To muffle the sound of the guards' footsteps, tarred hemp mats were laid on the asphalt floors. The external security of the prison was carried out by a special Observation Team. In the entire history of the prison, no one managed to escape from it. The prison of the Trubetskoy Bastion was distinguished by its exemplary order, which was also oriented towards the construction of other prisons in Russia.
In 1879, the already strict rules for keeping prisoners were even more stringent for fifteen members of the Land and Freedom organization: their right to correspondence was limited, the time of visits was reduced, etc. In this way, they tried to force them to testify. In response to the actions of the administration, on February 5, 1879, the prisoners rebelled, as a result of which the wooden furniture in the cells was broken. The prisoners were severely beaten by prison guards, and the next day their mattresses, stools, and bucket lids were taken away. The prisoners went on a hunger strike that lasted five days, but the conditions of their imprisonment were not improved. After the riot was quelled, the prison was refurbished: soundproofing was removed from the walls, and wooden furniture was replaced with metal beds and tables attached to the walls and floor.
After the tragic incident when M.F. Vetrova, a participant in the populist movement, tried to commit suicide by dousing herself with kerosene, the kerosene lamps in the cells were replaced with candles. In 1904, electric lighting appeared in the prison; the warders turned on and off the electric lights in the cells.
Prison courtyard.
Trubetskoy Bastion Prison October 17th, 2013
// Part4
1. The last prison, located in the Peter and Paul Fortress, occupied the site of the Trubetskoy Bastion, hidden from the rest of the fortress by the Mint. 
2. In the courtyard of the prison there is a bathhouse, where prisoners were brought once every two weeks, as well as before the transfer or execution. 
3. The prison on the site of the internal walls of the Trubetskoy Bastion was built in 1870-1872 according to the design of engineers K. P. Andreev and M. A. Pasypkin. 
4. The reconstruction allows you to look at the prison of those times. The cells opened onto a common corridor; all communications were also led outside.
4. On small models you can see the security room. 
5. And also a room where new arrivals were dressed and dressed. 
6. Rough felt clothes of a convict of the Russian Empire. 
14. The prison had 69 cells of the strictest, solitary confinement. 
People under investigation, accused of political crimes, in other words, revolutionaries, were mainly kept here. Now the prison has been turned into a museum, and the walls next to the cells are decorated with portraits of famous guests. 
In cell No. 39 in 1874-1876, the anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin sat until he escaped. 
9. In cell No. 47 sat Alexander Ulyanov, who two months later was hanged in the Shlisselburg Fortress, another famous prison of the empire. 
8. Maxim Gorky and Leon Trotsky managed to sit in one of the cells one by one. 
10. Simultaneously with Trotsky, during the revolution of 1905, Alexander Parvus (Israel Gelfand), the eminence grise of the Bolshevik coup, thundered in the Trubetskoy bastion. 
11. The cells were designed for one person, so they look quite deserted. One bed, table, lamp and barred window. 
12. At the door there is a sink and a toilet. 
15. The museum here is quite monotonous: almost all the cameras are the same. 
16. The entire table of one of the cells is covered with mysterious prints. 
20. The prison had two floors, the floors were connected by such stairs. 
21. The floors are almost the same from each other. 
22. The same cameras are here. 
24.
7. The only thing that gives them variety is their shells. 
3. On the wall of one of the corridors there is a photographic reproduction of 1924 drawings from the walls of the cell. 
19. In addition to the usual solitary confinement, a punishment cell was provided on each floor. It was much smaller than the cell, was not heated in winter and was used to punish prisoners. Here a prisoner could be kept for up to a week without bed linen, light, and given only bread and water. 
25. And this is how the creators of the Grand Layout depicted the Trubetskoy Bastion Museum. 
Additional Information:
Trubetskoy Bastion (from the French - bastion) is a pentagonal fortification structure with two facades and two flanks, erected in 1703 under the leadership of engineer V. A. Kirshtenstein, presumably according to a project drawn up by engineer J. G. Lambert de Guerin with the personal participation of Peter I. The construction of the fortification was supervised by an associate of Peter I, Prince Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy, after whom the bastion received its name.
Initially, like the entire Trubetskoy fortress, the bastion was made of wood and earth. On May 13, 1708, in the presence of Peter I, a stone bastion was laid. Its construction, designed by the architect Domenico Trezzini, was completed in 1709. In the left front and flanks there were two-tiered casemates and a posterna - a tunnel for safe communication between the casemates. The right front of the bastion was continued with an orillion - a ledge protecting its right flank, and under the cover of the orillion there was a sortia - a secret exit for landing attacks. In 1779-1785, according to the design of engineer R.R. Tomilov, the outer scarp walls of the fronts and left flank were lined with granite slabs.
In the first quarter of the 18th century, the casemates of the Trubetskoy Bastion were used as prison cells of the Secret Chancellery. In 1718, the son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was held here, accused of participating in a state conspiracy. Since 1724, the bastion housed workshops, warehouses and living quarters of the Mint. At the beginning of 1826, some of the casemates were converted into solitary confinement cells for participants in the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825 (Decembrist Uprising). At the beginning of the 19th century, the bastion was under the jurisdiction of the Artillery Department, and later the lower ranks of the Invalid Company of the fortress garrison were stationed there. At the same time, some of the casemates were still used to hold prisoners. In 1870-1872, the internal valgange walls of the bastion and casemates were dismantled, and in the gorge, according to the design of engineers K. P. Andreev and M. A. Pasypkin, the building of the Trubetskoy Bastion solitary prison was built, which became the main pre-trial prison in Russia until 1918.
In 1924, the bastion was transferred to the Museum of the Revolution, and in 1954 - to the State Museum of the History of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).
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See what “Trubetskoy Bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress” is in other dictionaries:
- ... Wikipedia
Menshikov Bastion is one of the two eastern bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, facing Petrogradsky Island. It is connected to the Sovereign Bastion by the Petrovskaya curtain, and to Golovkin by the Kronverkskaya curtain. From the east... ... Wikipedia Part of the Peter and Paul Fortress, named after the associate of Peter I, Prince Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy. From the end 18th century political prison. In 1870 72 a new solitary prison building with a particularly cruel regime was built. Since 1924 the museum…
Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
TRUBETKOY BASTION, part of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg; named after the associate of Peter I, Prince. Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy. From the end of the 18th century. the casemates were used as a political prison. In 1870 72 a new solitary prison building was built with... ... Russian history One of the 6 bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress, in its southwestern part (facing the Neva). Built in 1703 from earth and wood under the supervision of Prince Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy (hence the name), rebuilt in stone in 1709 (in the 18th century, armed with 52 guns) ...
Part of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Named after the associate of Peter I, Prince Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy. From the end of the 18th century. political prison. In 1870 72 a new building for a solitary prison with a particularly strict regime was built. Museum since 1924. * * * TRUBETKOY BASTION... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Fortification fortification, pentagonal southwest. ledge of the Peter and Paul Fortress in Leningrad. Named after the associate of Peter I Yu. Yu. Trubetskoy. Built in 1703. Originally earthen. OK. 1740 work on the construction of brick walls was completed,... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Prince Yuri Yuryevich Trubetskoy (1668 1739) representative of the famous Russian princely family, associate of Peter I. Brother of General Field Marshal I. Yu. Trubetskoy, father of General Field Marshal N. Yu. Trubetskoy. Common ancestor of all Trubetskoys who lived after 1750 ... Wikipedia
The Sovereign Bastion is one of the two eastern bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, facing the Neva. It is connected to the Naryshkin bastion by the Nevskaya Curtain, and to the Menshikov Bastion by the Petrovskaya Curtain. The bastion is covered from the east... ... Wikipedia
One of the two eastern bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, facing the Neva. It is connected to the Naryshkin bastion by the Nevskaya Curtain, and to the Menshikov Bastion by the Petrovskaya Curtain. From the east, the bastion is covered by the Ioannovsky ravelin ... Wikipedia
